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Class Jni

Book -

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GoBtiglitBi

J A

CORlRIGHT DEPOSm

ON THE

-«!

1^;

THE OFFICIAL

GUIDE BOOK

PHILADELPHIA.

A NEW

HANDBOOK POR STRAN&EES AND CITIZENS.

By THOMPSON WESTCOTT,

AUTHOR OF "a HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA," "LIFE OF JOHN FITCH,"
ETC., ETC.

WITH A HISTORY OP THE CITY, A LARGE MAP OF THE CITY SHOWING
ALL THE ROUTES OP THE PASSENGER RAILWAYS, NEW
MAP OP FAIRMOUNT PARK, Eic^ .^

ILLUSTEATED WITH NEAELY ONE HUNDEED EN&EAVIUaS.

PHILADELPHIA:
PORTER AND COATES,

822 CHESTNUT STREET.

1^1 n

I I

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, oy

PORTER & COATES,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Westcott & Thomson,

Stereotypers -"td Electrotypers. Philada.

Henry B. Ashmead,

Pri7tter Phtlada

CHANGES, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

DTTmNOthe Beriod in which the following pages have been passing

of pubuLttn'The following matters are to be noted m addition and

""""Ranks -Pa-e 156 The Commonwealtli National Bank has
befn removed ft om the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets to SW
corner Tfrourth and Walnut streets, in the hue sandstone bmklmg
formerly erected by the Enterprise I^^^^^ance Company -JheCen-
f;:S.iaf National Lnk a -w in^t.tut^r,^^^^^^^^ ^^X /et^na:

roLT^xMbirrtriniifuL^^^^^^

tenSal ground, immediately west of the Main Exhibition Building,
and wm transact the financial business of the Exposition

iPi^^«^ial —The Board of Brokers will, during the year, le-
mo?e"f"rt\f MeJctnts' Exchange to a -w buM^g --tr-f^e^^
especially for its use, immediately west ot Girard Bank, inira street

^ Bridaes.-Page 337. The Market Street Bridge was destroyed
by fire N?v 20, 1875, and has been replaced by a te^^PO^^^ry s ruc-
ture strong enough to last for ten or twenty years It was rebuilt by
Se Pennsylvanii Eailroad Company for the city, and finished m

'TiL::tl7A£^se^'^nZ-Tl.e Kiralfy Brothers have com-
mencfd the fraction of a theatre and music-hall, to which a garden
S to be attached on the east side of Broad street above Spruce,
wMdi'^fs totecaile'd the Alliambra. The lot is l|Oieet front by
225 deep to a street on which the front is 170 feet. The style ot tue
facade wVbe of the Moresque architecture, elaborately ornamented
wfth columns, horseshoe arches, with domes etc., brilliantly painted
in bright colors and gilded. The theatre will seat 1600 persons The
gardel will be ornamented with fountains, etc. and wil be loO feet
fauare The building is expected to be completed April 15, 18/ 6^-
The Women's Centennial Music-Hall is to be built upon the
irounds attached to the mansion of the late Edwin Forrest, tragedian
I W corner of Broad and Master streets, and the performances are
to be under the charge of the eminent musician Theodore Thomas
The music-hall will be 100 feet front on Broad street and 200 feet
deep and will be capable of accommodating 5000 persons The
stage wm be of capacity sufficient for an orchestra of lOOperiormers
and aThorus of 600 singers. The Forrest mansion, adjoming, will be
fitted up as a restaurant and cafe. , , q. ..

Patriotic Orders.-A new hall has been fitted up at Sixth
and Spring Garden streets for the Patriotic Order of Sons of
America; objects, patriotism and benevolence. f^^ Wn

Hj^foi-niatorv Homes.— A Reformatory Home for Wo-
men who aJe addicted to the vice of intemperance has been opened

CHANGES, ADDITIONS, ETC.

at 220 North Thirteenth street, under the auspices of the Women's
Christian Temperance Union.

Educational Homes.— The home for boys (p. 222) has es-
tablished a home for girls, and will hereafter be styled the Educa-
tional Home. , , ^

Homes for the Aged.— The Union Home for old Ladies,
at 3947 Market street, was opened for the reception of inmates Feb.

24 1876 The Edwin Forrest Home for retired actors will be

opened at Springbrook, near Holmesburg, during the year, under
the trusts of Mr. Forrest's will.

Industrial Aid Societies.— The Day Nursery for Chil-
dren, incorporated in 1873, has its home at 410 Blight street. Ihe
children of poor women who are out at work in daytime are here
cared for, educated. and fed daily.

Centennial Hotels.— Pages 69, 70. There have been pro-
jected and are in course of construction Ruloff 's Elm Avenue Hotel,
west end of Machinery Hall, with accommodations for 500 persons, and
the Atlas Hotel, Fifty-second street and Elm avenue, which will
have 1500 rooms and capacity for 3000 persons daily.— The name ot
the hotel S W corner of Broad and Walnut streets, designated the
Edwards (p. 67), has been settled to be hereafter St. George.—
Grand Central Hotel (pp. 66, 67), Market street near Thirty-
second, was projected but has not been built. .

Centennial Depot.- The Pennsylvania Railroad Company
is building an extensive depot opposite the Exposition Buildings,
(t will have four large apartments for reception and comfort o± pas-
sengers, with extensive platforms, and every arrangement lor con-
venience of trains arriving and departing. „ -n -n-

Food Supply.— The Abattoir, west side of SehuylkillKiyer
above Market street, will be ready for use in 1876. The principal
building is of brick, 150 by 200 feet. There are 48 cattle-sheds, each
24 by 200 feet; two sheep-pens, each 130 by 350 feet; a large hog-
pen, and a large brick grain and hay barn.

Access to the Exhibition.— In addition to means ot con-
veyance specified in Chapter IV., a new organization, the Exhibition
Transfer Company, has established a considerable number o±
light carriages which will run regularly from Ninth and Chestnut
streets to the Exhibition grounds. ^, „ . m *

Special Ticket-Offices.— Page 89.— The Union Transfer
Company, S. E. corner of Ninth and Chestnut streets, has a general
ticket-office for all lines of railroads from Philadelphia.

ERRATA.

Page 39, line 4, " Chestnut street west of Ninth," should be CAris-
ifia-w street west of Ninth. u i, w ^ r

Page 88 on 33d line, Westchester Railroad should be West Jersey.

Pase 201, line 2d, £45,815 should be £45 8s. U.

Pa^e 310 West Laurel Hill. This cemetery is not under the same
conti^l as the Laurel Hill Cemetery, but a distinct corporation,
having no connection whatever with it; nor can tickets tor it be
procured at Brown's drug store, Fifth and Chestnut streets.

ALPHABETICAL LIST

PLACES, EXHIBITIONS, ETC, IN PHILADELPHIA,

LIKELY TO PROVE MOST ATTRACTIVE TO THE STRANGER OR TOURIST.

Those with an * no one should leave Philadelphia without seeing.

Places.

1* Academy of Fine Arts, Broad

above Arch st.
■>* Academy of Natural Sciences,
S. W. corner of 19th and Race.
American Philosophical Society,

5th St. below Chestnut.
American Steamship wharves and

docks. — International wharves

and dock.
Arsexals. —

* Arsenal, Frankford.

* Arsenal, Schuylkill, Gray's

Ferry road below Carpenter.
Asylums. —

* Blind Asylum, 20th and E,ace

sts.
Christ Church Hospital for old wo-
men, York and 49th sts.
*Deaf and Dumb Asylum, cor-
ner of Broad and Pine sts.
Naval Asylum, Gray's Ferry

road.
Orphan Asylum, Haddington.
St. John's Orphan Asylum (Ro-
man Catholic), Westminster
avenue near 49th st.
Widow's Asylum, Cherry near
18th St.
Banks.

Bartram's House, west bank of the

Schuylkill below Gray's Ferry.
Belmont, West Park.
Bleckley Almshouse, West Phila-
delphia.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Tickets 25 cents.

Open Tuesdays and Fridays in the
afternoon. Admission 10 cents.
Admission free.

Tickets to be had of Peter Wrigh!
& Sons, Walnut st. above 3d.

Open to the public.
Open to the public.

Concerts Wednesday p. m.

sion 15 cents.
Admission on application.

Admis-

Tickets of managers or at Ledger

oflBice, 6th and Chestnut sts.
Open to the public.

Admission on application.
Open to the public.

Admission on application.

These institutions are always open
during business hours to stran-
gers who may desire to examine
the interior architecture.

See page 329.

Open to the public. See page 330.
Tickets free at office, 7th above
Filbert.

SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA.

Places.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Boys' Central High School, corner

Broad and Green sts.

Cemeteries. —

-* Laurel Hill Cemetery, Ridge av. ,

Woodland Cemetery, Woodland

avenue, West Philadelphia.
West Laurel Hill Cemetery,
west bank of Schuylkill near
Pencoyd station.
Woodlands, west side of Schuyl-
kill.
Churches.—

* Cathedral of St. Peter and St.

Paul (R. C), 18th St. above

* Christ Church, finished in 1753,

2d St. above Market.
*01d Pine Street Presbyterian

Church, cor. 4th and Pine sts.
*01d Swedes' Church, Swanson

St. below Christian.

* St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal

Church, cor. Pine and 3d sts.
Cliveden (Chew's house), German-
town.

^^Base Ball Ground (Athletic),
25th and Jefferson sts.

Cricket Club Grounds (Ger-
mantown), on Germautown
branch Reading R. R., near
Wayne st. — (Merion), near
Ardmore station.

Press, 505 Chestnut st.

Reform Club, 1520 Chestnut st.

■« Union League House, corner
Sansom and Broad sts.
Commercial Exchange, 2d below

Walnut St.
-:v County Prison, 1 1th st. and Pas
syunk avenue.

CO^URT-ROOMS. —

Common Pleas No. 1, American
Philosophical Hall, 5 th below
Chestnut st.

Common Pleas No. 2, Old Con-
gress Hall, 6th and Chestnut.

Open to the public.

Open to the public in daytime, ex-
cept Sundays.
Open to the public.

Open to the public.

Open to the public. See page 334.

Services daily between 6 and 7
A. M., and six services on Sunday.

Services on Sunday.

Open on Sundays.

Services on Sundays.

See page 331.

Admission at advertised prices.
Admission at advertised prices.

On introduction by a member.
Admission on introduction by a

member-.
Admission on introduction by a

member.
Introduction by a member.

Tickets from Inspectors or at Led-
ger oflBce, 6th and Chestnut sts.

Open to the public.
Open to the public.

SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA.

VJl

Places.

Court-Rooms — Continued.

Common Pleas No, 3, east wing
of State-house, adjoining su-
preme court-room.
Common Pleas No. 4, west wing

of State-house.
Orphans', 6th below Walnut.
Quarter Sessions, Congress Hall
and in building to the south.
Supreme, east wing of Inde-
pendence Hall.
United States, Library st. near
5th.
Custom-House (U. S.), Chestnut st.

below 5th.
Declaration of Independence,
house where written, 7th and
Market sts.
Fair Hill, Germantown avenue.
*Fairmount Park.
Franklin Institute, 7th st. above

Chestnut.
*Frank]in's Grave, S. E. cor, 5th

and Arch sts.
Germantown Battle-ground.
*Girard College, Ridge avenue

above 19th st.
Girls' Normal School, Spring Gar-
den and 17th sts.
Halls. —

* Carpenters' Hall, built in 1770,

Chesfnut st. below 4th.
*City, New, Hall (unfinished),
Broad and Market sts.
Horticultural Hall, Broad st.
below Locust.

* Independence Hall, Chestnut st.

below 6th.
National Museum, west room

State house building, Chest-
nut below 6th.
St. George's Hall, corner 13th

and Arch sts.
Homes. —

Northern Home and Soldiers'

Orphan Home, 23d and

Brown sts.
Old Men's Home, 39th and Pow-

elton avenue.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Open to the public.

Open to the public.
Open to the public.

Open to the public.

Open to the public in daytime.

See page 324.

See page 336.

Open to the public at all times.

Admission free.

Can be seen from the pavement on
Arch St. near the corner.

See page 317.

Tickets at office of the trustees, 5th
above Chestnut, or at Ledger office.

Open to the public.

Admission free. Open to public in

daytime.
Open to the public.

Open during exhibitions, meetings
or lectures, with prices specified.

Open day and evening to the pub-
lic.

Open to the public.

Open at meetings of St. George
Society and on public occasions.

Open to the public.
Services on Sunday.

Vlll

SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA.

Places.

Mode of Obtaining Admission,

Hospitals. —

German Hospital, Girard and
Corinthian avs.

* Insane Hospital (Kirkbride's),

Haverford av., West Phila-
delphia. Take Market street

Naval Hospital (U. S.), on Na-
val Asylum grounds.

* Pennsylvania Hospital, 8th and

Spruce sts.
Presbyterian Hospital, 39th and

Filbert sts.
Protestant Episcopal Hospital,
Lehigh avenue and Front st.
St. Joseph's Hospital (Roman
Catholic), Girard avenue and
17th St.
Wills Hospital for Eye diseases.
Race St.. bet. 18th and 19th.
Women's Hospital, N. College
av. and 22d st.
House of Correction, neiir Holmes
burg.

House of Refuge, 2.3d and Parrish
sts.

Admission on application.

Ledger Building, S. W. cor. 6th

and Chestnut sts.
Lemon Hill.

LI3RARIES.

Apprentices' Library, b. W. cor.

5th and Arch sts.
Athenseum Library, 6th st. be

low Walnut.
Mercantile Library, 10th st.

above Chestnut.
Pennsylvania Historical, 8^0
Spruce St. ^ , .

* Philadelphia Library, 5th st.
below Chestnut.
Ridgway Library (unfinished).
Broad and Christian sts.
Markets. —

Central, Market st. between Ibth

and 17th.
Delaware Avenue, Delaware av.
and Spruce st.

Friends of patients admitted.
Open to the public.
Open to the public.
Open to the public.
Open to the public.

Open to the public.
Admission on application.

Open Mondays, Wednesdays, and

Fridays from 10 to 2. Tickets

at 51 N. 6th St.
Open Mondays, Wednesdays, and

Fridays from 10 to 2. Tickets

at 21 N. 7th St.
Open to the public.

See page 333.

Admission free to visitors.

Free on introduction by a member.

Open to visitors for inspection in

daytime.
Open to visitors from 10 a. m- to

10 P.M.

Open to visitors from 9 A. M. to
5 P. M.

Open to the public.
Open to the public.

SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA.

Places.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Markets — Continued.

Eastern, S. E. comer 5th and

Merchant sts.
Farmers' and Franklin, N. side
of Market st. between 11th
and 12th.
Ridge Avenue, on Ridge av.
* Masonic Temple, Broad st. below
Arch.

Medical Colleges. —

College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, cor. 13th and Locust.
Jeiferson Medical College, 10th

St. below Sansom.
University Medical College, cor-
ner Locust and 34th sts.
Woman's Medical College, N.
College av. and 22d st.
Merchants' Exchange, Dock and

3d sts.
Mint, Old, 7th st. above Filbert.
*Mint (U. S.), Chestnut st. above

13th.
Morgue, Noble st. near Delaware

avenue.
Mount Pleasant, East Park.

* National Museum, Independence

Hall.
Navy Yard, League Island, mouth

of the Schuylkill River.
Old London Coffee-house, Front

and Market sts.

* Penitentiary, Fairmount avenue

and 21st st.

Penn's Cottage, Letitia st. near
Market.

Penn Treaty Monument, Beach
and Hanover sts.

Post-office (U. S.), Chestnut st. be-
tween 4th and 5th.

Red Bank.

School of Design for Women, S.W.
corner Broad and Filbert sts.

Solitude, Zoological Gardens, West
Park.

Stenton (Logan's House), German-
town road.

Open to the public.
Open to the public.

Open to the public.

On Thursdays from 10 to 2. Tick-
ets, or introduction by members
of the order.

Tickets of admission to be procured

from members.
Tickets from Faculty or Trustees.

Tickets from Faculty or Trustee?.

Tickets from Faculty or Trustees.

Open to the public.

See page 326.

Open to visitors from 9 A. ii. to 12

noon.
Open to the public.

See page 332.

Open to the public from 9 A. M. to

3 p. M.
Open to the public in daytime.

See page 326.

Tickets of inspectors or at Ledger

office. ^ =, ^ , i'_

See page 32L .^"^^^ ^^ ^ ^^

May be seen from the street.

Outer avenues open to the public.

See page 319.

Open to visitors in daytime.

See page 333.

See page 330.

SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA.

Places.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Trotting, Racing, and Driving
Parks.
Belmont, beyond West Park.
Point Breeze, Point Breeze near

Penrose Ferry bridge.
Suffolk, Island road near Read-
ing branch of old Baltimore
R. R.
Trust and Safe Deposit Companies.

University of Pennsylvania, 36th

and Woodland av.
Wagner Free Institute, corner 17th

and Montgomery avenue.
Water-works. —

Belmont or West Philadelphia,
Fairmount Park, west side of
Schuylkill River, near Read-
ing Railroad Bridge.
Delaware or Kensington, east
side of Delaware River, near
Gunners' Run.
Fairmount, in Park, east side of
Schuylkill River, north of
Morris st.
Roxborough, east side Schuyl-
kill River, above Manayunk.
Schuylkill (formerly Spring
Garden), east side of Schuyl-
kill River, Fairmount Park,
near Girard avenue.
Wilson School-house, Darby road

and Leach Hollow.
Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, Chestnut st. above 12th.
New building being erected
S. E. cor. 15th and Chestnut sts.
*- Zoological Gardens, Fairmount
Park.

Admission on introduction of
> members, or on public race
days at advertised rates.

Open to visitors during business

hours.
Visitors admitted on application.

Free to visitors.

Each of these is open to the
public.

See page 328.
Open to the public.

Admission 25 cents.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.

Places.

Theatres, —

Walnut Street, 9th and Walnut.
Arch Street, Arch st, west of 6th.
Chestnut Street, Chestnut st.

above 12th.
Wood's Museum, 9 th and Arch.
American, Chestnut between 10th

and 11th sts.
Grand Central, Walnut ab. 8th.
Amateur Drawing-room, 17th

above Chestnut.
New National Varieties, 10th and

Callowhill sts.
Concordia (Ger.), 417 Callowhill.
Alhambra, Broad above Spruce.
Minstrel Halls. — ■

Arch Street Opera-house, Arch

St. between 10th and 11th.
Eleventh Street Opera-house,
11th St. above Chestnut.
Opera and Music. —

Academy of Music, corner Broad

and Locust.

Musical Fund Hall, Locust ab 8th.

. Centennial Music Hall ( Thomas),

Forrest Mansion, Broad and

Master.

Handel and Haydn Hall, corner

8th and Spring Garden.
Concert Hall, Chestnut, between

12th and 13th.
Mannerchor Hall, Fairmount av.
and Franklin st.
AuT Exhibitions. —

Academy of Fine Arts, Broad

above Arch.
Art Gallery, East Fairmount

Park, near Green st.
Art Galleries, Private.
Colosseum, Broad and Locust.
Miscellaneous Exhibitions.
Assembly Building, corner 10th

and Chestnut.
Horticultural Hall, east side of
Broad st. above Spruce.
Scientific Exhibitions. —

Academy of Natural Sciences,

corner 19th and Bace.
Zoological Gardens, West Park
below Girard av.

Mode of Obtaining Admission.

Family circle. Dress circle. Orchestra.
25 cents. 50 cents. $1.50
25 " 50 " 1.00

50 " 75 " 1.50

50
50

1.00
.75

.75

25 cents. 50 cents. 75 cents.
25 " 50 '* 75 «

Admission at advertised prices.

Admission at advertised prices.
Admission at advertised prices.

Admission at advertised prices.
Admission at advertised prices.
Admission at advertised prices.

Admission 25 cents.

Open to the public.

See page 196.

Admission at advertised prices.

Open Tuesday and Friday after-
noons. Admission 25 cents.

Admission 25 cents. Children un-
der twelve years 10 cents.

COINS.

VALXJB OF FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS IN THE
VALUli. ^^^^^^Y OF THE UNITED STATES.
Prepared by the Superintendent of the United States Mint, Philadelphia.

GOLD COINS.

Country.

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Central America

Chili

Colombia and South

America generally

Colombia..

Denomination.

Fourfold ducat.

Souverain (no longer coined).

4 florins (new)

Ducat

25 francs

29 railreis

2 escudos

4 reals

10 pesos (dollars)

Value in United!
States money.

Dolls, cts. mills.

Old doubloon*

20 pesos, "Bogota"...

^^ „ 20 pesos, "Medellin "

po *.".'..].".... I 20 pesos, "I'opayan"

Costa Rica
Denmark

Egypt

England

France — •

German Empire

Greece ■

India (British)..

Italy ....•

Japan

Mexico

Netherland

New Granada..,

Norway

Peru

Portugal

Russia 5 rubles...

Spain 100 reales

Po 1 80 reals

Do!!'.'.'.

Sweden .

Do....

Do....
Tunis...
Turkey

10 pesos.

20 Crown

Old ten-thaler

Bedidlik (100 piasters)

Pound or sovereign (new) .

20-franc

New 20 marks

Old ten-thaler (Prussian)..

20 drachms •

Mohur, or 15 rupees f

20 lire

20 yen •

Doubloon

20 pesos (empire)

20 pesos (republic, new)....

10 gilders

10 pesos (dollars) ■

20 crowns

20 soles

Coroa (crown)

10 escudos

Ducat

Carolin (10 francs)

New 20 Crowns (krone).

25 piasters

100 piasters

1
4

5
9

4 72 0
10 89 3

9 13

fi 75

1 93

2 27

3 68
0 48
9 11

59 2

94 0

05 5

96 2

44 7

35 8

89 8

97 3

86 5

84 5

76 3

97 0

44 2

10 3

84 5

94 2

60 0

64 2

56 1

99 3

67 4

35 8

23 7

80 5

97 5

96 3

86 2

01 4

23 6

93 4

35 8

99 5

4 36 8

* The douMoon (doblon, or more, properly ^.^^^tln^Ts^PPnt e?f^ThesTfl-
^nnnish^ is now generally discontinued, and is seldom seen here, -'■"ese n^
u?es answer as wlllforth^e doubloon of Peru, Chili, Bolivia, etc., and therefore
this item stands for all. .

^0x1 -fnThL^e'table^S il Taken aflhe basis of U. S. money. In calcu-
latlJ^ke\aluetn US currency add from 10 per cent, to 15 per cent., accord-
ing to the daily reports of the money market.

COINS.

Xlll

SILVER COINS.

Country.

Austria...

Belgium.

Bolivia...,

Brazil

I Canada...

Denomination.

Old rix-dollar

Old Scudo crown

Florin, before 1858

New florin ,

New Union dollar ,

Maria Theresa dollar, 1780.

0 francs

2 francs

New dollar

Double milreis

20 cents

25 cents

Central America < Dollar.

Chili

China

Denmark

Egypt

England

France

North German States.

South German States.

German Empire

Greece

Hindostan

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Norway

New Granada

Peru

Portugal

Roumania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Tunis

Turkey

Old dollar

New dollar

Dollar (English mint).

lOcents

2 rigsdaler

Piaster (new)

Shilling (new)

Siiilling (average)

Florin

5 franc

2 franc

Thaler, before 1857

Thaler (new)

Florin

5 marks (new)

5 drachms

Rupee

5 lire

Lira

1 yen

50 sen

Dollar

Half dollar

Pesto of Maximilian....

21^ gilders ,

Specie daler

Dollar of 1857

Olddolhir

Dollar of 1858

Half dollar of 1835-'38.

Sol

500 reis

2 lei (francs), new

Ruble

5 pesetas (dollars)

Peseta (pistareen

Riksdaler

2 francs

5 piasters

20 piasters

Value in United
States money.

Dolls.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

cis. mills.

95
95
47
45
68
95
91
38
91
95
17

93
99
91

09
03
03
21
20
42
91

22 0

99 1

33 9

67 8

68 0

XIV

POSTAGE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

*27

*21

*27

*5
*5
*5

10
*5
15
*15
10
*5

5
5
*5
*5
10
13
5
13

Argentine Confederatiou

Aspinwall

Austria — :

Australia, via San Francisco

do. via England

do. via Brindisi

Belgium... •••••

Bermuda, via New York 15

Brazil, direct •-:;""*:.""""J*i"'''^"ot^' 3

Canada, Nova Scotia, Newtoundland, etc j ^^^

Cape of Good Hope ..."

Chili, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru

China, via Southampton

Denmark, via England

East Indies, via San Francisco....

do. via England

do. via Brindisi

German states, via North German Union

Great Britain and Ireland... "■ "

ionrKo^Vcar;tonrSwai^wr^i^:r;"a^Fo^ho^^

San Francisco ° "

Italy, via England..... • "

Japan, via San Francisco .■.'.'.'.".'.'.'.' .7. '.'.'..!

Liberia

Mexico •• ■

Norway and Sweden

Portugal, via Southampton

Russia, via England • 7..

Shanghai, via San Francisco ;... .".'.'."!!!'.!

Spain •

Switzerland .•"V;'"',"'"^

Turkev, Syria, etc., via England.

Venezuela by American Packet

Venezuela, by British Packet

West^.dies, ^^^;-,,^^^r^^^ __

-^,^;;-,:^^^;^^^{^:^e. that the postage may be paid or not, at the option
^V^Se'fwsVapS postage to Canada is the same as that to any part of the
United States.

POSTAL CaKDS to I'^OREIGN COUNTRIES.

.stal cards may be sent for _^nad<UHonal one-cent st^mp to^«>,e

2
2
3

t
4
4
4
2
2
4
8
2
2
2
2

?/„7,:.reSl-V.lris°^X?Serra c\??:1o be delivered elsewhere in
""loS'caSs tolnyp-t of the United States, 1 cent eaeh.

FOREIGN CONSULS AT PHILADELPHIA. XV

FOREIGN CONSULS AT PHILADELPHIA.

COXINTRY.

Name.

Address.

Argentine Republic

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Chili

ColomViia, U. S. of

Denmark

Ecuador

France

German Empire

Great Britain

Hungary

Italy ...*.

Liberia

Netherlands

Nicaragua

Orange FreeState^South

Africa

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Sweden and Norway ...
Switzerland

Uruguay..

Venezuela

Edward Shippen

Lars Westergaard

G. E. Saurman

Edward S. Sayres

Edward Shippen

Leon de la Cova

F.Myhlertz

Edward Shippen

Celestin Auguste Ravin
d'ElpeiTX, vice-consul...

Charles H. Meyer

Chas. Edward Kortright.
Geo. Crump, vice-consul..

Lars Westergaard

Alonzo M.Viti

Edward S. Morris

Lars Westergaard

Henry C. Potter

Henry W. Riley

Edward S. Sayres

Henry Preaut.vice-consul

Don Juan Morphy

Don Julian Alfredo Prin-
cipe y Sartoris (V. C).

Lars Westergaard

Rudolph Koradi

Werner Itschaner (V. C.)
Chas.W. Matthews (V.C.)
Leon de la Cova

5,32 Walnut St.
138 S. 2d St.
1228 Chestnut St.
268 S. 3d St.
532 Walnut St.
218+ Walnut St.
730 N. 2()th St.
532 Walnut St.
8th Street above

South

227 Chestnut St.
619 Walnut St.

138 S. 2d St.
115 Walnut St.
129 S. Front St.
138 S. 2d St.
260 S. 9th St.

602 Arch St.
268 S. 3d St.
500 S. Del. Av.
524 Walnut St.

138 S. 2d St.
314 York Avenue.
814 Vine St.
133 Walnut St.
2181 Walnut St.

XVI

EXCURSIONS FROM PHILADELPHIA.

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PREFACE.

Philadelphia occupies such an extensive area of ground
that it has advantages in space superior to any other city in
the world. The number of buildings, public and private, is
greater than in any other city in America, and is only ex-
ceeded by some in Europe, in which the populations are more
dense. For this reason public edifices and private mansions
are spread over a wide expanse of territory. The stranger
needs a guide which shall signify to him the best places to
visit among the many which surround him, and the most con-
venient ways of getting to them. This work has been ar-
ranged to facilitate the visitor in his inquiries, to point out to
him the most notable places, and to furnish information as
fully as the space that can be devoted to each subject in a
book intended to be portable will permit. It is believed that
this hand-book will enable the stranger to spend his leisure
in the city with the best advantage and with judicious em-
ployment of time.

The publishers desire in this place to give credit to Messrs.
John Sartain and James M. Earle for the authorship of those
portions of Chapter XIII. which are devoted to the Academy
of Fine Arts and to private art galleries. To General John
Eaton, Commissioner of U. S. Bureau of Education, Wash-
ington, D. C, thanks are due for the use of the cut of the
Eidgway Library.

Philadelphia, Dec. 1, 1875.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Sketch of the History of Philadelphia ... 13

CHAPTEE I.
Inteoductory 43

Description — Street Numbers — Population — Health — Vital
Statistics — City Government — Food Supply — Water Supply —
Fairmount Water-Works — Other Water- Works — Public Drink-
ing Fountains — Drainage — Fire Department — Police — Magis-
trates' Courts — Gas-Lighting — Gas-Works.

CHAPTER II.
Hotels, Boaeding- and Lodging-Houses — ^Eestau-

rants 63

CHAPTER III.
Maekets . 71

CHAPTER IV.
City Teavel — Feeeies — Riyee Steamboats ... 75

Passenger Railway Companies — Ferries to New Jersey— River
Steamboat Lines — Carriages and Hacks — Express Companies —
Telegraph Companies — Baggage — Special Railroad Ticket Of-
fices— Railroad Passenger Depots — Railroads.

CHAPTER V.
Public Buildings in Use by the City 95

Independence Square — Independence Hall — The National
Museum— Old Congress Hall— Court-House Building— City Hall
— Philosophical Hall — Quarter-Sessions Court Building — New
City Hall — Prisons — Eastern Penitentiary — Moyamensing Prison
— House of Refuge — House of Correction — The Morgue — Alms-
house—Lazaretto— Public Schools— High School— Girls' Normal
Schools — Grammar Schools.

1* r.

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.

PAGE

128

TJ. S. Government Buildings and Offices . .

* Custom ■ House-Sub -Treasury-Appraisers' Building-Post-
Office-U. S. Courts-New Post-Office-Mint-Arsenals-Navy
Yard— Naval Asylum— Naval Hospital.

CHAPTER VII.

141

Commerce and Manufactuees ^^^

Commerce-Commercial Exchange-Merchants' Exchange-
Trade Exchange -Warehousing Companies - Bonded W are-
houses-Commercial Dep6ts-Elevators-Steamsh:p Wharves
and Docks— Manufactures.

CHAPTER VIII.

. 153
Financial Institutions

Banks-Saving Funds-Trust Companies-Safe Deposit and
Trust Companies— Insurance Companies.

CHAPTER IX.
Institutions of Education ^"^

University of Pennsylvania-Girard College-Germantown
Academy- Aimwell School— Beck School-House.

CHAPTER X.
Collegiate and Academical Institutions under

Religious Denominations I7d

Protestant Episcopal Academy-Protestant Episcopal Divmity
School-Theological Seminary of Saint Charles Borromeo-
Haverford College— Swarthmore College.

CHAPTER XI.

Institutions for Scientific Education 175

Medical Colleges-Dental Colleges-Polytechnic College.

CHAPTER XII.

183
Scientific Institutions

Academy of Natural Sciences-Entomological Society-Wag-
ner Institute-American Philosophical Society-Franklm Insti-
tute-Zoological Garden-Horticultural Society-Society for
Promotion of Agriculture.

CONTENTS. 7

CHAPTEE XIII.

PAGE

Painting, Sculptuee, Music 191

Academy of Fine Arts— Private Art Galleries— Sketch-Club
— School of Design — Fairmount Park Art Association — Musical
Fund Society — Handel and Haydn Society.

CHAPTEE Xiy.

LiBEARY Companies and Associations 199

Philadelphia Library — Eidgway Library — Mercantile Library
— Athenseum Library — Apprentices' Library — Friends' Library
— Other Libraries.

CHAPTEE XV.
Hospitals and Dispensaries 207

Pennsylvania Hospital— Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane
—Philadelphia Hospital— Wills Eye Hospital— Friends' Asy-
lum for the Insane — Preston Eetreat — Municipal Hospital— St.
Joseph's Hospital — Charity Hospital — Protestant Episcopal
Hospital — German Hospital— St. Mary's Hospitiil — Jewish Hos-
pital-Orthopaedic Hospital — Presbyterian Hospital— German-
town Hospital — Homoeopathic Hospital— Hospital of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania — Woman's Hospital — Dispensaries.

CHAPTEE XVI.
Asylums and Homes 221

Asylums for Children — ^Homes for the Aged— Asylums for the
Unfortunate — Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb — Institutions for
the Blind — Eeformatory Homes.

CHAPTEE XVn.
Belief Societies 231

German Society — Society of Sons of St, George — Other Na-
tional Societies — Soup Societies — Industrial Aid Societies — Fuel
Associations — ^Assistance Societies — Humane Associations.

CHAPTEE XVIII.

Charitable Ordebs and Associations 237

Masonic Temple and Hall— Odd Fellows' Halls— Order of
United American Mechanics — Independent Order of Eed Men-
American Protestant Association — Other Orders.

g CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIX.

243

^™m1;y of the Fi^st Tr^op of'philadelpMa ^ty Cavalry-
Nat onal^Guards' Armory-City ^--y-^^^g,,;'^^'^''"^
Corps Washington Grays-Armory of Keystone Battery.

OHAPTEE XX.

247

Club— Penn Club— Saturday Club.

CHAPTER XXI.

. . 251

— Gymnastics.

CHAPTER XXII.

. . 257

CHAPTER XXIII.

261

Chtteches

man)-Beformed (Dutch)-Eoman Catholic.

CHAPTER XXIV.

Associations fob Religious Objects 299

Hall of the Young Men's Christian Association-Presbyterian

i^^rLfPuS^^

?St:™ote-Other Publication Societies and Tract Soc.

eties-Clergymen's Annuity and Aid Funds.

CONTENTS. 9

CHAPTEE XXV.

PAGE

Cemeteries . 303

Eonaldson's Cemetery— Laurel Hill— West Laurel Hill— Mon-
ument Cemetery — Mount Vernon — Glen wood — Woodlands-
Mount Moriah— Old Oaks— Odd Fellows'— Mechanics'— Mount
Peace— Greenwood — Cedar Hill — Leverington—Fairhill— Ca-
thedral—New Cathedral— Mount Sinai— Beth-El-Emeth.

CHAPTER XXVI.

Places of Historical Interest 315

The Treaty-Ground— Germantown Battle-Ground— Eed Bank
Battle-Ground— Fort Mifflin.

CHAPTEE XXVII.

Buildings of a Public Character of Historic

Note 32i

Penn Mansion, Letitia Court — Carpenters' Hall — House
where the Declaration of Independence was Written— The Old
Mint— Old London Coffee-House— Free Quaker Meeting-House
— Wilson School-House.

CHAPTEE XXVIII.
Historical Mansions . 329

Bartram's House — Stentou — Belmont — Cliveden —Mount
Pleasant— Lemon Hill— Solitude— Woodlands— Fairhill.

CHAPTEE XXIX.
Bridges ^ ^ 337-

CHAPTEE XXX.

Public Parks and Squares 345

Fairmount Park— The Wissahickon— Hunting Park— Public
Squares.

CHAPTEE XXXI.
The International Exhibition of 1876 . . . .373

CHAPTEE XXXII.
Six Days in Philadelphia 39I

ILLUSTEATIONS.

PAQB

wir.iAM PEAK'S H0«SB IN L^tia Stbbet, peh^^t ^^^
Appearance ••• •'" 40

Ofeicial Seai. of the City of Phii.adei.phia............. 4^

HORSEBADISH MAN " gg

Independence Hall gg

The State-house in 1776 ^^^

The Old Liberty Bell • ^^^^

Interior of Independence Hall

Court-yard of the New Public Buildings i^ -

Entrance to the Eastern Penitentiary ^^^

MOYAMENSING PRISON ^__

Bird's-eye View of the House of Correction li'^

Central High-school ^26-

United States Custom-house ^^^^

United States Mint ^^^

Court-yard, United States Mint •••••• ^^^^

League Island ^^^

Commercial Exchange ^^^

Merchants' Exchange ^^^

GiRARD Point Elevator ■ ^^^^

University of Pennsylvania •■•• ^^^

GiRARD College • yj^

Protestant Episcopal Academy l"^;"*" vt'

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY ^^^^^^^^- ^^^
VANIA 283

Academy of Natural Sciences ^^^

Plan of the Zoological Gardens •••• ^^^

Carnivora-housb, Zoological Gardens

ILLUSTRATIONS. H

PAGE

Monkey-house 288

Bear-pits j^gp

Academy of Fine Arts 191

Philadelphia Library 200

EiDGWAY Library 201 -\

Mercantile Library 202

Apprentices' Library 204

Pennsylvania Hospital 208 ^

Episcopal Hospital (Bird's-eye View) 213-

Episcopal Hospital (Front View) 214-(

Hospital oe the University of Pennsylvania 217

St. George's Hall 233~

Masonic Temple 239-

Union League House 248

First Baptist Church 262

Fifth Baptist Church 263

Tabernacle Church 264

Church of the Holy Communion 269

Old Pine Street Church 274

Second Presbyterian Church (with Steeple com-

pi^eted) 275-

Bethany Church and Sunday-school 278

North Broad Street Church 279-

Christ Church 282

Grave of Franklin 283

Old Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei) 286

The Burd Monument in St. Stephen's Church 288

Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul 295^

Church of the Eestoration 298

Young Men's Christian Association Building 299 -j

The Schuylkill, from Laurel Hill 307-

The Schuylkill, from West Laurel Hill 309-

The Treaty Monument 31g

Carpenters' Hall 323

Wilson School-house 328

Bartram's House 329

Chew House, Germantown 332 j

Solitude 33^

12 ILLUSTRATIONS.

PA-GK

339-

GiRABD Avenue Bridge •• •••••"

Bridge oyer the Sckhyekiee at Chestnut Street.... 341

Fountain near Mineral Spring, Lemon Hiei. ^^^

East Terrace, Lemon Hill ^^^

Schuylkill Bluffs, below Edgely ^^^

Entrance at Egglesfield ^^^

Connecting Bridge, Fairmount Park ^ ••-•

FAIRMOUNT PARK FROM THE LaNSDOWNE ENTRANCE 353

View of Sweet-brier from Egglesfield •• ^^^

View above Sweet-brier ^^^^

View from Belmont g^g

Monster Pines, West Park •■•••••• ^

EAViNE IN Western Park, Sweet-brier Vale • ^^^

On the Wissahickon Drive • ^^^^

A Glimpse of the Wissahickon •••••••••• ^^^

The Hermit's Pool • ^^^

Hemlock Glen, on the Wissahickon ^^^

The Wissahickon at Chestnut Hill ^^^^

The Drive, Wissahickon ^^^

Glen Fern, Wissahickon V:' mt" Airy ". 367

Bridge over the Wissahickon near Mt. Airy

Drinking Fountain on the Wissahickon .^..^.^..

Bird's-eye View of the Centennial Buildings. 37.

m'n building. International exhibition 376^

Memorial Hall— Art Gallery ••••••• ^^^

Machinery Hall 3g4

Agricultural Hall ggy

Horticultural Hall r""w™TioN '''. 389-

WoMEN's Building, International Exhibition

v3 / 1 - '

A SKETCH

HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.

rpHE first European who trod the soil which now belongs to
-■- the city of Philadelphia was probably a certain Captain
Hendrickson, who commanded one of the five vessels fitted out
by the Dutch East India Company in the year 1623, of which
little fleet Captain Cornells Jacobsen Mey was commodore.
Before that time, as early as the year 1609, Henry Hudson, an
Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company,
in the yacht Half-Moon, discovered a large river which flowed
into a great bay opening into the Atlantic Ocean and north of
the Chesapeake Bay. Into this newly-discovered bay he en-
tered and penetrated a short distance ; but coming out of it,
sailing north-east and keeping near the coast, he discovered
another great bay into which a large river emptied. From
this circumstance he gave to the river first discovered by him
the name of the South Eiver, and to the other the name of the
North Eiver. In the year 1610 a ship, which carried the Lord
Thomas de la War on his voyage to Virginia, entered the
South Bay and discovered the river flowing into it, and then
went on to Virginia. Under these two discoveries arose the
conflicting claims of two nations. The Dutch claimed the
North and South Elvers and the intervening territories. The
English claimed the territory adjoining the South Eiver,
which they called the Delaware. Captain Mey found two
prominent capes at the mouth of the South Bay, which he
2 n

24 HISTOKY.

named after himself. One tears Us name to this day^ The
1 oo n-ariP TTpnloDen, was named Oape ^oi

other, now ^^^^^^^^TrZi^ei at Manhattan, now
N^^orf Xr m" wtt to Enrope; and obtaining com-

•1 But there were difficulties in maintaining tlie settle
onies. i^iit tnere wexe Nassau was garrisoned and

n.ents which were made -!« ^~ ^^,, ,„^ewhere
Fort Beversrede erected on the >'CMy ^

north of the f ^/ *'^\rr« XfhVad been chax-
1638 a Swedish West India Company w ^^^^^ ^^^

of the present city of Ij^"*"^' j^ ^^^ D„tch nor the

ered the iirst permanent t^^'^^^X^.^tteir expeditions,

several '^tt«'"P^_,^rswrdish government sent ont governors
nent success The^ Swedish g ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^

for the colonies. Foits J^'f « ^he Dutch at Nassau,

:;r;nrCnrof1"eam, frecnently quarrelled

HISTORY. 15

with their neighbors, and finally, to make their authority-
more certain, they resolved to abandon Fort Nassau on the
east bank of the river, and in the year 1651 built Fort Casi-
mer near the present site of the town of New Castle. The
Swedes were not disposed to submit to this claim, and John
Kysingh, upon the 31st of May, 1654, captured Fort Casimer
by assault and without spilling a drop of blood. The Dutch
at New York, hearing of these things, got up an expedition ;
and sailing to Fort Casimer with a fleet of seven vessels,
Peter Stuyvesant, governor of Manhattan, demanded a sur-
render of the fortr— which was now called Trinity Fort— which
was granted. Thus was the Dutch power re-established, but
for a short time only. In 1664 the English captured Manhat-
tan from the Dutch, and named it New York. An expedition
under Sir Robert Carre, in October, 1664, came to the Dela-
ware, demanded a surrender of Trinity Fort, but not obtaining
it as quickly as desired fired two broadsides into it, landed
storming parties, assaulted the fort, killed three Dutchmen
and wounded ten, and in triumph raised the flag of Eng-
land, which was thenceforth to be supreme on the Dela-
ware for nine years. War between the Dutch and English
commenced in 1672, and on the 30th of July in the next year
a Dutch fleet, under the command of Commodores Cornelius
Evertsie and Jacob Benckes, summoned the English fort at
Staten Island to surrender, which was done without firing a
shot, and the authorities at New York swore allegiance to the
States-general and the prince of Orange. The people upon
the South River accommodated themselves to the change of
masters, and welcomed the Dutch. This was to be their last
appearance upon the Delaware. In the next year, 1674, by a
treaty between England and Holland, the settlements in
America were ceded to Great Britain, and the territory once
more passed under the English flag. WilHam Penn, having
become somewhat acquainted with the character of the coun-
try by being a part proprietor of West Jersey, sought larger
possessions; and the British government being indebted to his
father, Admiral William Penn, in actual money as well as for

16 HISTORY.

services rendered, the young Quaker found but little difficulty
in obtaining a grant for a large tract of land upon wbich to
found a colony, with a broad grant of feudal and political
powers. The charter of Pennsylvania was granted at West-
minster on the 4th of March, 1681 (old style).

Penn lost no time in preparing for the settlement of his
colony. Having much influence among the English Friends,
he published his proposals among them, offering liberal con-
cessions. He immediately sent out to Pennsylvania his
cousin, Captain William Markham, who had been a soldier,
with a commission to be deputy governor of the province,
and with instructions to inform the European inhabitants of
Pennsylvania already settled there of the change in govern-
ment, promising them liberal laws and allowance. Markham
was also instructed to assemble the Indians and inform them
that his intended policy toward them was peace and honesty.
The lieutenant-governor arrived in New York on the 21st of
June 1681, and in a short time afterward reached the Swedish
and English settlements on the Delaware. He was followed
by three commissioners, William Crispin, John Bezar and
Nathaniel Allen, who had power to settle the colony, and,
among other things, to lay out a principal city to be the cap-
ital of the province, which William Penn determined should
be called Philadelphia. The commissioners arrived m De-
cember, 1681 ; and with the help of Thomas Fairman, an
English surveyor who was living at Shackamaxon, north of
the site chosen for the city, the plan of the great town was
speedily laid out, so that when Penn himself arrived m the
ship Welcome, in the latter part of October, 1682, the plan
of the city and of the province was regulated to some degree
and the system understood. Penn at once addressed himself
to work. An assembly was convened, three counties, Phila-
delphia, Bucks and Chester, were created, and proper laws
were passed. After a stay of about twenty-two months, Penn
was called to England, expecting to return in a short time.
Trouble and disappointment met him at home. Charles II.
died shortly after his arrival. James II. while duke of York

HISTORY. 17

had been a warm personal friend of Penn. When he came
to the throne, the Eoman Catholic principles of James created
dissatisfaction and distrust among the English people, by
which the friends of the king suffered, Penn being among
them. When William and Mary succeeded to the throne,
after the expulsion of James II., Penn was arrested for treason
upon a charge of holding secret correspondence with the late
king. He was afterward released, but again arrested and
discharged. The British government took possession of the
government of Pennsylvania and placed it under the juris-
diction of Benjamin Fletcher, governor of Xew York, about
October, 1692. The government was restored to Penn in the
fall of 1694, and Markham was made lieutenant-governor.
These difficulties prevented Penn from coming back to
America until the latter part of 1699. He found a far dif-
ferent state of affairs from what had existed when he left the
city fifteen years before. There were streets, houses, some of
them quite large and elegant, shops, warehouses and shipping.
The dwelling-houses were estimated at 700, and the population
at 4500. This visit was short. Efforts were made in England
to annex all proprietary governments to the Crown. It was
necessary that this attempt should be resisted; and in October,
1701, after having incorporated Philadelphia as a city, the
proprietor set sail for England, expecting to return in a few
months. He never did return. New embarrassments met
him. His pecuniary wants and the treachery of his steward
involved him to such a degree that he was arrested for debt
and thrown into the Fleet Prison in 1708, where he continued
for about nine months. In 1712 his health gave way, his
memory became impafred, and during six years he lingered
an imbecile, childish and gentle in his manners, the sad wreck
of a strong mind. He died on the 30th day of the 5th month,
July, old style, 1718. His government was administered for
a time by his wife, Hannah. Subsequently it went into the
hands of his children and their descendants as proprietors,
and they administered the government, usually by lieutenant-
governors, but sometimes in person, until the American revo-
2* B

jg HISTORY.

lution put an end to all gOTernments acting under English

^Mt^ry of the city for nearly .e.enty-fi.e yea^ after
the second departure of Penn, so far as regards political and
pul rmatters' is a record of quarrels between the lieutenant-
governors and the various assemblies of the V^ormce r^
Stir were usually composed in majority of -enabe^ f^^«
society of Friends holding peculiar doctrines m relation to the
r^lawfulness of war. The members of the Penn family had
^turned to the religion of the Church of England, and the
"ant-governors%pointed by them held no conBCienU u
scruples against the right of using arms ^^ ^ ^^^^^^'^^^
Great Britain was involved in several wa.« with Eu™Pean
nations, and her American colonies were m danger of attack
and capture. Whenever these necessities arose, lieutenant-
;:vernors called upon the assemblies for appropriations of
Lney to raise troops, which requisitions were feequently de-
Ted or evaded upon various pretexts, some of which we e
folded upon the alleged dishonesty of the proprietaries lu
evading their own obligations on -* occasions and endeav-
oring to throw them upon the people. In 1' 02 war was
commenced by France and Spain with England, which lasted
seTa years. Lieutenant-Governor John Evans, fearing a^
taXby the enemies' privateers or vessels of war, endeavored
to 11 assistance from the assembly, which was denied. He
aerefore under the authority of the charter, which gave he
IrSor the powers of a captain-general, authorized the
embodiment of a force which was called a militia, but which,
r^lly not being authorized or supported by the assemb y, w^
Tvotanteer fori, probably the first which had been embodied
L the American ;olonies. In 1706, Evans, who w- -p—
and deficient in judgment, undertook to stir up the Quakers
W a foonl contivance. A forged letter was brought up from
New Oas le on the semi-annual fair-day, when great crowds
of people were in the city, representing that several armed
shinshad Entered the river Delaware, and were ooming up
Sinton ion to attack and plunder the defenceless town.

HISTORY. 19

The goyernor himself made his appearance in public on
horseback with drawn sword, calling upon the people to arm
themselves and turn out in defence of the city. A great alarm
ensued. People concealed their valuables and fled. A cer-
tain number of persons appeared at the place of rendezvous
with arms, and efforts were made to embody them in com-
panies. The Quakers were neither enticed nor frightened into
this movement. Some five or six young members of that sect
were all that seemed to respond to the summons ; and when the
deceit and falsehood were discovered, the indignation against
Evans was so strong that the Penns found it necessary to
withdraw him and appoint a successor. In 1709, under Lieu-
tenant-Governor Charles Gookin, French privateers plundered
the town of Lewes in the Lower Counties on the Delaware.
The governor called on the assembly for a grant of £4000
to assist the queen in the invasion of Canada. The members
would grant nothing for that purpose, but voted £500 as a
present to the queen, which Gookin refused to receive. At
the succeeding election in 1710 a change having been made
in the character of the assembly, £2000 were voted to the
queen.

In the year 1739, there being a state of disturbance between
England and Spain, Governor Thomas issued letters of marque
and reprisal against Spain preliminary to a declaration of
war. The first privateer commissioned in Pennsylvania, the
sloop George, Captain William Axon, scoured the seas under
this authority. The governor applied for appropriations to
the assembly for the defence of the province, and assistance
to the Crown. But having undertaken to allow enlistments
of servants, the assembly took umbrage, and a quarrel ensued
with the usual acerbity. War with Spain was proclaimed on
the 14th of April, 1740, the assembly obstructing the pro-
ceedings as much as possible. Many privateers were com-
missioned, and they made important captures during the next
four years. Ere the war with Spain had closed a contest
with France had opened, proclamation of which was made
on the 11th of June, 1744. In 1745, Louisburg having been

HISTORY.

captured, the assembly was induced ^o f^^^J^ZlX
king for the purchase of bread, beef, P"^^"' ™„\ce.
othfr grains, to be used by the goTernor for t^e W s J^i
The litter construed the words " "'l^- g^^"/ J^^v'de the
powder, and declared that the assembly meant to evade
Lmin responsibility by the use of t^-^-^.^OO for the
year, 1746, the assembly was -^ucf *o ^te ^f,, ,efased.
king's use, without condition In ^^^^ ^ J't,_ ^^tj™ had
The'privateers, which in previous ye^s h^ ^^.M !>-
mostly ceased to sail, for the ^'^^^^''^^''^r'^^^^Le having
come unprofitable, the French and SP-^^^^— ^^ ^ch
been nearly all swept ^^-^^^^ f .^.^r ^ad come up
frigates on the coast, and a ^J''"'^^ P"^;^ „f ^^ieh when
tliP Delaware beyond Bombay Hoot, news u

!?Ntvember In three days 500 signatures had been pio-
of -November ^ ^ ^^ throughout the province,

cured to It, and v»ljte«""g ^,,e two regiments

By the beginning ot January, icto, intterv was

iu Philadelphia and others in the counties. ^ otte.y was
, . •.. *^ftOO for the erection of a batteiy toi tne
?; t onh ity vMch w s so successful that by themiddle
of m til fc»n wa. built upon the Delaware below

Itand It was mounted in 1750 with upward of fifty pr^e
of cannon, of which the proprietaries gave fourteen. The

HISTORY. 21

preliminary peace agreed to between Great Britain, France
and Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle in April, 1748, became known
in Pennsylvania about the 24th of August of the same year,
and hostilities ceased.

In 1739-40 the itinerant preacher Eev. George Whitefield
was in Philadelphia, and his style of speaking and fervency
created a great excitement. He preached at first in the es-
tablished churches, but afterward spoke upon the State-house
steps, from the balconies of houses, and at other places in the
open air. So strong was the enthusiasm that it was resolved
to erect a building for the special use of this preacher.
One was commenced and partly finished on the west side of
Fourth street south of the street now called Arch street, and
he preached in it sixteen times in 1740, twelve times in 1745
and several times in 1746. Afterward it became the property
of the College of Philadelphia, which was subsequently known
as the University of Pennsylvania.

Braddock's defeat, in 1755, produced a more wonderful
effect upon the assembly than any previous event. £5000
were voted to the king. But as the act contained a provision
that the landed estates of the proprietaries should be taxed
at the same rate as those of the inhabitants, the governor re-
fused to sanction the grant. Braddock's expedition was in-
tended to dislodge the French, who, by a series of settlements
and forts extending from Canada to Louisiana, hemmed in
the British colonies upon the coast and threatened their
progress. Some of the nations of Indians were induced to
'unite with the French, and thus the frontiers became
exposed to murders and outrages. Fresh clamor was made
against the policy of the assembly, and the Quakers found
that they could not withstand the evidences of public feel-
ing. A militia law was therefore passed, in the preamble
of which it was stated, in effect, that although the Quakers
would not fight, out of conscience' sake, they could not con-
scientiously prevent persons from fighting who had no scru-
ples upon the subject. Associations for defence were there-
fore authorized, and with such effect that before the end of

22 HISTORY.

the year there were eighteen companies of infantry in Phila-
delphia organized under the new law-Benjaram FraiJilin
be ng colonel of the city regiment and Jacob Duch^ of the
county regiment-in addition to artillery, cavalry and six
companies belonging to the old Association Against the
Indians war existed, although not formally declared. Be-
wards were offered for every male and female ?"->- ^;-|^'
in and for the scalps of Indian men and women. This policy
w^s recommended by ofiicers of the FOP™*^ 8"™— *f'
but was not encouraged by the propr etors, although a liaW
dozen scalps were brought in during the troubles. Wa was
again declared against France at Easto" a„d 3^^^^*
at Philadelphia on the 12th of August 1756. Colonel Arm
strong's successful expedition ^g^-f K;*™S;f ^^^^^
ing of Captain Jacobs, an Indian leader, relieved the prov
nee of danger from the savages in 1756. The war with
France continued. Privateers were again commissioned and
a ship-of-war, the property of the province and named the
Pennsylvania frigate, was fitted out as a cruiser The
assembly had changed so much that the enlisting of 2700
Ten for' military service was agreed to be necessary and
a bounty of £5 for each recruit was authorized. Hostilities
coutinuld with France and Spain until the prehmmary ti-ea y
of Fontainebleau, November 3, 1762, news of which reached
Philadelphia on the 25th of January in the succeeding year.

In 1763 the massacre of Indians at Paxton, Lancaster
county led to the removal of many of the Moravian In-,
ZnX Philadelphia for protection. The .f axt»n Boys^ as
they were called, resolved to march to the city and kill these
Indtens, and some two hundred of them came as far as
Gelantown, where they halted. Meanwhile, the city w^
alarmed; citizens took up arms, barricades ^«« ^jted, and
artillery placed in position to defend the place But the Pax
ton Boys did not come. Negotiations were made with them by
leading citizens, at Germantown, and the strength of the inva-
sion melted away. The Indian outrages continued. Rewards
were offered at this time under authority of the proprietors

HISTORY. 23

for scalps and prisoners. The expedition of Colonel Boquet
in the summer of 1764 settled this trouble by a treaty made
at the forks of the Muskingum, which ended the hostilities
which had been carried on by the Indians under French in-
fluence.

The reception of the news of the passage of the Stamp Act
by the British Parliament in 1765 was followed by resolutions
on the part of the people to practice economy. It was deter-
mined that extravagance in funeral ceremonies should be dis-
couraged, and simplicity preferred in all things. Agreements
were entered into that, in order to encourage the production
of wool, the eating of mutton and the drinking of foreign
beer ought to cease, and the merchants and traders of the city,
with scarcely an exception, entered into an agreement that
they would not import British-made goods until the Stamp Act
was repealed. John Hughes was appointed stamp-master for
Pennsylvania. The stamps were brought in October, 1765, by
the Eoyal Charlotte, under convoy of the British sloop-of-war
Sardine. When these ships were seen coming around Glou-
cester Point, the vessels in the harbor hoisted their flags at
half-mast, the bells in the city were muffled and tolled, a
meeting of citizens assembled at the State-house which sev-
eral thousand attended. Resolutions were passed requesting
Mr, Hughes to resign the position of stamp-collector. He
declined to do so, but neglected to take possession of the
stamps, which were taken on board the Sardine and carried
back to England. These proceedings did not affect the vital-
ity of the law, which required papers and writings to be
stamped which were issued on or after the 18th of November.
To evade the necessity of compliance, the almanacs for 1766
were published in advance of the usual time, and on the day
before the act was to go into effect the two newspapers then
published came out with black lines between the columns,
skull and cross-bones with pick-axe and spade for the head-
ing, with a coffin at the bottom of the last page. These were
accompanied with a statement to the effect that the publica-
tion of the journals would be suspended. This was not actu-

24 HISTORY.

Hllv done. Printed sheets were occasionally published which
did not bear the titles of the journals, and after three weeks
the publications were resumed. In regard to law-papers
the matter was more serious. The public offices were closed
for five months, and the lawyers resolved that it would be un-
safe to conduct legal proceedings while the Stamp Act was m
force A second vessel bringing stamps was also sent away,
and a West India stamped newspaper and a few stamps were
publiclv burned in front of the Coffee-house with expressions
of detekation. News of the repeal of the Stainp Ac was re-
ceived in Mav, 1766, by a merchant-vessel from England There
was great applause and excitement. The captain who brought
the news was escorted to the Coffee-house, invited to drink
a patriotic toast in a glass of punch, and was presented with
a told cocked-hat. The next day there was a grand feast at
the State-house, and the officers of the royal ship, the Sar-
dine, which had brought the stamps to Philadelphia and had
remained in port from the time of the arrival, were invited

guests. , , , ^„

The gratification of the people was not enjoyed veiy long
Parliament, whilst repealing the Stamp Act, directly asserted
a rio-ht to tax America, and on the 29th of June, 1767, an act
was'passed directing that duties should be levied in America
upon paper, glass, painters' colors, lead and tea imported
for the use of the people. The flame of excitement, whic^i
had died out after the repeal of the Stamp Act, was renewed,
and throughout the colonies it was determined to resist the
attempt. On the 25th of April, 1768, in response to a cir-
cular from Massachusetts, resolutions were adopted at a
meeting at the State-house setting forth the grievances of the
colonies, and subsequently it was determined to cease impor-
tation from Great Britain. Under this agreement merchan-
dise sent over from England was sent back or refused. Among
these articles were malt, dry-goods, cheese and other mer-
chandise. American manufactures were encouraged. Among
the articles thus made were glassware, brass and wooden
buttons, paper-hangings, papier-mach6, china, steel, woollen

HISTORY. 25

stuffs, silk, etc. The measures of resistance in the colonies
compelled Parliament to attempt to satisfy the Americans.
The duties on paper, glass and painters' colors were repealed
in 1770, with a single exception of three pence per pound on
tea. This concession was not satisfactory. The tax on tea
was considered a means of keeping up the parliamentary claim,
and it was resolved to maintain in force the non-importation
agreements, not only as regarded tea, but all other articles of
British manufacture. Whilst the payment of duties upon tea
was resisted, the smuggling in of that article without payment
of duties was encouraged. This led to the seizure by a king's
revenue schooner of a pilot-boat in the Delaware in 1771,
which contained tea intended to be brought into Philadel-
phia, and to the rescue of the pilot-boat with the tea by about
thirty persons, who, with blackened faces, boarded the king's
vessel near Red Bank. They beset and overpowered the crew ;
and binding the latter, they took possession of the pilot-boat,
with her cargo, and sailed away. In 1773 the East India Com-
pany resolved to export tea to America. In consequence, a meet-
ing of citizens was held at the State-house' October 18, at which
it was resolved that Parliament had no right to tax the Ameri-
cans without their consent, and that any one who would re-
ceive or sell the tea sent out to America would be denounced
as an enemy to his country. The ship Polly, Captain Ayres,
was selected as the vessel which was to bring the tea to Phila-
delphia. Handbills and broadsides purporting to be issued
" by the committee for tarring and feathering " were printed.
They were addressed to the Delaware pilots, and to Captain
Ayres himself, warning the former of the danger which they
would incur if they brought the tea-ship safely up the river,
whilst Captain Ayres was threatened with the application of
tar and feathers if he attempted to land the tea. On Christmas
day, 1773, the Polly came up the river as far as Gloucester
Point, New Jersey, opposite the lower part of the city. An
express from Chester had previously brought the news of her
coming. A committee of citizens went on board, represented
to Captain Ayres the danger he was in, and accompanied him

26 HISTORY.

to the State-house, where the largest meeting was convened
which ever had been assembled in the city. This meeting
resolved that the tea on board the ship should not be landed,
that the vessel should not be entered or reported at the custom-
house, and that the tea should be carried back immediately
by Captain Ayres. The latter declared his willingness to
abide by these resolutions. He was supplied with necessaries,
and in two hours the Polly set sail and went down the river
with her whole cargo.

In May, 1774, effigies of Wedderburne, who had insulted
Dr Franklin before the English privy council, and of Gov-
ernor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts, were drawn
through the streets in a cart, hanged on a gallows m front ot
the Coffee-house and burned. In June 1, 1774, when the
Boston Port Bill was to go into operation, there were solemn
ceremonies, bells were tolled, stores and places of business
were shut up, and religious exercises took place i^ churches
and meeting-houses. On the 5th of September, 1774, dele-
gates from eleven provinces met at Carpenters Hall, m
Chestnut street, and electing Peyton Eandolphof Virginia
president and Charles Thomson of Pennsylvania secretary,
proceeded to consider the condition of the colonies. This
first Congress adjourned in October, having resolved that
contributions should be raised to relieve the distress of the
people of Boston, that importations from Great Britain or her
dependencies should cease on the 1st of December, 1774, and
that exportation from America of all kinds should cease on
the 10th of September, 1775. It was resolved that another
Congress ought to be held at Philadelphia on the 10th of the

succeeding May. n^-,-r^

To carry out the spirit of the recommendations of this Con-
gress, committees of inspection and observation were chosen
for the city. Northern Liberties, Southwark and Kensington,
and for the county. They exercised an important jurisdic-
tion, which, in point of fact, was absolute.

News of the battles of Concord and Lexington reached the
city near the evening of the 24th of April, 1775, and was not

HISTORY. 27

generally known until the next day. A meeting was held with-
out delay at the State-house. It was attended by about eight
thousand persons. Those who were present briefly resolved
that they would "associate together to defend with arms
their property, liberty and lives against all attempts to
deprive them of it." This resolution was immediately car-
ried out by the raising of troops, the building of forts and
batteries upon the Delaware, the construction of floating bat-
teries, fire-ships, galleys and vessels of war, and the prepara-
tion of a chevaux-de-frise to be sunk in the river to obstruct
the passage of hostile vessels. The manufacture and repair
of arms, the casting of cannon-shot and musket-balls and the
making of gunpowder were encouraged and provided for. In
May, 1776, there was a naval action below the chevaux-de-frise
between the state ship, guard-boats, galleys and a floating
battery on the side of the Americans, and the British frigate
Eoebuck and sloop-of-war Liverpool, which took place near
the mouth of Christiana Creek. The British vessels were
in great danger, but managed to escape, and returned to their
cruising-grounds near the capes. On the 2d of July, 1776,
Congress, which was sitting in the State-house, adopted the
resolution of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, offered June 7
and seconded by John Adams, in favor of the severance of
all connection between the colonies and Great Britain, and
independence of that power. On the 3d and 4th of July
Congress debated the form of the declaration of the causes
which had led to the resolution of independence. It was finally
adopted on the 4th, and on the 8th of July the document was
read for the first time to the people by John Nixon, a mem-
ber of the Council of Safety, from the observatory which had
been erected in the State-house yard to observe the transit of
Venus in 1770. The king's arms were taken down from the
court-room in the State-house and burned by the people.
The Declaration was also read on the commons to the five
battalions of city Associators. Bells were rung and bonfires
lighted, and upon this occasion there can be little doubt that
the old State-house bell joined in the clamor and fulfilled the

28 HISTORY.

command inscribed upon it when it was cast twenty-four
years before : " Proclaim liberty througbotit the land unto all
the inhabitants thereof." In the month of August, 1777 the
British army, under Lord Howe, which had sailed trom New
York was debarked at the head of the Elk Eiver, in Maryland,
having been brought up the Chesapeake Bay in transports.
Washington marched southward to meet the enemy. iHe
battle of Brandywine was fought and lost. The massacre at
Paoli was accomplished. A pitched battle near the War-
ren Tavern, on the Lancaster road, about twenty miles from
the city, was prevented by a terrible rain-storm Washington
was ready to contest the passage of the Schuylkill at Parker s
Ford. Howe, by a feint, was enabled to cross the Schuylkill
at Fatland's and Gordon's fords on the 22d of September On
the 26th two battalions of Hessian grenadiers, with a detach-
ment of royal artillery, marched down Second street road
and entered the city. A portion of the troops followed and a
portion remained at Germantown. The state fleet, consisting
of ships and galleys, remained in the Delaware above Fort
Island or Mud Fort. Finding that the British were at-
tempting to erect batteries upon the wharves of the city,
these vessels moved up and engaged the British forces on
shore. The issue was unfortunate. The Delaware Irigate ran
aground and struck her flag. The Montgomery, the Fly and
the row-galleys attempted to pass in front of the city, and
reach the^ portion of the river north of it. A scl^ooner^was
run aground; and not succeeding in the attempt, the Mon.
gomery and the galleys made their way down t^e river and
obtained safety under the guns of Mud Fort. On the 4th of
October, Washington attacked the British army at German-
town; and although he did not win a victory, he Bncceeded m
producing such wholesome respect m the mmd of ^le British
commander that the outlying detachments were called m and
encamped in the city, and their safety from sudden attack
was ensured by the construction of a chain of redoubts stretch-
. Tng from the Delaware at Kensington to the hill at Fairmount
with thick abattis and impediments between. The British

HISTORY. 29

were in possession of the city, but the Americans held the
country beyond. The Americans had closed the Delaware by
the chevaux-de-frise, which was protected by the Mud Fort
and the fort at Eed Bank. The royal army was, in effect, be-
leaguered and cut off from communication with the fleet which
had entered the Delaware, but could not come up to the city
in consequence of the American forts and batteries. The
effort of General Howe was therefore turned to the task of re-
leasing the river from the American domination. The British
army brought with it a moderate supply of stores only, and
these became diminished with the progress of each day, until
suffering was experienced. The royal fleet below was enabled
to take possession of the American battery at Billingsport,
which was abandoned upon the approach of the ships. On the
21st of October, Colonel Count Donop, with Hessian grenadiers
and chasseurs, crossed the Delaware in boats, and marching
toward the fort at Eed Bank, which was held by Colonel
Christopher Grreen of the Ehode Island brigade, demanded a
surrender. Green refused, although he had but three hundred
and fifty men, whilst Donop had twenty-five hundred. An
assault was attempted and the enemy was repulsed. Donop
was killed and his forces retreated, having lost four -hundred
killed and wounded in this affair. Whilst the battle was
going on at Eed Bank the British fleet made a bold effort to
pass up the river and get through the chevaux-de-frise. The
Pennsylvania galleys, under Commodore Hazlewood, resisted
the attempt, but night coming on firing was suspended.
Next morning at daylight it was discovered that the British
frigates Eoebuck, Augusta and Merlin were aground. Float-
ing batteries, galleys and fire-ships were sent against them,
and the fort on Mud Island joined in the cannonade. The
Augusta took fire and blew up. The Merlin was abandoned
and set on fire, and also blew up. The other British vessels
managed to get out of the danger with some loss, and dropped
down the river.

The most difficult problem with the beleaguered British
army was to capture the fort at Mud Island. To reduce this
3*

3Q HISTORY.

post batteries were erected upon the east '^f /-*J;^''^^f
[he ScWMl Ei^er wWch together --"f '^^^^^^I
twenty-four and thirty-two VO^nAer^^^^d.^^ been bor
rowed from ships belonging to the British A^et. The siege
If M„rt Fort may be said to have fairly commenced about the
thof SeXr' Lieutenant-Colonel B--^^^^
was in command of the fort, was not idle Wr^h the — nc'.

outside of the Mud Fort was ^1^ /^^-^^-f ' *~ ^l
ginning of November, by a great -^''",^fJ°f/^'^Z

£^r-fth:t,:rrerm^Tetif^^^^

d^ed men The Pennsylvania armed boats and state vessek,
the forTat Red Bank and a new batteiy erected on the
Whl were able to accomplish something by way of
diversion of the fire of the enemy upon the fort The bom

5:fte--rard=rrta=^

wir ^ThS -St hale been successful had not a floating
trefv made from an East India ship razeed, which was named
MiTant and carried sixteen twenty-four-pounders together
i^^^lTl hi armed with three guns of similar calibre, man-

rtirbfmbarfmenTrere were only fiity men left available
tlty totundred and iifty had been killed and wounded
The works were knocked to pieces by the enemy's guns. The
pal sldet wire beaten down, the parapet destroyed, the guns

HISTORY. 31

dismounted and the block-houses levelled. There was no
fort to defend. On the 16th of October, Major Simeon
Thayer, who was then in command, set fire to the barracks
and all works that were combustible, and by the light of the
fire crossed the Delaware in boats with the remainder of his
garrison of forty men, and safely gained the shelter of Red
Bank.

This disaster opened the Delaware to the British fleets, and
it also put the American fleet in great peril. It was therefore
determined that the latter could only find safety by seeking
the waters of the upper Delaware, passing the city in the
eflbrt. This was attempted on the 19th ; thirteen galleys and
twelve armed boats succeeded in passing the city in the night.
The next night the remaining vessels attempted to pass by.
Some of the smaller craft succeeded ; but the larger vessels
being discovered, fire was opened upon them from the cap-
tured Delaware frigate near the city, and from British batteries
upon the wharves; two vessels were driven on shore, but
seven of the larger vessels belonging to the Continental fleet,
with two floating batteries, were not so fortunate. The wind
was contrary and the cannonade hot. As an only resort the
vessels were set on fire when near Gloucester Point, were
burned and blown up. Efforts were immediately directed
against Red Bank. Comwallis, with two thousand men,
marched on the Pennsylvania side of the river down to
Chester, where he crossed the Delaware on the 19th, and was
joined by fi-om two to three thousand men from New York
under General Sir Thomas Wilson. Varnum, who was in
command at Red Bank, abandoned the work upon the approach
of Cornwallis. The latter, taking possession, marched the
majority of his force to Gloucester. There was some skir-
mishing with American troops which had been sent by Wash-
ington with the intention of relieving Red Bank. On the
26th of November frigates and transports arrived at the
wharves of the city, to the great joy of the royal troops and
of the inhabitants, provisions having become scarce and high,
beef selling at $1 a pound, chickens at 10s. each and potatoes

HISTORY.

the city until June 18, 177», an mxeivcn w

tlf months ftom the time of the fi-* oc-p^-' ^.^^ t,.

important mmary oP-^X^^iaJ; -n to attac.
Howe marched out m De«mb^ ,^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^

"^t vf U s" g on tie defensive. There was some
meet him, but stanamg uix ^.^ ^r,A after four days

.Mnnishing -^J^S^r^Ser^-^^^ P-ils
of experiment the British armyj ^.^atory excursions into
were sent out at various times, and predatory ^^^

tiie ^^^^^-■-^^:^JtX':i^r:il P^er and

Ir.CTu ^ese rperftlns 'the main body of the royal
bloodshed. In these ope themselves

army t.ok no P-^. The office- ^^^^y ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^

"CbTTa^L Kms and gambling, and near the
with balls parties, coo g Mischianza, a grand

end of their ^^^y- ""-l^; "^l^m Howe, who wa« about
©te was given in honor of Sir WiUiam , ^.^^^^^_

rfrrttttSerC— of «X too. place

This fete, m t'^^^y^'' ^ ^^l^ile it was in progress the

inthelowerpa tof theerty.an ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^

Americans in onsiteaWe to ^^^^^. ^^^ ^^^^^^^

lines north of the city, set ine otfook Two

out the body of the royal ^-P^, "^HUt peld was at-

days after, the --* ^-^^X^^^^l »rE^^^^^^ and

tempted by ^-^""^^o^;;!;*;^ Jr hed out to surprise
General Grey, who, with 6500 tioop , m ^^^^^,^

La Fayette, who was posted on the R.dge 'o^t ^ ^^.^^^

ford. The plan was well -ll^-ff'^^.m in sufficient time
a knowledge of the approach of ^^^^^ ^^

tomakearapidandskiHul retmitw y ^^^ ^^^^^^

the mormng °f«^'; ^^^^fMieManza, the British troops
after the triumphant fete of the Misc , ^^^

marched down to the ne^k m the loj^J P^ J,^,i„^

crossed the Delaware m boats, and betoi e ni„

"Ge^al' Benedict Arnold was sent immediately with a small

HISTORY. 33

force to take possession of the city, and he remained in mili-
tary command for several months, during which time he
managed to effect a marriage with a daughter of Judge, after-
ward Chief- Justice, Shippen, In order to keep up an ap-
pearance of wealth consistent with the style of living which
he was compelled to assume, he resorted to illicit speculations
and operations of various kinds, which, when subsequently
discovered, stimulated the traitorous intentions which finally
carried him over to the British army.

Congress came back shortly after the evacuation, and re-
mained until June, 1783, when the mutinous conduct of some
troops of the Pennsylvania line, who demanded their pay
that was long in arrears, frightened the members to such a
degree that they hastily adjourned to Princeton. Afterward
they went to New York, where they remained until the adoption
of the Federal Constitution and the inauguration of Wash-
ington, when it was determined that the city of Philadelphia
should be the seat of the United States government for ten
years ; after which Congress would remove to Washington city.

In May, 1787, the members of the convention to frame a
Constitution for the United States met at the State-house, and
having elected George Washington president and William
Jackson secretary, sat with closed doors until the 18th of
September, when the scheme of the Federal Constitution was
adopted. The assembly of Pennsylvania was in session at
the time, and it was determined to press the ratification of the
Constitution without delay. Eight days afterward a resolu-
tion to authorize the calling of a State convention was pre-
sented. The opponents of the instrument, who were in the
minority, sought for delay, and resorted to a plan since fre-
quently adopted in legislative bodies by arranging that a
portion of the members should absent themselves from the
meeting, and thus defeat action in consequence of the want
of a quorum. This was prevented by an act of violence.
Two of the members of the assembly were seized at their
lodgings, dragged through the streets with roughness and
abuse, and pushed into the chamber of the House, where,

34 HISTORY.

notwithstanding their protests, they were kept until the reso-
lution was adopted. _ , ., .- :^
During the stay of the memhei^ of the Federal convention m
the city they witnessed a successful experiment of John Fitch
with his steamboat. Subsequently that unfortunate man per-
fected his inyention to such a degree that during the summer
of 1790 the vessel ran regularly as a passenger and ireigiit
boat upon the Delaware between Philadelphia, Burlington,
Chester, Bristol, and other places, announcing the trips by
advertisements in the newspapers, and traversing during that
season over more than three thousand miles. _

The final adoption of the Federal Constitution was cele-
brated in Philadelphia on the 4th of July, 1788, by a magnifi-
cent procession, in which the working operations of various
trades were shown and many exceedingly novel features

"%ll^lZ^urned at New York on the 12th of August
1790 to meet at Philadelphia, which was to be the seat ot
government until 1800. The principal ofiicers removed their
residences shortly afterward. In 1790, Washington lived m
Market street, between Fifth and Sixth, in a house once be-
longing to Governor Richard Penn, which had been tne resi-
dence of Lord Howe during the British occupation. John
Adams, Vice-President, lived in the Hamilton niansion,_ at
Bush Hill • Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, at 174 liign
street between Fourth and Fifth, on the south side; and
other'officers, a^ boarders and housekeepers, in various parts
of the city Congress was accommodated in the building
which had been erected on the State-house square for the
purposes of a county court-house, at the south-east corner
of Sixth and Chestnut streets. The Supreme Court of the
United States sat in the City Hall, south-west corner of
Fifth and Chestnut streets. The Treasury Department was
in the old Clark or Pemberton mansion, south-west corner ot
Third and Chestnut streets. Other government offices were
in different parts of the city, and the locations of some «f
them were changed once or twice between 1790 and 1800.

HISTORY. 35

During the stay of the Federal government, Washington
and Adams were inaugurated as President and Vice-President
March 4, 1793, and Adams and Jefferson as President and
Vice-President March 4, 1797, in the chamber of the House of
Representatives. During the presidencies of Washington and
Adams politics ran high, in consequence of the French revo-
lution and of the enlistment of American feeling upon one
side in strong sympathy with the democratic proceedings in
France, whilst upon the other side conservatism disapproved
of the excesses of the persons in power. There were stormy
scenes of excitement, impassioned and strange demonstrations,
threatening on many occasions the public peace. The estab-
lishment of the two great political divisions, the Eepublican
or Democratic party and Federal party, was a consequence. '

A fearful epidemic, the yellow fever, visited Philadelphia in
the years 1793, 1797 and 1798, at which periods it was exceed-
ingly disastrous. There were visitations also of less mortality
in intervening and subsequent years. These afflictions created
great alarm. Large numbers of persons left the city, so that
in comparison with the number which remained the mortality
was dreadful. The deaths by this malady between 1793 and
1799 were over 12,000. The succession of disasters attendant
upon this pestilence drew attention to the sanitary condition
of the city and to the supj)Osed causes of the misfortune. Two
influences were agreed upon as having something to do with
the calamity. Dock Creek, which extended up into the heart
of the city at that time, had become, by the buildings around
it and drainage into it, offensive, and by unhealthy exhala-
tions assisted the progress of disease. The water used by the
inhabitants was derived from wells, and was believed to be
jDolluted by drainage from the surrounding soil. Measures
were taken to arch over the creek, and a street was laid out
above the sewer. It was resolved that the supply of water
should be taken from the Schuylkill Eiver. The construction
of pumping- works at Chestnut street, on the banks of that
stream, was commenced May 2, 1799, and the first water dis-
tributed January 1, 1801. *-

36 HISTORY.

After the year 1800 the removal of the capital of the State of
Pennsylvania to Lancaster and eventually to Harrisburg, and
of the seat of the Federal government to Washington city, sub-
tracted from Philadelphia the prominence which it had enjoyed
from the time of the settlement of the province in the aff'airs
of Pennsylvania, and from the time of the Congress of 1774
-with few exceptions-as the capital of the nation. The
city was no longer the theatre of great events. The interest
of the inhabitants was taken up with municipal affairs and -
the prosecution of business, and for some years the surface ot
progress was unruffled by any striking incident

Steamboats began to ply regularly upon the Delaware Eiver
in the year 1808, when the Phcpnix, built by John Stevens
at Hoboken, N. J., was brought around by sea, ^^^ e^gMeen
years after the successful demonstrations of John Fitch had
ceased, steam-navigation was resumed ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ .
During the war between the United States and Great
Britain which commenced in 1812 the city of Philadelphia
maintained its duty toward the cause of the country. The
forts on the Delaware were strengthened and volunteer com-
panies formed. In May, 1813, three companies, under Colonel
Lewis Rush, marched from the city, and were stationed upon .he
peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays They
remained for two months. There was an engagement m July
between British war vessels and the gunboat flotilla, under
command of Captains Angus and Sheed, in which the Ameri-
cans behaved with spirit. In 1814, after the news of the
capture of Bladensburg, the inhabitants of the city, by volun-
tary work, threw up entrenchments near Gray's Ferry com-
manding the road to Baltimore. An encampment was formed
near Kennett Square, in Chester county, and twenty-one
companies of volunteers from the city of Philadelphia, with
four companies of city militiamen, were in service at that time
in camps Bloomfield and Dupont. They remained until the
end of November, being, with many other troops from the
State embodied as the advance light brigade, under the
command of Brigadier-General Thomas Cadwallader. -

HISTOKY. 37

The improvement of inland navigation by means of canals,
which would give to large districts of the country facility of
communication with the cities, was an early matter of consid-
eration and interest, particularly with the inhabitants of
Philadelphia. As early as 1791 a committee of the legisla-
ture of Pennsylvania presented a comprehensive plan for a
canal uniting the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Elvers, and
another by which a passage could be secured from the Sus-
quehanna to the Alleghany Eiver, and between the Susque-
hanna and Lake Erie, with portage connections and other
means to ensure transportation between Philadelphia and
Pittsburg, together with the improvement of the navigation
of several streams, such as the Delaware, Lehigh, Lackawanna
and others. This matter was discussed for several years, but
did not approach a satisfactory solution until 1824, when
explorations were made of various canal routes, and in the
next year several surveys were made and routes recommended.
In time some of these works were completed under the
authority and at the expense of the State of Pennsylvania.
The Schuylkill navigation improvement was put into opera-
tion in 1825. The Lehigh canal, which was commenced in
1818, although not finished until 1838, was in use for bringing
down coal many years before the latter period, and the
Schuylkill navigation was equally valuable. Several canals
in other States connected with waters belonging to Pennsyl-
vania were promoted and assisted and built with Philadel-
phia capital. Among these may be mentioned the Delaware
and Chesapeake canal, extending through Delaware and
Maryland, which opened a water-way between Philadelphia
and Baltimore, the Delaware and Earitan canal of New Jer-
sey, which facilitated communication between Philadelphia
and New York, and many other similar works. >

The first railroad communication with the city was ac-
complished in the year 1832 by the building of a railroad to
Germantown. Shortly after, the Columbia Eailroad, a portion
of the State works in the line by railroad and canal to Pitts-
burg, was finished. The railroad to Wilmington and Balti-
4

38 HISTORY.

more, and the Camden and Amboy Railroad to New York,
were in progress and opened in the course of that year or the
year sncceeding. The Reading Railroad was opened on the
10th of February, 1842, and soon became a dangerous rival
to the Schuvlkill Navigation Company, which before that
time had brought coal to the city. The Pennsylvania Rail-
road was projected in 1845-46 and chartered April 13 of the
latter year. The North Pennsylvania, Sunbury and Erie and
other great lines of railway followed, and their effect was to
largely increase the business of the city and promote its in-
dustries.

The first gas for illuminating purposes used in the city was
manufactured in works belonging to Peale's Museum, the
Chestnut Street Theatre and to the Masonic Hall several years
before it was publicly introduced. Gas was first made for
general consumption by a private company which was char-
tered in 1835, with a capital of $125,000. The works were
first put into operation on the 18th of February, 1836. The
city soon bought out the stockholders. Other gas-works were
authorized in the adjoining districts, but after consolidation
the whole of them fell into the possession of the city of
Philadelphia, with the single exception of the Northern
Liberties and Kensington gas-works. *

The Asiatic cholera, which swept over the United States m
1832, made its appearance in Philadelphia on the 5th of July
in that year. Preparations were made for it. Several hos-
pitals were established. The last case was reported on the
4th of October. During the interval there had been 2314
cases and 935 deaths. The ratio of cases to population in the
city proper was one in seventy, and deaths one in one hundred
and seventv-two and a fraction. In some parts of the city
the proportions were different, and in favor of the popu-
lation. TT -4. J

A spirit of riot and disorder which passed over the United
States in 1834 reached Philadelphia in August of that year,
and led to disturbance between whites and blacks on the 12th
or 13th. Colored people were assaulted, their houses broken

HISTORY. ^^

into a meeting-house torn down near the Wharton market,
and' other outrages occurred. In the fall of the same year
a very serious riot took place of a political character near the
Moyamensing Hall, Ofeiuut'street, west of Ninth street, and
a row of houses was burned. In July, 1835, there were
attacks made upon the blacks, and houses were burned.
In 1838 this feeling became strongly violent against the
friends of the abolition of slavery. Pennsylvania Hall,
a large building devoted to public discussion, situate at
the south-west corner of Sixth and Haines streets, below
Eace was dedicated by abolitionists May 14, 1838. It
was attacked by a mob, set on fire and totally destroyed on
the 17th. In 1840 there were riots at Kensington caused by
the opposition of the people to the extension of a track of
the Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad along Front street.
The rails were torn up and houses burned. In 1842 Smith's
Beneficial Hall, in Lombard street between Seventh and
Eighth, was burned by a mob excited against the blacks.
The most terrible riots which the city had known occurred in
the year 1844, partly from sectarian prejudices and partly
from politics. A meeting of members of the Native American
party, which was held upon the 6th day of May, 1844, at the
comer of Master and Second streets, was attacked and dis-
persed. The persons engaged in it rallied to a market-house
near by upon Washington street, now called American street,
north of Master. This meeting was soon attacked and fire-
arms were used, and it was alleged that musketry was fired
from adjoining buildings. The participants of the meeting
armed themselves and resisted. Houses were broken into
and set on fire. These events led to farther deplorable ex-
cesses. The Eoman Catholic church of St. Michael near by,
and a female seminary under the management of sisters of a
religious order, were burned, and many buildings in the neigh-
borhood were sacked and destroyed. In the evening the
Eoman Catholic church of St. Augustine, in Fourth street
below Vine, was also set on fire, with the parsonage-house
adjoining. All the Catholic churches were in great danger,

40 HISTORY.

and many of them were guarded by citizens. During the
disturbances a large number of persons were killed on both
sides, principally in the fight between Americans and Irish
on the first day. Troops were called out at the beginning,
and were in service several days. On the 4th of July of the
same year the Native Americans had a very large and showy
procession, which marched through the streets without the
slightest disturbance. A day or two afterward a discovery
that muskets had been taken into the Catholic church of St.
Philip de Neri, Queen street, Southwark, led to a renewal of
the excitement. A company for the protection of the church
had been formed among the members, and the arms were for
their use. The military were brought into requisition, and
trouble ensued between them and the people who were drawn
to the neighborhood of the church. The church was broken
into by the mob on Sunday, July 7, but it was protected
by a committee of citizens of the district, and no particular
damage was done. After the disturbance was quelled and
there was a probability that there would be no further dif-
ficulty, the troops came upon the ground in strong force.
In clearing the streets of the crowd some diflaculties occurred
between the soldiers and people. It was said that a soldier
was struck with a brick, and the captain of the company which
was clearing the streets ordered his men to fire. They fired
two volleys into the crowd. Several persons were killed in-
stantly, and others wounded. This occurrence caused intense
excitement. The mob spirit, which had been quelled, arose
again. The soldiers were attacked with cannon obtained in
the neighborhood, and with musketry. They responded with
artillery and musketry. The rioters had four pieces, which
were worked by sailors and watermen. During the night of
the 7th and the morning of the 8th of July the battle con-
tinued. It was not renewed, however. Two soldiers were
killed and several wounded. Of the citizens seven were killed
and a large number wounded. This was the most bloody riot
which ever occurred in Philadelphia, but it may be said to
have been the last, as since that time no very serious violation
of the peace has occurred. -.

HISTORY.

On the lltli of March, 1789, the legislature of the State
granted a new charter to the city of Philadelphia, the old one
having been superseded by the events of the American revo-
lution. The act was made applicable to the city as laid out
by Penn, the general form of administration differing little
from the old system. In the course of time suburbs outside
of the city of Philadelphia adjoining were created Districts
having separate municipal powers. Under this system grew
up a heterogeneous aggregation of municipalities, independent
of each other, frequently discordant in policy, by which the
interests of the people of the city and county of Philadelphia,
which were identical, were made by the course of legislation
hostile to each other. This evil became so great that in 1854
was passed what is generally called the Consolidation Act, by
which the powers of the petty district governments were an-
nulled and the boundaries of the old city of Philadelphia were
so enlarged as to embrace the whole county, which was hence-
forth to be governed by a select and common council, a
mayor and department officers, upon the plan of a great
municipality. •

During the long period of over 190 years of progress, the citi-
zens of Philadelphia have promoted numerous good works for
the benefit and advantage of mankind. To assist these objects ^
churches were built and sustained ; hospitals for the relief of
the sick founded ; asylums and houses for the friendless and
helpless were instituted ; benevolent associations which sought
to accomplish good by merciful and kind acts were estab-
lished. Schools, academies and colleges were opened. Public
works of importance and necessity were constructed at great
expense. Streets and roads were opened, paved, lighted, and
the houses upon them supplied with water and gas. Compre-
hensive systems of drainage were adopted, public buildings
were constructed and parks and enclosures thrown open to
general use, and under a municipal government equal in most
things to an understanding of the necessities of a large popu-
lation, the course of improvement has been steady and un-
broken.'-

OFFICIAL COAT-OF-ARMS.

3fAY0R'S OFFICE,
Philadelphia, June 8, 187k.

The acconrpanying Goat-of-Arnrs of the City of Philadelphia has
heen engraved by Messrs. Collins & M ' Leester, from the original draw-
ing submitted to Councils by Col. Frank M. Etting, and by them

approved.

I recognize it as the Official Goat-of-Arms of the City of Philadel-
phia, being faithful in all its details.

r . WM. S. STOKLEY,

Mayor.

GUIDE-BOOK TO PHILADELPHIA.

CHAPTEE I.

INTRODUCTORY.

iHILADELPHIA, the largest and most important city of the
State of Pennsylvania, and the second city of the United
States in population, is situated between two large rivers, the
Delaware and the Schuylkill, at their junction, and nearly
one hundred miles from the Atlantic Ocean, following the
course of the Delaware Eiver and Bay. Its precise latitude
is 39° 57^ north and longitude 75° 10^ west, being 136 miles
north-east of Washington and eighty-seven miles south-west
of New York. When the city was planned under authority
of William Penn in 1682, it occupied a level plain, but the
large additions since made are mostly located in a rolling
country, and now it exceeds in extent not only any city of the
Union, but also any city in Europe, not excepting London.
As first planned the city was bounded by the two rivers and
by Vine and Cedar streets. Its total territory now covers
129ith square miles or 82,700 acres. Its entire length from
north to south is about twenty-three miles, and its average
width five and a half miles from east to west. Within this
area there are about 750 miles of paved streets. Penn's
original and admirable arrangement of the streets is still
adhered to, those running from river to river being crossed
by those running nearly north and south, the latter being
designated in numerical order from the Delaware Eiver, as
Front, Second, Third and so on, whilst those running east
and west in the old city are generally named for trees, as

44 STREETS, AND NUMBERING HOUSES.

Walnut, Chestnut, Spruce, Pine, etc. North and south of
the old city the cross-streets are generally named after persons
historical and otherwise. The city is divided north and
south at Market street, those streets running south being
designated South Second, South Third, etc., while those the
other side are known as North Second, North Third, etc., etc.
The houses are numbered by blocks extending from principal
street to principal street, small intermediate streets being in-
cluded in the blocks. Thus the houses upon the first block
from Front to Second street upon any of the cross or dividing
streets are numbered from 100 to 200, from Second to Third
street the numbered buildings begin at 200, at Third street
they commence at 300, and so on. With a little thought a
stranger will soon find this plan most simple; for instance,
510 Walnut street will be on the south side of Walnut street,
between Fifth and Sixth streets, the odd numbers always be-
ing on the north side of each street and the even numbers
on the south side. No. 510 Market, Arch or any other
street running east and west will always be between Fifth
and Sixth on the south side. The streets running north and
south are numbered on the same plan. Market street is the
dividing line. North Front, North Second, North Third, or
any other street running north and south is north of— or as
we say in Philadelphia, above— Market street. South Front,
South Second, or any other street running north and south,
is south of or below Market street. One hundred numbers are
allotted to each square. The odd numbers are on the east
side of each street, the even numbers on the west. Thus,
No. 20 North Front, No. 20 North Tenth, or No. 20 in any
north street, is between Market and Arch streets. No. 120
is between Arch and Race, etc. Every square commences on
a new hundred numbers. The same arrangement obtains m
the streets south of Market which run north and south. By
this plan a stranger who has the number of a house to which
he desires to go can by reference to his own position, consult-
ing the city map and counting the squares between, tell very
nearly how far he has to go. The intermediate streets are

STREET NUMBERS.

numbered on the same plan ; for instance, Cherry street begins
at Third street between Arch and Race streets and runs west.
The houses on that street begin at No. 300.

STREET NUMBERS.
North and south, Market street being the dividing line.

NOETH.

Arch

Race

Vine —

No.
100

;. 200

300

Callowhill 400

Buttonwood 500

Green 600

Fairmount avenue 700

Brown 800

Poplar 900

Girard avenue 1200

Thompson 1300

Master , 1400

Jefferson 1500

Oxford 1600

Columbia avenue 1700

Montgomery avenue 1800

Berks 1900

Norris 2000

Diamond 2100

Susquehanna 2200

Dauphin 2300

York 2400

Cumberland 2500

Huntingdon 2600

Lehigh 2700

Somerset 2800

Cambria 2900

Indiana 3000

Clearfield... 3100

Allegheny 3200

Westmoreland 3300

Ontario 3400

Tioga

Venango.
Erie

South.

Chestnut

Walnut

Spruce

Pine

Lombard

South

Bainbridge

Catharine

Christian

Carpenter

Washington

Federal

Wharton

Reed

Dickinson

Tasker

Morris

Moore —

Mifflin

McKean

Snyder

Jackson .

Wolf

Ritner

Porter

Shunk

Oregon avenue.

Johnson

Bigler

Pollock

Packer

Curtin

No.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3500 Numbers on streets running east and

WEST begin at west side of cross streets,
thus: Front street, 100; Second street, 200;
Broad street, UOO; Sixty-fifth street, 6500.

3600

3700

46 POPULATION.

Philadelphia now comprises all the territory formerly em-
braced in the county of the same name, and is entitled to send
to the national Congress five Representatives and to the State
legislature eight Senators and twenty-eight Representatives.
The water privileges of Philadelphia are superior to those of
any other city, as ships of the largest size can come directly to
the city docks. Located between two large rivers, with wide
streets extending from one to the other, and fanned with cur-
rents of fresh air, the healthfulness for which Philadelphia is
so well known is thereby secured. The waters of both the
Delaware and Schuylkill are fresh and abound in fish. The
fame of the Delaware shad is world-wide and the business of
shad-fishing forms quite an important industry during the
spring months.

POPULATION.

According to the United States census of 1870, the popula-
tion of Philadelphia amounted to 674,022 persons, of which
490,308 were natives of the United States and 183,624 foreign
born. During the ten years between 1860 and 1870, notwith-
standing the great drain incurred through the loss of volun-
teers for the war, it increased to the extent of 108,493 ; the pop-
ulation (January 1, 1875), is estimated at 794,000. The births
are on an average from 300 to 400 per week and the deaths 200
to 300, the annual rate of mortality being 20^ per 1000 liv-
ing persons. Philadelphia is known as the City of Homes, .
and its citizens are on the average more comfortably lodged
than in any other American city. The number of dwelling-
houses as computed by the census of 1870 was 112,366, while
New York had but 64,044 dwelling-houses and Brooklyn
46,834, so that there were more dwelling-houses in Philadel-
phia than in New York and Brooklyn together, the average
number of persons to each house in Philadelphia being less
than six, while in New York the average is 14.72 and in Brook-
lyn 8.62. At the present time Philadelphia has not less than
160,000 families and about 184,000 dwellings, and it leads all

POPULATION.

American cities in social and home comforts. The buildings
of all kinds are at least 150,000.

There is a large population in the cities and towns within
the immediate radius of Philadelphia which are more or less
dejDendent upon that city, and should therefore be referred to.
This population numbers something over one million, and,
added to that of the city proper, would be equal to that of the
State of Minnesota, with a much greater consumption of food.
The increase in the population of the city and of the build-
ings necessary for their accommodation is shown in the
following table :

City aijd Suburbs. :

City and

COUKTKY.

Year.

Dwelling- Population.
Houses. '

Dwelling-
Houses.

Population.

1683...

500

1684...
1700...

2,500

700

4,500

1744...

1,500

9,750

1749...

2,076

12,500

1753...

2,300

14,653

1760...

2,960

18,756

1777...

5,395

23,734

1783...

6,000

37,000

1790...
1800...
1805...

6,651

9,868

13,461

44 996

54,391

70'287

81,009

1808...

City proper.

47,786

1810...

15,814

96,660

16,682

111,210

1820...

15,662

114,410

20,565

137,097

1830...

25,172

167,811

27,968

188,961

1840...

38,704

220,523

53,078

258,037

1850...

54,046

360,305

61,278

408,762

1860...
1870...
1875...

89,979
112,457
134,000

568,034
674,022
794,000

Estimated.

The census of 1777 was taken by order of Sir William
Howe, when the British army was in possession of the city.
At that time many Whigs and patriots were absent, and it is
estimated that the population in the same year before the
entry of the British was about 30,000.

In 1854 the boundaries of the city were by the Consolida-
tion Act extended over the whole of the county, so that the

4g HEALTH GOVERNMENT.

distinction between the city and the suburbs or adjoining in-
corporated districts and the county was abolished.

HEALTH— VITAL STATISTICS.
The health of Philadelphia is pre-eminent, the mortality
beins; 1 to every 1000 persons less than that of London, 2 to
every 1000 less than Paris, and 7 to every 1000 less than New
York This is due to the unbounded supply of fresh water
and its universal use, as there are few houses even of the
cheaper class that are not supplied with a bath-room with
convenient arrangements for full supply of hot and cold

water. . .

In 1874 the total number of interments m the city was
16 315 persons; of these, still-born and bodies brought from
other localities were 1077, leaving the actual city death total
15 238 According to the estimated population, July 1, 18/4,
the deaths were equal to every 50.86 of the population, or
equal to a death-rate per thousand of 19.66. The number of
registered births in 1874 was 19,387, an increase over the
former year of 685, or 3.53 per cent. Pro rata of births to
population, 25.01 per 1000. The number of registered mar-
riages was 6639 ; ratio of 8.55 in every 1000.

According to the return of the English Eegistrar-General
for 1872, the annual death-rate per 1000 living persons m the
principal cities of the world was as follows :

Madras 37.6

Vienna 34.4

Rome ^-•-

Florence ^^-^

Turin 30.4

New York 30.1

Berlin ^H

Bombay 27.6

Brussels 26.5

Paris 24.4

London 22.7

Philadelphia, 1874 19.66

CITY GOVERNMENT.
Philadelphia has a municipal government consisting of a
Mayor and Eecorder, with a Select and Common Council.
The Mayor is elected by the people for a term of three years.
His power is supervisory over the city departments, control-
ling over the police, and he has a right of veto or of approval

GOVERNMENT — FOOD SUPPLY. 49

of ordinances passed by City Councils. The Select Council is
composed of thirty-one members, one from each ward, elected
by the people for a term of three years. The Common Coun-
cil is composed of members elected for a term of two years
and representing one for each two thousand taxables. The
management of the city is transacted under the control of
Councils, the various departments, special trusts and commis-
sioners. They comprise Receiver of Taxes, City Treasurer, City
Controller, City Solicitor and City Commissioners, elected by
the people for terms of two and three years. Special Boards,
— the Guardians of the Poor, Inspectors of the County Prison,
Board of Health, Board of Eevision of Taxes, Board of Pub-
lic Education, Commissioners of Fairmount Park (appointed
by the courts and Councils), Managers of the House of Cor-
rection, Port Wardens, Board of Surveys, Department of
Water, Department of Highways, Department of Markets and
City Property, Department of Surveys, Trustees of the Gas-
Works, Commissioners of the Fire Department, Department
of Girard Estates, Trustees of City Ice-Boats, Superintendent
of City Railroads, Commissioners of the Sinking Fund (ap-
pointed by Councils), Department of Police (appointment by
the Mayor), and the Public Buildings Commission and South
Street Bridge ConuniBsion, originally established by appoint-
ment of the State Legislature.

SUPPLY OF FOOD.
There are few cities in the world where so much attention
is paid to the quality of food as in Philadelphia ; anything
savoring of adulteration is at once discarded, and there is a
very strict inspection of the degree of freshness of butter,
eggs, fish, vegetables, etc., on the part of housekeepers.
Through this care the diet of the poorer portion of the pop-
ulation is better than in any other city, and beggars are seldom
seen. The consumption of the city is on an average per week
4500 beef" cattle, 15,000 sheep and 10,000 hogs, the beef
and mutton being mostly supplied by the State of Texas,
and the pork from Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. The
5 D

50 FOOD — WATER SUPPLY.

best hogs in the country are sent to Philadelphia to be killed,
and Philadelphia-cured hams and bacon are a specialty in
the markets or at the seaboard. The supply of butter, eggs,
milk and poultry from the neighboring counties is almost un-
limited and very superior in quality. A large abattoir has
been projected in Philadelphia to afford special facilities for
the supply of beef, mutton and pork direct to the butchers,
thus diminishing the number of slaughter-houses in the
city. The price of beef varies by the carcass at from eight
to twelve cents per pound, a large portion being sold to the
packers at cost, the balance disposed of at a large profit.
The average price per head at the drove-yards is $70 for
beef, $25 for pork and $7 for sheep. There are about 2500
butchers in the city to distribute this supply of food. The
principal d6p6ts for the sale of cattle and sheep and lambs
are at the Park drove-yards, Thirty-second street and Lan-
caster avenue, the abattoir, the stock-yard, Forty-fourth
street and Belmont avenue, and the new stock-yards at
Paschalville, in the south-west portion of the city. The
sales at the former amounted in 1873 to 156,998 head, with
a total receipt of $778,865.82. The various railroads run-
ning into Philadelphia from all directions ensure that the
supply of food will always be equal to the demand, and for
that reason alone its selection as the city of the International
Exhibition was very proper.

WATER SUPPLY.

Philadelphia is a city of cleanliness, and its inhabitants are
noted for their free use of water, with which they are abun-
dantly supplied. The Water Department is under the control
of the city ; it consists of the following officers : Chief En-
gineer, Eegister, Chief Clerk, etc., with a large force of clerks,
draughtsmen, engineers and laborers. The water-works are
divided into the following sections : The Fairmount, Schuyl-
kill, Delaware, Belmont, Eoxborough and Chestnut Hill.

The Fairmount Works are beautifully located on the
Schuylkill River at the lower end of the East Park; the

WATER-WOKKS. 51

buildings are well constructed, and the enormous engines used
in forcing the water from the river to the distributing reservoir
on the summit of the hill facing the buildings are well worthy
a visit. The machinery and engines are kept in a spotless
condition, and the works can be examined by the daintiest
lady without fear of soil or stain. Situated on the east side
of the river, and above the new bridge, the Fairmount Water-
Works are easily accessible either by the passenger railways
of the Green and Coates streets, Eace and Vine, Arch street,
Callowhill street and Union (Spring Garden street) lines, the
latter running north on Ninth street and upon Spring Garden
and Brown streets. All of these run direct to Fairmount.
These works hav(^ long been considered as a model for other
cities. The reservoir is divided into four basins, having in the
aggregate a capacity of 26,896,636 gallons. During the year
1874 there were 7,582,023,422 gallons supplied from the Fair-
mount works ; this is nearly four times the quantity of 1854.
Of all the water distributed in 1874, the daily average being
42,111,730 gallons, these works furnished nearly 50 per cent.,
an average of 21,504,736, or one-half of the whole supply.

Fairmount Works are run with seven turbine and one
breast-wheel, with a Worthington steam-pump, for use when
the water-wheels cannot be run in consequence of low water
in the river.

The first water-works of the city embraced piimping-engines at
Chestnut street, Schuylkill, and a distributing reservoir in a large
circular tower erected at Centre Square, at the intersection of
Broad and Market streets, commenced May 2, 1799. Water was first
passed out for distribution on the 1st of January, 1801. In the
course of a few years more extensive means of supply were needed.
On the 19th of April, 1819, work was commenced for the erection of
a dam across the Schuylkill at Fairmount, Wheel-houses were
built and reservoirs prepared. Three water-wheels were set in
motion December 25, 1822, and the work was then considered fin-
ished. The first vv^ater passed out from the reservoir on the 1st of
July succeeding. Fairmount Water- Works originally embraced a
limited space, including Fairmount Hill and the ground imme-
diately adjoining, bounded east by the street now called Twenty-
fourth street, west by the Schuylkill River, south by Callowhill

52 WATER- WORKS.

street and north by Coates street, the latter now being embraced
within the boundaries of the Park. Subsequently, the city purchased
Lemon Hill, north of the works, embracing the ground west of the
Reading Railroad and extending along the Schuylkill, a point at
some distance south of Girard avenue bridge. The history of the
Park will give particulars of further extensions of the property.
The Fairmount works supply the reservoirs at Fairmount and a
reservoir situate between Corinthian avenue and Twenty-second
and Parrish and Poplar streets.

The Schuylkill Water- Works are located on the river at the
foot of Thompson street, supplying the Eleventh, Twelfth,
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth wards of the city.
They are brick buildings, originally constructed in the Egypt-
ian style and conspicuous in their high chimney-stack, which
looks like a great Egyptian pillar. During the year 1874
these works furnished a supply of 1,536,505,220 gallons, or a
daily average of 5,226,008 gallons.

The Schuylkill works are run by steam-power, with Cornish
side-lever and compound engines.

The works now known as the Schuylkill works were originally
erected by the commissioners of the districts of Spring Garden and
Northern Liberties, independent municipal corpoi-ations before the
passage of the Consolidation Act of 1854. These districts obtained
their water by pipes connected with the Fairmount works for many
years. The rates of water-rents by which the city supplied the
districts were higher than those charged to the inhabitants of the
city. This discrimination was a source of discontent. The com-
missioners of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties applied to the
State legislature for redress, and on the 18th of October, 1843, an
act was passed conferring authority upon the commissioners of
Spring Garden and Northern Liberties to erect independent water-
works'^ for the supply of their own inhabitants, unless the city would,
within three months, reduce the water-rents in accordance with city
rates. City Councils refused to make the reduction. The districts
therefore united and built their water-works on the Schuylkill, at the
foot of Thompson street. The reservoir was built upon Thompson
and Master streets, between Twenty-fifth and Twenty -seventh streets,
and opened for use in December, 1844.

The Delaware Water-Works are situated on the river Dela-
ware, at the foot of Wood street, on the south bank of Gun-

WATER-WORKS. 53

ner's Eun, in the Eighteenth ward. They supply the Six-
teenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth
wards ; in 1874 these works furnished 1,568,518,765 gallons, or
a daily average of 4,960,709 gallons.

The Delaware works are run by steam-power, a Worthing-
ton beam and horizontal engine. ^

The Delaware Water-Works were built by the commissioners of
the district of Kensington for their special supply. Previously the
district had been supplied by the city, and after the construc-
tion of the Spring Garden works by Spring Garden and Northern
Liberties. In 1848 the legislature gave to Kensington authority to
construct separate works, and pump the water from the Delaware
River. The works were in operation in 1850. The agreement with
the adjoining districts was abrogated June 23, 1851. Tlie reservoir
is between Lehigh avenue and Somerset street and Sixth and Seventh
streets.

The Belmont Water- Works are plain but appropriate brick
buildings, on the west side of the Schuylkill, below the Bead-
ing Railroad Belmont bridge; furnished, in 1874, 2,969,227,504
gallons, a daily average of 5,226,008 gallons. With the pres-
ent pumping-power, there is a capacity of 18,000,000 gallons
per day of twenty-four hours.

The Belmont works are run by steam-power, three Worth -
ington engines.

The Belmont works replace the West Philadelphia Water- Works,
which were located on the west bank of the Schuylkill, opposite
Lemon Hill, the site being at present within the boundary of the
Zoological Garden. The construction of West Philadelphia works
was authorized by act of May 1, 1852, and they were in operation by
the eud of 1853. The stand-pipe south-west of these works, still a
conspicuous object, being south of Zoological Garden, was finished
October 1, 1853. The Twenty-fourth ward works were abandoned
in October, 1870, at which time the Belmont works were started.
The Belmont reservoir is at George's Hill, Fairmount Park. It is
also to be connected with the reservoir in East Fairmount Park.

The Roxborough Water- Works are on the east bank of the
river Schuylkill above Manayunk, on the line of the Philadel-
])hia and Norristown Bailroad. The reservoir is at the inter-

54 WATER- WOEKS — FOUNTAINS.

section of Ann and Isabella streets, west of Greentree lane.
There is also a reservoir at Mount Airy. These works sup-
plied, in 1874, 720,165,810 gallons, a daily average of 2,281,287
gallons.

The Roxborough works were finished December 21, 1870, at
which time pumping was commenced. The works are run by
steam-power, one Cornish and one Worthington engine. The
Germantown and Chestnut Hill works, originally constructed by a
private corporation, were connected with Eoxborough, in conse-
quence of which the Chestnut Hill and Germantown works were
abandoned as pumping-stations, September 30, 1872. The Eoxbor-
ough works send their water to Chestnut Hill and Germantown in
two great mains, which cross the Wissahickon in Fairmount Park.
The aqueduct is far above the Park roadway, and is a peculiar
and graceful structure usually called the " Pipe-bridge."

The total amount of water furnished in the various works
in 1874 was as follows :

Fairmount ... 7,582,023,422 gallons. Daily average, 21,504,376

Delaware 1,558,518,765

Schuylkill.... 1,636,505,220

Belmont 2,969,227,504

Roxborough.. 720,165,810

Total 14,533,425.097

4,960,709
5,226;008
8,138,990
2,281,287
42,111,730

The total amount of water-pipe laid in the city up to the
beginning of the year 1875 was 628 miles. The united water-
works of the city furnished, in 1874, with water 118,414
dwelling-houses, in which there were 48,610 bath-rooms sup-
plied with hot and cold water and shower-baths, etc., a greater
number of such accommodations than can be found in any
other city in the world.

PUBLIC DRINKING-FOUNTAINS.
A proper regard for the health of the city and comfort of
its citizens has led to the establishment of public drinking-
fountains in many sections of the city. This has been done
through the active agency of the Philadelphia Fountain
Society, under whose auspices have been erected sixty-one
fountains, many of them specimens of artistic taste; in addi-

FOUNTAINS — DK AINAGE — FIRES .

tion, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
have erected seven fountains. Some of these have been built
at the cost of private individuals, and are conspicuous orna-
ments to the city. The constant use made of these fountains
by both man and beast is sufficient evidence of their appre-
ciation. They are kept in perfect order by a fand appropriated

for the purpose.

DRAINAGE.

Philadelphia is admirably situated for effective drainage,

having a large and rapid stream on each side of the city.

The streets, running at right angles, present every facility for

rapidly carrying off any surplus of water. The present system

of sewage is conveyed in 136 miles of culverts, dimensions as

follows :

Sewers 3 feet in diaraeter, or less, about 100 miles.
ii 4 u " " " 13 "

u 5 u " " " 3^ "

u Q a n '< " 5 "

a y a <' " " 1^ "

i( Q u a a " X "

u g ct u (I " 3 «

a XO " " " " 3 "

(( -,-, II u u II X "

"12 " " and more, " 4i "

Total, " 135i "
Total to January 1, 1876, say " 1361 "

FIRES.
Philadelphia has been remarkably free from extraordinarily
destructive fires for many years. This is due in a great meas-
ure to the use of brick and stone as building material and the
admirable management of the Fire Department, under the
control of a chief and five assistants, with a total force of 389
men and 123 horses, which are held always in readiness to
attend to the first note of alarm. The steam fire-engines are
kept ready to be fired up at a moment and horses are ready to
harness, so that in the shortest possible time they can be on their
way to the scene of action. There are in all thirty-two com-
panies, which, in January, 1875, were accommodated at thir-
teen fire-stations. They had in their possession twenty-seven

56 FIRE DEPARTMENT POLICE.

steam fire-engines, five special steam fire-engines, four hand
fire-engines and hose-carriages, five hook-and-ladder tracks,
six fuel-wagons, and 49,000 feet of rubber and linen hose.
Through the efficient agency of the Police and Fire Alarm
Telegraph and the active efibrts of the firemen, the report
of the department indicates a falling off in losses for one
year of $183,792. The total number of fires in 1874 was
592, with an estimated loss of $754,688, covered by insurances
of $4,184,772.

The number of fire-plugs in the city January 1, 1875, was
5119. The number of fire-alarm telegraph signal-boxes at
the same time was 200.

POLICE.

This department, as at present organized, is controlled by
the Mayor as executive, a Chief of Police, a Fire Marshal,
four captains, twenty-seven lieutenants, fifty sergeants, eight
detectives, twenty-five turnkeys and 1200 patrolmen. This
force is assigned to a Central Station and twenty-four Police
Districts. The Central Station is located at the City Hall, S.
W. corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets. In case of riot the
entire force can be collected with great celerity by the use of
the police-telegraph and the city railroads. Strangers desir-
ing information will find the police of Philadelphia uniformly
courteous and obliging. Their uniform is dark-blue, with
gilt buttons, and during the day they may be found stationed
in the principal streets at short distances apart. In each dis-
trict there is a Police Magistrate, before whom cases can be
brought for immediate settlement, or application can be made
directly to the Mayor's office in the City Hall. There is an addi-
tional force known as the Eiver and Harbor Police, having
control of the water-fronts of the city. This force is composed
of a lieutenant and twenty-four men, with the aid of two steam
tugboats. By the use of the police-telegraph during the
year 1873, 807 missing adults were returned to their friends,
2363 lost children found, 360 lost or stolen vehicles returned,
and 363 fires reported ; total number of messages reported,

POLICE — STATION-HOUSES. ^7

112,138. There is a special-police guard in charge of Fair-
mount Park, under the control of the Park Commission.
This body of men are uniformed in gray, and are recognized
as thoroughly serviceable and trustworthy.

The head-quarters of the city police is at City Hall or Cen-
tral Station, S. W. corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets. The
general police establishment and offices are as follows :

Chief of Police, Fifth and Chestnut streets.

Detective Department, Fifth and Chestnut streets.

Fire Marshal, Fifth and Chestnut streets.

Reserve Corps, Fifth and Chestnut streets.

Captains of Police, First District, at station-house of Ninth
District, Lombard street between Seventh and Eighth streets.

Second District, at station-house of Eighth District, But-
tonwood street between Tenth and Eleventh streets.^

Third District, at station-house of Tenth District, N. E.
corner of Front and Master streets.

Fourth District, at station-house of Twenty-second District,
corner of Lehigh and Park avenues.

District Station-Houses, under Charge of Lieutenants

of Police.

1. Fitzwater street, between Nineteenth and Twentieth

streets.

2. Second street, between Queen and Christian streets (old

Southwark Hall).

3. Union street, between Third and Fourth streets.

4. Fifth street, between Eace and Vine streets.

5. Fifteenth street, between Walnut and Locust streets.

6. Eleventh street, between Eace and Vine streets.

7. St. John street, between Buttonwood and Green streets.

8. Buttonwood street, between Tenth and Eleventh streets.

9. N. W. corner of Twenty-third and Brown streets.

10. N. W. corner of Front and Master streets (old Kensing-

ton Hall).

11. Girard avenue, above Otis street.

12. N. E. corner of Tenth and Thompson streets.

58 STATION-HOUSES — MAGISTRATES.

13. Main street, Manayunk.

14. Germantown Hall, Germantown.

15. Main and Euan streets, Frankford.

16. S. W. corner of Lancaster pike and Thirty-ninth, street.

17. Taylor street, below Passyunk road.

18. Trenton avenue and Dauphin street.

19. Lombard street, between Seventh and Eighth streets.

20. Filbert street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets.

21. Darby road and Thirty-eighth street.

22. Lehigh avenue and Park avenue.

23. Jefferson street, between Twentieth and Twenty-first

streets.

24. Belgrade and Clearfield streets.
Delaware Harbor, Front and Noble streets.
Schuylkill Harbor, Sansom street wharf, Schuylkill.

Powers of commitment upon criminal charges are granted
to the Eecorder of the city and magistrates and aldermen.
The police station-houses are attended daily at an early
morning hour by magistrates to hear such cases as have
arisen by reason of arrests, etc., during the night. The mag-
istrates have power to bind over to keep the peace, to answer
at the criminal court with or without bail, according to the
nature of the alleged offence.

The offices of committing magistrates are as follows :

Eecorder of the city, opposite Independence Hall, Chestnut
street between Fifth and Sixth streets, north side.

Central Station, City Hall, Mayor's office, S. W. corner
Fifth and Chestnut streets.

MAGISTRATES' COURTS.
No. 1. Jesse S. Bonsall, 1351 Passyunk avenue.

2. Wm. B. Collins, 1936 Christian street.

3. Andrew Alexander, Sr., 634 Washington avenue.

4. T. Sprole Leisenring, 704 S. Fourth street.

5. Wm. H. List, 144 S. Sixth street.

6. Hugh Franklin Kennedy, 521 Chestnut street.

7. Jobn McClintock, 1436 Lombard street.

MAGISTRATES — GAS-LIGHTING.

No. 8. Eobert E. Smith, 114 S. Seventh street.
9. Wm. A. Thorp, 1342 Arch street.

10. John F. Pole, 118 N. Seventh street.

11. Wilson Kerr, 538 N. Third street.

12. Ezra Lukens, 835 Callowhill street.

13. Charles E. Pancoast, 1907 Callowhill street.

14. John Devlin, 1351 N. Second street.

15. Luke V. Sutphin, 419 E. Girard avenue.

16. Stuart Field, 2052 N. Fifth street.

17. Henry Smith, S. W. corner Otis street and Frankford

avenue.

18. Benton O. Severn, 1017 Oxford street.

19. David Hanley Stone, 1836 Eidge avenue.

20. Alfred Snyder, 4415 Main street, Manayunk.

21. Thaddeus Stearne, 4833 Frankford avenue.

22. Geo. E. Krickbaum, N. W. corner Germantown and

Chelten avenues.

23. Thomas H. Clarke, 4091 Lancaster avenue.

24. Thomas Eandall, 2920 Market street.

Criminal cases are tried and disposed of by the courts of
Quarter Sessions and Oyer and Terminer, which are presided
over by judges of the four courts of Common Pleas, serving
in rotation. The courts are held in Quarter Sessions court
building, east side of Sixth street, adjoining the old court-
house building, which fronts on Chestnut street, and occa-
sionally in the old Quarter Sessions court-room, in that
building, south room, first floor, with entrance from Independ-
ence Square.

GAS-LIGHTING.

Philadelphia is a well-lighted city, and the smallest houses
are supplied with gas. The quantity manufactured by the
city works during the year 1874 was 1,766,268,000 cubic feet,
an"increase over the year 1873 of 117,681,000 cubic feet. The
largest consumption in any twenty-four hours was on the
night of the 24th of December, 1874, amounting to 7,826,000
cubic feet, being an increase over the largest consumption of

60 GAS-WORKS.

previous year of 787,000 cubic feet. The Northern Liberties
Gas-Works made, in 1874, 79,019,800 cubic feet. Total gas
manufacture, 1,845,287,800 cubic feet. The street mains laid
during the year 1874 by the city works were 36,262 feet,
making, with the Northern Liberties Gas Company's mains
(97,717 feet), the entire length of main gas-pipes 6302- miles.
The whole number of public lamps is 9905, of which 468 are
supplied by Northern Liberties Gas-Works, and the average
illuminating power 16.38 candles. The total number of con-
sumers from the city works is 81,712 ; Northern Liberties
works, 4703 ; total, 86,415 ; of private lights, city, 1,124,205 ;
Northern Liberties, 22,465 ; total, 1,146,670, and of public
lights, 9905.

The manufacturing gas-works are the City, Point Breeze
and Spring Garden and Frankford, on Second street, all of
which are owned by the city corporation, and the Northern
Liberties Gas-Works, owned by a private corporation.

The Ninth Ward or City works are upon the north side of
Market street, extending from Twenty-second street to the
Schuylkill Eiver, immediately adjoining the Market street
bridge. They comprise retort-houses, purifying-houses, meter-
rooms, lime-kilns, coal-sheds and gas-holders, which latter are
of the largest size.

The first gas for illuminating purposes made in the United States
was manufactured by Michael Ambroise & Co., Italian fire-workers
and artists, who gave exhibitions of figures of temples, Masonic de-
vices, etc., at their ami^hitheatre, Arch street between Eighth and
Ninth streets. These pieces, they said, were produced by " inflam-
mable air with the assistance of light." They were exhibited in
August, 1796. In 1803 one J. C. Henfrey proposed to illuminate
the city by gas-lights burned in high towers, but City Councils gave
him no encouragement. In 1815 Councils were petitioned by James
McMurtrieto introduce gas-lighting, but no definite action was taken.
Shortly afterward, in 1817, Dr. Charles Kugler succeeded in manu-
facturing illuminating gas, which was first introduced to public
attention by its use at the Philadelphia Museum, then exhibiting at
the State-house or Independence Hall, where it was lighted on gala-
days and on one or two evenings of a week. The second Masonic
Hall, on Chestnut street, between Seventh and Eighth streets, rebuilt

GAS-WORKS.

in 1820, had gas-works connected with it in which the carburetted
hydrogen gas nsed was prepared from tar. For many years this hall
and the Gas-light tavern on Second street, near Walnut street, wei;e
the only buildings in the city in which gas was used. On the 12th
of March, 1835, the Philadelphia Gas Company was authorized by
ordinance of Councils. It had a capital stock of $125,000. The
city reserved a right to purchase the works from the shareholders at
any time. The works on Market street were first put in operation on
the 8th of February, 1836. Only two stores were prepared to burn it,
and the whole number of applications at that time were for nineteen
private and fortv-six public burners. July 1, 1841, the city bought
out the stockholders for $173,000, and took possession of the works by
the intervention of a board of trustees. The City works have been
increased in capacity frequently since that time, and are very
complete.

The Twenty-sixth Ward or Point Breeze works are situate
upon the east bank of the Schuylkill Elver, being intersected
by Passyunk road. These works are much more extensive
than those at Market street, and are believed to be the largest
gas-works in the world. The property originally was twenty
acres in extent, but additions have been made to it in order
to accommodate the public. These works were first put in
operation on the 13th of December, 1854. They are connected
directly with the Market street works. The great telescopic
gas-holder here is of 160 feet diameter and 95 feet high.

The Fifteenth Ward or Spring Garden works are situate on
Callowhill street, opposite the intersection of Twenty-fifth
street, with a front on the Schuylkill Eiver. These works were
erected by authority of an ordinance of the commissioners of
Spring Garden for the supply of houses in the district, passed
September 7, 1846. The works were so far completed as to be
able to supply gas near the end of the succeeding year. They
were considered finished in the spring of 1851, and went into
full operation April 1 of that year.

The Twenty -first Ward or Frankford works are near Frank-
ford village, and supply light in that section of the city.

The Northern Liberties Gas-Works are situate on Laurel
street, near Frankford road, at the intersection of Gunner's
Run. They were established by authority of an ordinance
6

62 GAS-WORKS.

passed by the commissioners of the district of the Northern
Liberties, March 15, 1838. On April 1, 1844, the stockhold-
ers were incorporated as ''The Northern Liberties Gas Com-
pany," with a capital stock of $200,000. This company still
conducts the gas manufacture and supplies portions of the
old district of Northern Liberties and part of Kensington.

CHAPTEE II.

HOTELS.— BOARDING- AND LODGING-HOUSES.—
BEST A URANTS.

PHILADELPHIA is called the " City of Homes," and the
hospitality of its citizens has rendered it unnecessary that
there should be more than the present extensive hotel accom-
modation, a majority of its visitors being received by their
friends in private houses. Such hotels as now exist and are
being erected will be found sufficient to meet the needs of
strangers, a large number of them being specially adapted
for the rural population of the vicinity. The first and best
hotel in the city at this time is the well-known —

Continental Hotel, located in the business part of the city,
on the south-east corner of Chestnut and Ninth streets, and
of easy access by street railway from all of the railroad sta-
tions. This building is six stories in height on the two streets
referred to, and eight stories in the rear, on Sansom street,
and covers 41,536 feet of ground. The principal story is sus-
tained by richly ornamented cast-iron piers; the first floor,
level with the street, which is used by the hotel, occupies
24,620 feet of the whole area.

The total number of rooms in the Continental is 700, with
accommodations for 1000 guests. Arrangements are now
contemplated for such an extension of the premises as will
admit of lodging 1200 persons. The charges of the Conti-
nental are $4.50 per day, including lodging and four meals per
day, if desired.

The Continental Hotel occupies the site of two famous buildings
in the memory of citizens of the last generation. The Philadelphia
Museum, which occupied the southern portion of the lot on Sansom

64 HOTELS^ ETC.

street, was erected by a company for the purpose of holding the great
assortment of natural curiosities collected by Charles Wilson Peale
and his sons during the American Eevolution and subsequently.
The first story of the museum building contained the Chinese collec-
tion of Nathan Dunn. The museum building, afterward generally
known as the Chinese Museum, was built in 1838. In time both
museums failed to be profitable as exhibitions, and the collections
were sold. The Chinese Museum then, by reason of its great size,
became a favorite place for town-meetings, concerts, balls, lectures
and exhibitions. Zachary Taylor was nominated for the presidency
there by the national Whig convention of 1848. North of the
museum, upon the Chestnut street front, Cooke, an English eques-
trian, erected a circus, which was opened to the public Aug. 28,
1837.' The building subsequently became the National Theatre, under
management of William E. Burton, the eminent comedian; Welch
and Lent and Raymond and Waring occupied it for some years as
an amphitheatre. The museum and circus were both destroyed,
with much adjoining property, by fire July 5, 1854. About 1858
the lot was secured by the Continental Hotel Company, and the hotel
opened for the reception of guests February 16, 1860.

The Girard House is situated directly opposite the Conti-
nental, on the north side of Chestnut street. This hotel has
been completely fitted up and refurnished in tlie most ap-
proved style. It is now being largely extended, with the view
of accommodating not less than 1000 guests. The charges
per day at this hotel are $3.50 ; it possesses all the conveniences
of a first-class hotel and every facility for travellers from the
various railroad stations.

The Girard House occupies the site of the Fisher and Leaming
mansion. It was built in 1850-52, and opened in the latter year. To
the enterprise of Geo. W. Edwards and J. G. Edwards, who believed
that at the time the hotel accommodations of the city were inadequate
for the public necessities, the erection of the Girard House is to be
attributed. The architect was John McArthur, Jr., who also was
architect of the Continental and La Pierre House.

The La Pierre House is located on Broad street, near Chest-
nut street, in the immediate vicinity of the Academy of
Music, the Union League Club and Public Buildings, and on
one of the finest avenues in Philadelphia. This hotel is
specially adapted for families, the present number of rooms

HOTELS, ETC. 65

being 160, with accommodations for 250 persons ; it is proposed
to enlarge it to double its present capacity ; charges, $3.50
per day.

Geo. W. and J. G. Edwards built the La Pierre House, and the
work was going on at the same time that the Girard House was
being built under their direction. The hotel was opened for guests
in October, 1853.

The Colonnade Hotel, S, W. corner of Chestnut and Fif-
teenth streets, is easily reached by the street railways from
all the stations ; it has every accommodation for guests, and at
present has 200 rooms, with contemplated arrangements for
large additions ; terms, $3.50 per day.

The Irving House, a well-known family hotel on Walnut
street, between Ninth and Tenth streets, with 103 rooms and
accommodations for 175 guests; terms, from $3 to $5 per
day, according to rooms.

Guy's Hotel, corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets, is
managed on the European plan, guests being furnished with
rooms at from $1 to $3 per day, and meals served a la carM
in the restaurant attached to the hotel.

The St Cloud Hotel is located on Arch street above
Seventh street, convenient to the various railroads, and is
specially frequented by merchants and business men ; it has
accommodations for 450 persons, with 300 rooms ; charge per
day, $3.

The Bingham House is on Market street, corner of Eleventh
street, with 300 rooms and accommodations for 500 guests ;
charges, $3 per day.

The Merchants' Hotel is located on North Fourth street, in
the business section of the city, with 204 rooms ; can accom-
modate 600 guests. Large additions are to be made the com-
ing year. Charges per day, $3.

This hotel was built by a company of mercantile men in business
in the immediate neighborhood, and especially for the accommoda-
tion of merchants. It was the finest and largest hotel in the city
when it was opened, in the year 1837.

The American Hotel, Chestnut street between Fifth and
Sixth streets, is largely frequented by merchants and business
6-* E

66 HOTELS, ETC.

men. It is eligibly located in the immediate vicinity of
Independence Hall; accommodations for 600 guests; terms,

$3 per day.

St. Stephen's Hotel, Chestnut street between Tenth and
Eleventh streets, has been recently refitted and newly for-
nished ; can accommodate 300 guests ; terms, $3 per day.

Washington House, 709 Chestnut street, a plain, comfort-
able and convenient hotel, can accommodate 350 guests.

The Grand Central, Market street, opposite Pennsylvania
Eailroad dep6t, near Thirty-second street. Building of mar-
ble; has accommodations for 700 guests.

ALPHABETICAL. INDEX TO HOTELS IN PHILADELPHIA.

Alleghany House, 812 Market street.

Allen's, 1220 Market street.

American, 517 Chestnut street.

Arch Street House, 1 Arch street.

Bald Eagle, 414 North Third street.

Barley Sheaf, 257 North Third street.

Beitler's, 1619 Market street.

Bingham House, corner of Market and Eleventh streets.

Bird's, corner of Broad and Callowhill streets.

Black Bear, 425 North Third street.

Black Horse, 252 North Second street.

Brady, 242 North Eighth street.

Brennan, 728 Filbert street.

Bucks County, 1917 Market street.

Bull's Head, 1035 Market street.

Bull's Head, 926 North Front street.

Bull's Head, 3734 Market street.

Central, 623 Arch street.

Central Avenue, 831 Market street.

Chestnut Hill, Main street, near Hartwell avenue, Chestnut

Hill.

Clarendon, 115 South Eighth street.

Clinton, 1608 Eidge avenue.

Colonnade, Chestnut street, corner of Fifteenth street.

HOTELS, ETC. 67

Columbia^ 216 North Second street.

Columbia, 111 North Broad street.

Commercial, 826 Market street.

Continental, Chestnut street, corner of Ninth street.

Davis', 6 South Delaware avenue.

Diamond Street, Diamond between Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth streets.

Eagle, Main street and Highland avenue, Chestnut Hill.

Eagle, 227 North Third street.

Edwards', S. W. corner of Broad and Walnut streets.

European, 315 Arch street.

Farmers and Mechanics', 1808 Eidge avenue.

Germania, 2330 Market street.

Given's, 1220 Market street.

Girard, Ninth and Chestnut streets.

Globe, Elm and Belmont avenues.

Golden Fleece, 310 Cherry street.

Grand Central, Market and Thirty-second streets.
' Grand Union, Eleventh and Somerset streets.

Great Western, 1311 Market street.

Guy's, corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets.
, Hay-Market, 1601 North Seventh street.

Hotel Aubry, Walnut and Thirty-third streets.

Howard, 2101 Chestnut street.

Howard, 703 Chestnut street.

Irving, 917 Walnut street.

Johnson's, 1115 Market street.

Lancaster Pike, 4412 Lancaster avenue.

La Pierre, Broad and Chestnut streets.

Lincoln, corner of Fourth and Wood streets.

Mansion, 619 Arch street.

Manufacturers', 310 Cherry street.

Markoe, 919 Chestnut street.

Mercantile, 23 South Tenth street.

Merchants', 42 North Fourth street.

Merchants' House, 415 North Third street.

Montgomery, corner of Sixth and Willow streets.

^8 HOTELS, ETC.

Mount Vernon, 119 North Second street.
National, 1710 Market street.
New Market, 1619 Market street.
New York House, 9 Walnut street.

Penn Manor, corner of Eighth and Spring Garden streets.
^ Pennsylvania, 417 South Second street.

Pennsylvania Farmer, 345 North Third street.
Petry, N. W. corner of Broad and Walnut streets.
Randolph, Spring Garden street, above Twenty-second.
Randolph (Farmers'), 342 North Third street.
Reading Railroad House, corner of Ninth and Spring
Garden streets.

Red Lion, 472 North Second street.
Ridge Avenue, Ridge avenue, below Girard avenue.
Ridgeway, 1 Market street.
Robin Hood, corner of Front and Otis streets.
St. Charles, 54 North Third street.
St. Cloud, 709 Arch street.
St. Elmo, 319 Arch street.
St. James, 310 Race street.
St. Stephen's, 1018 Chestnut street.
Springmann, Walnut street, above Seventh street.
Smedley, 1227 Filbert street.
Tiger, 321 Vine street.
Transcontinental, Belmont avenue.

United States, north-west corner of Forty-second and Co-
lumbia avenue.

Washington, 711 Chestnut street.
Weik's, Belmont avenue and Eadline street.
Walnut Street, Walnut and Thirty-third streets.
White Bear, corner of Fifth and Race streets.
White Horse, 316 North Third street.
White Horse, 210 Pine street.
William Penn, 831 Market street.
Zeiss', 820 Walnut street.

Boarding-Houses.— These may be found in every section ol
the city, with prices, varying as to locality, from $5 to $15 per

HOTELS, ETC.

week for a single person. The better class of boarding-
houses are located on Broad, Walnut, upper part of Chestnut,
Arch and Spruce streets. Board comprises breakfast with
meats, dinner and tea. An examination of the daily journals
of the city will be the best means to adopt for the purpose of
securing a boarding-place, as many of them are regularly
advertised.

Lodgings may also be obtained in the same manner— by
consulting advertisements— at very reasonable prices. The
prices vary from $3 to $20 per week. Unfurnished apart-
ments or flats are not common in Philadelphia, but may be
obtained on application to some one of the numerous house-
agents in the city.

The Centennial Lodging-House Agency, limited, office, 1010
Walnut street, has arranged with thousands of private house-
keepers to take lodgers and supply them with meals. This
company is under control of leading officers of all the great
railroad companies.

Restaurants. — There are many good restaurants, and meals
are furnished at reasonable prices by the day, week or month,
or a la carU, The oyster-houses of Philadelphia are a speci-
alty, and in season the delicious bivalves may be had stewed,
panned, fried, deviled or raw, served in perfection.

The caterers of Philadelphia have become historic for their
artist-like serving of wild game, terrapin, chicken-salad, reed-
birds, chicken-croquettes and soft crabs. They will supply
meals for those occupying furnished apartments, and are
ready to supply dinner- and supper-parties of any size. In
ice-creams, confectionery and fruit-ices this city has no
superior, not even in Europe, and it is suggested to all
strangers that they test the matter for their own gratification.

CENTENNIAL HOTELS.

The following have been specially constructed for use dur-
ing the Centennial Exhibition. They are arranged with every
convenience, and are very capacious :

The Globe Hotel, Belmont avenue, near Elm avenue, has

70 HOTELS RESTAURANTS.

accommodations for over 1200 guests. Conducted on the
European style. Charges per room $2 and upward.

The Transcontinental Hotel, brick building, south-east
corner of Belmont avenue and Elm avenue. To be kept on
the same plan and terms as the Continental Hotel, by Mr.
Kingsley, proprietor of the latter.

Hotel Aubry. South side of Walnut from Thirty-third to
Thirty-fourth street; has 300 rooms, and will accommodate

450 guests.

The United States Hotel, north-west corner of Forty-sec-
ond street and Columbia avenue. Brick building, three stories
high ; contains 300 rooms, and will accommodate 500 persons.

The Diamond Street Hotel, Diamond between Sixteenth
and Seventeenth streets ; has 240 rooms, and will accommo-
date 350 persons.

Weik's Hotel, corner of Belmont avenue and Eadline street.
Wooden one-story building.

The Grand Union Hotel, Eleventh and Somerset streets.
Convenient to the junction of the connecting railroad to New
York and the Reading Railroad. Has 850 rooms, and will
accommodate 1300 persons.

RESTAURANTS.

Doyle's Club House. Belmont avenue.

Tischner's. Belmont avenue, near Elm avenue.

Aronheimer's. Elm avenue and Forty-first street.

Within the Centennial grounds are six restaurants— Lau-
ber's (German); Le Trois Fr^res Proven§aux, Goyard's
(French); Southern, Mercer's; American, Tobias & Heil-
brun's ; Sudreaux's and one other. Proskauer's well-known
establishment at Belmont is also available.

CHAPTEE III.
3IARKETS.

THE first markets were conducted, after the English fash-
ion, in spaces on the wharves and in the middle of streets.
Up to 1709 the principal market-place was in High or Market
street, movable booths and stalls being erected. In 1709 the
first permanent market-house was authorized, and it was built
adjoining the court-house, in the middle of the High street
and west of Second, standing upon open pillars and roofed.
From time to time, other covered market-buildings Avere
added until they extended from the Delaware landing to
Eighth street in an unbroken line, which was taken up again
at Schuylkill Eighth, now Fifteenth street, and carried to
Schuylkill Sixth, now Seventeenth street. Other market-
houses on the same plan were afterward built. In November
and December, 1859, Market street was relieved of these build-
ings, and they were gradually torn down. Other parts of the
city were accommodated with market-houses of the same style,
some of which still exist. The plan of large and separate build-
ings for market-houses came into vogue about 1854, when large
buildings were erected for that purpose, on the east side of
Broad street below Eace street, now the City Armory, and on
Eace street, S. W. corner of Janjper street, now head-quarters
of the fire department. The Western Market, N. E. corner
of Sixteenth and Market streets, was opened April 19, 1859.
Since that period many spacious market-house buildings, per-
fectly ventilated and arranged, large, solid and costly, have
been erected in various parts of the city, which are generally
owned by incorporated companies.

72 MARKETS.

The principal corporation maTket-house buildings are as
follows :

Eastern, S. E. corner of Fifth and Merchant streets, below
Market street; a very large brick building with stalls for
meats, vegetables, farmers' produce, fresh oysters, etc.

Farmers', north side of Market street, between Eleventh
and Twelfth, extending to Filbert street ; a very large and
imposing structure, erected by farmers of Philadelphia, Bucks,
Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and other counties. This is
the finest market structure in the city, and well worth a visit
by strangers.

Franklin, adjoining, at N. E. corner of Twelfth street, ex-
tending to Filbert street. Originally this market was on the
west side of Tenth street, below Market street. The building
is now occupied by the Mercantile Library Company. The
present building was erected about the time when the
Farmers' Market was constructed.

Central, north side of Market street, between Sixteenth and
Seventeenth streets, extending in L shape through, on the
northern side, to Seventeenth street. The company originally
constructed the building on N. E. corner of Sixteenth and
Market streets, now occupied as a freight dep8t by Pennsyl-
vania Railroad Company.

South -Western, S. E, corner of Nineteenth and Market
streets ; a large brick building extending to Barker street.

Farmers' Western, N. W. corner of Twenty-first and Market
streets.

Fairmount, a spacious building, S. W. corner of Twenty-
second and Spring Garden streets, extending to Eeading
Baikoad.

Delaware Avenue, two buildings, extending from Delaware
avenue to Front street, between Spruce and Dock streets.
This is the great d6p5t for Jersey produce, oysters and fish.

Union, west side of Second street, above Callowhill street.

Lincoln, S. E. corner of Broad and Fairmount avenue;
large and spacious, with a hall in second story for public
meetings, concerts, etc.

MARKETS.

South Eleventh Street, near Christian street.

Farmers and Butchers', Christian street, near Eighth street.

Germania, S. E. corner of Seventeenth and Poplar streets;
with a large hall for public purposes in second story.

Kater, south side of South street, between Fifteenth and
Sixteenth streets.

Centennial, Twenty-third and South streets.

Callowhill Street, south side, extending from Sixteenth
street to Seventeenth street.

Kensington, Kensington avenue, near Fifth and Sixth
(dummy) Passenger Eailway d6p6t.

Federal, S. E. corner of Seventeenth and Federal streets.
This building has a large hall in second story for meetings, etc.

Farmers' West Philadelphia, Market and Thirty-sixth
streets.

West Philadelphia, Market street, north side, between
Fortieth and Forty-first streets.

Mantua, Haverford street, N. E. corner of Thirty-sixth
street, West Philadelphia.

Norris, Norris street, near North Pennsylvania Eailroad
depot.

Oxford, N. E. corner of Twentieth and Oxford streets.

Columbia Avenue, N. W. corner of Twelfth street.
Frankford, Euan street, between Paul and Main streets,
Frankford, Twenty -third ward.

Germantown, Germantown avenue, between School and
Queen streets.

Ridge Avenue, Farmers', below Girard avenue.

Northern Liberties, Delaware avenue and Callowhill street.

Street Markets belong-ing to the City Corporation.

South Second Street, middle of Second street, from Pine
to South street.

North Second Street, or Northern Liberties, North Second
street, from Fairmount avenue to Poplar street.

Callowhill Street, Callowhill street, from Fourth to Seventh
streets.

MARKETS.

Spring Garden Street, Spring Garden street, from Marshall
to Twelfth street.

Girard Avenue, east from Hancock street to Third street,
from Lawrence street to Eighth street, from Tenth street to
Twelfth street.

Bainbridge Street, from Third street to Fifth street.

Wharton, Moyamensing road, from Prime street to Whar-
ton street.

CHAPTEE IV.
CITY TRAVEL.-FERRIES.— RIVER 81EA3IB0ATS.

THERE is no city in the world that possesses the facilities
of cheap transportation with which Philadelphia is
favored. A system of street railroads has been adopted
which cross or pass through all of the principal streets.

If the destination of the passenger is on or near the line of
the railway, a single fare or ticket will carry him to it. If it
is upon a cross street distant from the street on which he is
travelling, he may frequently reach it by a railway running
upon the cross street or upon the next parallel street on either
side. In some cases this will cost him two fares or two
tickets. But there are several of the roads crossing each
other which will sell to any passenger an exchange ticket— that
is, a ticket which will carry him over a cross road— so that a
passenger, by securing an exchange ticket, can reach almost
any given point with great convenience and rapidity and at a
moderate expense. The single rate of fare charged on all the
street lines is seven cents, small children four cents each. But
tickets good on any road for a single ride are sold in pack-
ages of four for twenty-five cents. Where an exchange ticket
is sold on any other line, an additional charge of two cents is
made, so that for nine cents one may travel for miles in any
direction. On some of the roads night lines commence to
run about midnight. Charge on night lines, ten cents per pas-
senger. No exchange tickets, nor reduced price for children.
There are two modes of taking fare in these cars, one by a
conductor, who notiiies each passenger in passing through the
car, and the other by means of a box, in which the passenger
must deposit the exact fare, the conductor remaining at the
entrance and giving the proper change or tickets as may be

desired.

76 PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

On the roads which have several routes, transfer passes are
given at some of the intersections, which carry the passenger
in other cars of the same company on the branch route. To
furnish the necessary information to strangers, a complete
list is given of all the street railroads, with the color of cars,
and the color of lights used at night.

Union Passenger Railway Company. Paek and Navy
Yard branch.— Yellow car, red light. Going east and south
— From Park entrance down Brown to Twenty-third, to Wal-
lace, to Franklin, to Eace, to Seventh, to Federal, to Front, to
Wharton. Going north and west — Along Wharton to Ninth, to
Spring Garden, to Twenty-third, to Park entrance.

EiCHMOND AND Baltimore Eailroad d^pot branch.
— Green car, green light. Going south and west — From dep6t,
Norris and Thompson streets, down Thompson to Marlbor-
ough, to Belgrade, to Frankford avenue, to Master, to Franklin,
to Eace, to Seventh, to Passyunk avenue, to Ellsworth, to Broad
and up to Baltimore depot. Going north and east — Up Broad
to Christian, to Ninth, to Spring Garden, near Germantown
Eailroad depot, to Seventh, to Oxford, to Fourth, to Norris,
passes North Pennsylvania Eailroad depot and Kensington
Trenton Eailroad dep6t, to Memphis, to York, to Thomp-
son, to dep6t, corner Norris.

Columbia avenue and Market street branch.— Eed
car, orange light. Gowig south and east — From depot. Twenty-
third and Columbia avenue, down Columbia avenue to Frank-
lin, to Eace, to Seventh, to Market, to Front. Going west and
,;^ori!^— Eeturn up Market to Ninth, to Spring Garden, near
Germantown Eailroad dep6t, to Seventh, to Columbia avenue,
to Twenty -third, to dep6t.

Spring Garden and Poplar street branch.— Eed (one-
horse) car, red light. Going east— From Park entrance down
Brown to Twenty-third, to Wallace, to Twenty-second, to
Spring Garden, passes near Germantown Eailroad depot, to
Seventh, to Poplar. Going tvest— Out Poplar to Twenty-ninth,
to Park entrance.

Cedar street branch. — Green car, green light. Going

PASSENGER RAILWAYS. ^ ^

nm-th—Fvom York up Cedar to Somerset, to Eichmond street.
Going south— Retuin by same route.

Christian street branch— Yellow car, red light. Going
north and west— From d6p5t, Seventh and McKean, to Ninth,
to Ellsworth, to Twenty-third, to Christian. Going east and
south— Down Christian to Seventh, to dep6t.

Jefferson street buai^cb..— Going east— Yiom dep6t.
Twenty-third and Columbia avenue, along Columbia avenue
to Twenty-fourth, to Jefferson, to Franklin, to Thompson, to
Front, to Columbia avenue. Going west—V^ Columbia ave-"
nue to Franklin, to Master, to Twenty-third, to dep6t.

Ridge Avenue Passenger Railway Company. Yellow car, red
light. Going south and ms^— From d6p5t, Thirty-second and
Eidge avenue, down Eidge avenue to Tenth, to Arch, to Second.
Going west and 7iorth—Vp Arch to Ninth, to Eidge av., to dep6t.
Manayunk branch.— Yellow car, yellow light; flag with
a white star in centre. Going north— Yiom dep8t. Thirty-
second and Eidge avenue, along Eidge avenue to Main street,
to Green lane. Going south— netmn over same route.

Second and Third streets Passenger Railway Company.
White cars, green light. Goi7ig south— Ymm depot, Frankford
road below Lehigh avenue, to Jefferson street, up Jefferson to
Second, down Second to Mifflin, up Mifflin to Third. Goiiig
y^or//i— Up Third to Germantown avenue, to Oxford, to Front,
up Front to Amber, to depdt.

Frankford branch.— White car, green light; in daytime
red flag. Going north— Vip Frankford avenue to Paul street,
to Arrott street. Eeturning down Main to Frankford avenue,
to depot, below Lehigh avenue.

North Pennsylvania Eailro ad depot branch.— Green
car, orange light. Going south— Vown Frankford avenue to
Huntingdon street, to Coral, to Cumberland, to Emerald, to
Dauphin, to Third, to Berks, passing North Pennsylvania
Eaiboad d6p5t, to Second, to Dock. Going north— To Third,
to Germantown avenue, to Oxford, to Third, to Berks, passing
North Pennsylvania Eailroad d6p6t, to Second, to York, to
Coral, to Cumberland, to Amber, to d6p6t.
7*

78 PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

Richmond branch. — Red car, red light. Going south—
Up Lehigh avenue to Richmond street, to Frankford avenue,
to Manderson, to Beach, to Laurel, to Delaware avenue, to
Fairmount avenue, to Second, to Dock, to Third. Going north
— Up Third to Brown, to Beach, to Manderson, to Frankford
avenue, to Girard avenue, to Norris, to Richmond street, to
Lehigh avenue, to depot, corner Edgemont street.

Bridesburg branch. — White car, white light. Going
north — Up Lehigh avenue to Richmond street, to Bridge, to
Washington. Going south — Over same route to d6p5t.

Front street branch. — White car, white light. Going
south — From Fairmount avenue, down New Market to Vine,
to Front, to Chestnut, Going north — Over same route.

Allegheny avenue branch. — Yellow car, white light.
Going north — From Lehigh avenue up Richmond street to
Allegheny avenue. Going south — Return by same route.

Cumberland street branch. — White car, white light.
Going north — From Richmond street up Cumberland to Am-
ber. Going south — Return by same route.

Frankford and Southwark Railway Company. Fifth and
Sixth streets. Yellow car, red light. Going south — From
dep6t, Kensington avenue and Cumberland street, down Ken-
sington avenue to Front, to Kensington-Trenton Railroad
depot, to Berks, to North Pennsylvania Railroad depot, to
Sixth to Jackson, to Fifth. Going north — ^Up Fifth to Berks,
passes North Pennsylvania and Kensington Railroad d6p&ts,
to Front, to Kensington avenue, to d6p&t corner Cumberland.

Lehigh and Powell street branch. — Green car, green
light. Going south — From dep6t up Kensington avenue to
Lehigh avenue, to Sixth street, down Sixth to Powell, to
Fifth. Going north — Up Fifth to Lehigh avenue, to Ken-
sington avenue, to d6p6t.

Frankford steam (dummy) branch. — Going n&rth —
From Kensington avenue dep5t up Kensington avenue to
Frankford road, to Arrott street dep5t. Going south — Return
over same route.

Germantown Passenger Railway Company. Fourth and

PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

Eighth streets. Yellow car, green light. Going south— Fvom
dep6t, Eighth and Dauphin streets, down Dauphin to Ger-
mantown avenue, to Fourth, to Dickinson, to Eighth. Going
north— V^ Eighth to Columbia avenue, to Seventh, to Susque-
hanna avenue, to d6p6t, Eighth and Dauphin.

Walnut steeet beanch.— Yellow car, green light. Go-
ing south— B&me route from depot to Walnut, to Eighth.
Going north — Up Eighth to dep6t.

Geemantown beanch.— Yellow car, green light. Going
north — From Dauphin up Eighth to Germantown avenue, to
Germantown. Going south — Return by same route.

GiEAED AVEKUE BEANCH.— Yellow Car, red light. Going
east—Fmm Thirty-first street along Girard avenue to Pal-
mer, to Beach, to Shackamaxon. Going west— Yrom Shack-
amaxon street along Girard avenue, crossing the bridge and
extending to Elm avenue, near Exhibition building.

Citizens Passenger Railway Company. Tenth and Eleventh
streets. Yellow car, green light. Going south— Fiom depot,
Tenth street and Montgomery avenue, down Tenth to Eeed,
to Eleventh. Going north— \J^ Eleventh to Diamond, to
Tenth, to depot corner Montgomery avenue.

Mifflin steeet beanch. — Yellow (one-horse) car, red
light. Going south— Dovfn Tenth to Mifflin, to Twelfth. Go-
ing north — Up Twelfth to Wharton, to Tenth.

Empire Passenger Railway Company. Twelfth and Six-
teenth streets. Yellow car, red light. Going south— Fmm dep5t,
Twelfth street and Montgomery avenue, down Twelfth to Whar-
ton, to Seventeenth, to Carpenter, to Sixteenth. Going north—
Up Sixteenth to Montgomery avenue, to depot corner Twelfth.
Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets Passenger Railway Com-
pany. Columbia avenue beanch. — Green car, green light.
Going north— From Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore
Railroad depot, at Broad street and Washington avenue, up
Broad to Carpenter, to Fifteenth, to Master, to Ridge avenue,
to Columbia avenue, to Thirteenth. Going south — Down Thir-
teenth, passing Reading Railroad depot at CallowUill street,
to Carpenter, to Broad, to depot above Washington avenue.

80 PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

NoERis STEEET BKAJSTCH. — Yellow Car, red light. Going
north — From Broad and Washington avenue to Carpenter, to
Fifteenth, to Columbia avenue, to Broad, to Norris, to Thir-
teenth. Going south — Down Thirteenth to Carpenter, to
Broad, to depot above Washington avenue.

North Broad street branch. — Yellow (one-horse) car.
red light. Going north — From Norris up Broad to New York
Eailroad Junction depot. Back over same route.

South Broad street branch. — Yellow car, red light.
Going south — From Baltimore Railroad depSt, above Washing-
ton avenue, down Broad, to Jackson. Return by same route.

Seventeenth and Nineteenth streets Passenger Railway
Company. Yellow car, red light. Going south — From depot,
Nineteenth and Master, up Nineteenth to Norris, to Seven-
teenth, to Carpenter, to Nineteenth. Going north — Up Nine-
teenth to dep6t.

Green and Coates Passenger Railway Company. Green car,
red light. Going east and south — From Fairmount avenue en-
trance of Park down Fairmount avenue to Twenty-second, to
Green, to Fourth, to Dickinson, to Eighth. Going north and
west — Up Eighth to Fairmount avenue, to the Park.

Walnut street branch. — Going east and south — From
Park entrance via Fairmount avenue and Fourth street to
Walnut, to Eighth. Going north and west — From Walnut up
Eighth to Fairmount avenue, and then west to Park entrance.

Delaware Eiver branch. — Green (one-horse) car, red
light. Going west — From Green up Beach to Fairmount
avenue, to Eighth. Going east — Return down Fairmount
avenue to Fourth, to Green, to Beach.

People's Passenger Railway Company. Callowhill street.
Yellow car, orange light. Going west — From Camden and At-
lantic steamboat wharf, Vine street and Delaware River,
along Vine to Fourth and York avenue, along York avenue
to Callowhill, to Park entrance and bridge at Schuylkill
River. Going east — Along same route from Schuylkill River,
to Front street, to Vine, to wharf.

Hestonvtile, Mantua and Fairmount Passenger Railroad.

PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

Yellow cars, red lights. Going east—Fvom d6p6t on Lancas-
ter avenue and Somerset street, along Lancaster avenue to
Haverford street, to Thirtieth, to Bridge street, over the bridge,
lower deck, to Callowhill, to Hamilton, to Twenty-second, to
Race, to Second, to Walnut, to Dock. Eeturning, going west,
via Third, to Vine, to Twenty-third, to Spring Garden, over
the bridge, upper deck, to Lancaster and Belmont avenues
and the Exhibition buildings.

Zoological Gardens branch. — Same route. From
Spring Garden street north on Thirty-fifth to Pennsylvania
Railroad bridge. Return over same route to Haverford and
Spring Garden streets.

Hestonville branch.— Green car, red light. Going west
—From dep6t, out Lancaster avenue to Fifty-second, Hes-
tonville, and along Fifty-second to Elm avenue and Park at
George's Hill. Going easi!— Return over same route.

Arch street branch.— Yellow car, green light. Going
east— Fvom dep6t, Twenty-sixth and Callowhill streets, down
Biddle street to Twenty-fifth, up Twenty-fifth to Spring Gar-
den, down to Twentieth, to Arch, to Second. Going west-—
Up Arch to Twenty-first street, to Callowhill, to depot.

West Philadelphia Passenger Railway Company. Market
street. Yellow car, red light. Going east—FYom depot, Forty-
first and Haverford streets, down Forty-first to Market, passes
Pennsylvania Railroad depot at Thirty-first, and down Market
to Front. Going west — Return over same route.

Haddington branch.— Green car, white light. Going
west— Out Haverford from Forty-first to Sixty-seventh. Go-
ing east — Return over same route.

Fairmount Park branch. — Blue car. Going north —
From depot, Haverford and Forty-first streets, up Forty-first
to Elm street, to main entrance. Going south — On Elm ave-
nue to Fortieth street, to Market, to Front, and returning to
Forty-first, to d6p6t.

Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, via Chestnut and
Walnut streets. Green cars, red lights. These cars, going
east, leave the dep8t near Forty-second street on Chestnut,

82 PASSENGER RAILWAYS.

pass West Chester Railroad d6p6t at Thirty-first street, and go
directly down Chestnut to Front street, and then through
Front to Walnut street, and near Pennsylvania Eailroad
freight d6p6t wharf. Going west along Walnut street to
Twenty-second, returning to Chestnut street, and back to the
depot, crossing all the streets from Second to Forty-first street.
Branch Line to International Exhibition, Fairmount
Park. — Yellow cars, orange light. Same routes on Chestnut
and Walnut streets. Turns northward at Thirty-second and
Chestnut streets ; up Thirty -second, near Pennsylvania Rail-
road dep6t, to Lancaster avenue, to Belmont avenue and Elm
avenue. Returning by same streets to Chestnut, etc.

Branch Line to Darby. — Red cars, white lights. Going
y,est — Same route on Walnut and Chestnut streets to Wood-
land avenue, by the avenue and Darby road to Darby, Dela-
ware county. Return same route. A single fare on this route
carries the passenger to or from Forty-first street and Wood-
land avenue. Fare to Darby, sixteen cents.

Branch Line to Mount Moriah Cemetery. — Blue cars,
white lights. Over same route to Mount Moriah lane and
cemetery. Returning, same route. Fare to Mount Moriah,
twelve cents.

Philadelphia and Gray's Ferry Railway Company— Spruce
and Pine. White car, red light. Going east— From Gray's
Ferry bridge, up Gray's Ferry road to Christian, down Chris-
tian to Twenty-third, to dep6t near Spruce, to Third, to Wal-
nut and Dock. Going west—Do^n Dock to Second, to Pine,
to Twenty-third, to Gray's Ferry road, to the bridge.

Schuylkill River Fairmount Park branch.— 6^ow^
west and north— Ssime route on Pine to Twenty-third, north to
Callowhill, to Twenty-fifth, to Green street Park entrance.
Going south— Down Twenty-fifth to Hamilton, to Twenty-
second, to Filbert, to Twenty-third, to Walnut, to Twenty-
second, to Spruce and east to Exchange.

United States Arsenal branch.— D6p6t Twenty-third
and Spruce streets. White car, red light. Boiite—&ame as
Gray's Ferry line, as far as the Arsenal.

PASSENGER RAIIiWAYS. 83

Lombard and South streets Passenger Railway Company.

D6pot Twenty -fifth and South streets. Yellow car, red light.
Going east — Through depot, Twenty-fifth street and South street
to Lombard, down Lombard to Front, to Dock, to Delaware
avenue. Going west — From Dock street and Delaware avenue
up Dock to Front, to South, to depot at Twenty-fifth and South.

Passyunk aven^ue BEAis^CH. — ^Eed car, red light. Going
south — From Fourth and Lombard, down Fourth to South, to
Passyunk avenue, to Juniper, to Snyder avenue, to depot,
west of Thirteenth. Going north — Down Snyder avenue to
Twelfth, to Dickinson, to Eighth, to Christian, to Fifth, to
Lombard, to Fourth.

West End Passenger Railway Company. Centennial
BEANCH. — Going north and west — From Baltimore avenue up
Fortieth to Lancaster avenue, to Forty-first, to Elm avenue,
around Fairmount Park to Belmont gate. Going east and
south — Eeturn by Elm avenue to Fortieth, to Lancaster ave-
nue, to Thirty-eighth, to Woodland avenue.

Zoological Gardens branch. — Going north — From
Thirty-ninth and Baltimore avenue along Baltimore avenue
to Fortieth, to Locust, to Thirty-sixth, to Powelton avenue, to
Thirty-fifth, to Zoological Garden. Going south — On Thirty-
fifth to Eadline street, to Thirty-third, to Walnut, to Thirty-
sixth, to Locust, to Thirty-eighth, to Woodland avenue, to
Baltimore avenue.

Manayunk and Roxborough Inclined Plane Passenger Rail-
way Company. Route — On Eidge avenue, from Barren Hill
to Wissahickon station on Eeading Eailroad, and return.

Continental Passenger Railway Company. Going south —
From d6p6t, north-west corner of Twentieth and Montgomery
avenue, down Twentieth to Eidge avenue, to South College
avenue, to Corinthian avenue, to Parrish, to Twentieth, to
Federal. Going north — Federal to Eighteenth, to Francis, to
Perkiomen, to Vineyard, to Eighteenth, to Montgomery ave-
nue, to Twentieth.

Filbert and Sansom streets branch. — Going east — On
Filbert street from Twentieth, to Seventh, south to Sansom.
Going west — Sansom from Seventh, to Eighteenth street.

84 FERRIES, ETC. — CARRIAGES AND HACKS.

FERRIES AND RIVER STEAMBOATS ON THE DELAWARE.
Ferries to New Jersey.

From upper side of Market street to Federal street, Camden.

From lower side of Market street to Market street, Camden.

From Vine street to Cooper's Point, Camden.

From South street, upper side, to Kaighn's Point, Camden.

From South street, lower side, to Gloucester.

From Shackamaxon street to Cooper's Point, Camden.
River Steamboat Lines.

For up-river towns and Bristol and Burlington, from Chest-
nut street wharf.

For Trenton and intermediate towns, from foot of Arch street.

For down-river towns and Chester and Wilmington, foot of
Chestnut street.

For Chester, New Castle, Delaware City and Salem, foot of
Arch street.

On the Schuylkill River.
For Zoological Gardens, Belmont, Centennial grounds,
Falls, Wissahickon and Manayunk, from wharf opposite
Coates street entrance to the Park.

CARRIAGES AND HACKS.

The following rules and charges are authorized by the city
government.

That the prices or rates of fare to be taken by or paid to
the owners or drivers of hackney carriages, unless otherwise
expressly and mutually agreed upon, shall be as follows, to
wit:

For carrying one passenger any distance not exceeding one
mile, the sum of seventy-five cents; two passengers, one dollar
and twenty-five cents; and for every additional passenger,
twenty-five cents.

For conveying one passenger any distance more than a mile,
and not exceeding two miles, one dollar and a quarter ; two
passengers, one dollar and seventy -five cents; and for every
additional passenger, twenty-five cents.

CARRIAGES AND HACKS.

For carrying a passenger any distance over two miles, for
any such additional mile or part of a mile, the sum of fifty
cents in addition to the fare for the first two miles, and for
every additional passenger, fifty cents.

For the use of a carriage from a public stand (commonly
called hackney carriages) by the hour, with one or two
passengers, for the purpose of going from place to place, and
stopping as often as may be required, one dollar and a half
per hour, and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents.
In all cases where the hiring of a hackney carriage is not
at the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to
be by the mile ; but in case the distance shall be more than
four miles, the rate to be charged for each additional mile
shall be fifteen cents for each passenger, as herein provided.
In all cases a mile shall be taken, and construed to mean,
twelve blocks of one hundred numbers on numbered streets.

Whenever any such carriage not engaged by the hour shall
be detained by the passenger or passengers, the owner or driver
shall be allowed at the rate of seventy-five cents per hour, in
addition to the rates hereby established.

For children between five and fourteen years of age half
price only is to be charged, and for children under five years
of age no charge is to be made, if not more than one such
child to each two grown persons.

Every driver or owner of a hackney carriage shall carry,
transport and convey in and upon his carriage, in addition to
the grown person or persons therein, one trunk, valise, saddle
bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau or box, not exceeding one hun-
dred pounds in weight, if requested to do so, without charge
or compensation therefor ; but for every such trunk or other
articles above named more than one for each passenger, he
shall be entitled to demand and receive six cents.

There shall be placed within every hackney carriage, in a
conspicuous place therein, at all times, a card which shall
contain the registered number of such carriage, the name
and residence of the owner thereof, and copies of the ninth,
tenth and eleventh sections of the ordinance for regulation
ef hacks, etc.

86 CAKRIAGES, EXPRESS AND TELEGRAPH^

That if any owner, driver or person having charge of ai:y
such carriage shall a&k or demand any greater sum than he
may be entitled to demand as herein set forth, he shall forfeit
all' claim for compensation for the services for which such
greater sum shall have been demanded ; and no owner, driver
or person aforesaid shall offer for employment any carriage
wherein the card mentioned in the tenth section of the or-
dinance shall not be placed.

It is an offence for the driver or person having charge of
a hackney carriage while unemployed at a stand to refuse to
convey persons and their baggage if application is made
for that purpose. The number of each carriage is required
to be placed on the centre panel of each door, and upon the

lamps.

About twelve squares may be counted as a mile, and may
be calculated as follows : From Chestnut street north to Girard
avenue or south to Federal street is one mile. From the Dela-
ware River to Twelfth street is one mile. From the Delaware
to the Schuykill is two miles.

Hotel omnibuses and stages will be found at most of the
railway stations, and the fare is less than in the hacks or
carriages, generally fifty cents for each passenger.
EXPRESS COMPANIES.
One of the great enterprises of the country is the introduc-
tion of express companies for the rapid forwarding of pack-
ages, trunks, merchandise and bullion. There is no State in
the Union but what enjoys the advantages of this rapid method
of shipment. Offices of the Adams Express and the Central
Express at 531 Chestnut street and Eleventh street near Mar-
ket. Reading Railroad Express office, 624 Chestnut street.
TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.
Philadelphia Local Telegraph Company. This company
will forward messages to any part of the city, the charge be-
ing twenty cents for a message of not over ten words. The
main office is 107 South Third street, but sub-offices may be
found in aU sections of the city.

TELEGRAPH COMPANIES BAGGAGE. 87

The Western Union Telegraph Company and the Atlantic
and Pacific Company are both in connection with all points
on the American continent, and also by cable with all parts
of the known world. Sub-offices may be found in all the
principal hotels, where a tariff of charges may be obtained.

The American District Telegraph. This invaluable insti-
tution has been largely adopted in Philadelphia. By the use
of a small instrument like a clock, fixed up in stores, offices
or dwellings, messengers are called from the nearest district
office in a very short space of time, and will be ready for any
duty with which they may be entrusted. If needed, a police-
man appears at the call of the instrument. Should a con-
flagration be threatened, another turn, and a fireman with
his extinguisher is at hand ready for service. The corps of
messenger boys employed by the District Telegraph Company
are well instructed to act a& guides, interpreters and messengers ;
prompt and active, they have become a public necessity. The
charge for their use varies from ten cents upward, depending
upon the distance to be travelled.

BAGGAGE.
Travellers will find the present system of baggage express
very convenient. Parties leaving the city can have their
trunks and packages called for at their hotels or residences,
and carried to railroad depots or steamboat wharves. The
general system is this: notice being given at the express office
or at a railroad general-ticket office (except the ticket offices
at the railroad depots or points of starting), the baggage will
be called for. If the traveller has purchased a ticket to his
point of destination, and produces the ticket at the baggage
express office, his baggage can be checked through to the
place of his destination upon a single check. This check
will be delivered by the express carriers when they receive
the trunk or article to be sent, and upon payment of the ex-
press charges. If the traveller is stopping at a hotel, the
through- check will be left with the clerk, or the traveller
himself if he should happen to be present when the baggage

88 BAGGAGE.

is called for. Under such conditions the traveller is relieved
from all anxiety upon account of his baggage when he arrives
at the railroad or other dep6t. He may take his seat and
proceed on his journey. All that he will have to do will be
to present his baggage check to the baggage master when he
arrives at the point of destination.

If the traveller who goes to the express office, and who
makes arrangements for the carrying of his baggage, should
not happen to have his ticket with him, he may leave an
order for the carriage of his baggage from his hotel or resi-
dence to the railroad depot or steamboat wharf in this city.
When his baggage is received and charges paid, he will re-
ceive a claim-check corresponding in number to the check
upon the article to be carried. In that case it is his duty to be
at the depot sufficiently long before the starting-time to go to
the baggage-master and exchange his city express claim-check
for a check to carry his article to his destination. In that
case also he must bear in mind that his baggage will not be
checked through unless he produces his passage ticket.

There are two principal baggage express companies in
Philadelphia, and in addition orders for expressing baggage
w411 be taken at the railroad ticket offices (except dep&t
offices) upon the purchase of a ticket at any of such offices.
The general rule is the same at all offices as we have above
described.

The Union Transfer Baggage Express office is at the S. E.
corner of Ninth and Chestnut street, in the Continental Hotel.
This office carries baggage to and from the city dep5ts, and
gives through-checks, under the regulations above mentioned,
to any city, town or station upon the line of the following
railroads : Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, Philadelphia,
Wilmington and Baltimore, Eeading, Baltimore Central,
Camden and Atlantic and West Chester, and upon all roads
connected with them for stations on which tickets are sold.

Mann's North Pennsylvania Eailroad Express, S. W. cor-
ner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, carries baggage to and from
the North Pennsylvania Eailroad dep6t, and to anv other

SPECIAL TICKET OFFICES, ETC.

dep6t when ordered ; gives througli-checks, tickets being pre-
viously bought, upon the North Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley,
New Jersey Central, and New York and Erie Railroads.

Tickets for the railroads named are sold at the baggage ex-
press office. They are also sold at the various d6p6ts of the
railroad companies and at special offices established by the
railroad companies as follows :

SPECIAL TICKET OFFICES.
Pennsylvania Railroad, S. E. corner Broad and Chestnut
street, 116 Market street.

Reading, St. Elmo Hotel, 317 Arch, 624 Chestnut, 732

Chestnut.

Baltimore and Ohio, 700 Chestnut.

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, 700 Chestnut.

Camden and Atlantic (for Atlantic City), Broad and Chest-
nut 4 Chelton avenue, Germantown.

West Jersey (for Cape May), Broad and Chestnut, 116
Market, 4 Chelton avenue, Germantown.

New York and Erie, 732 Chestnut.

North Pennsylvania, 732 Chestnut.

Lehigh Valley, 732 Chestnut.

RAILROAD PASSENGER DEPOTS.
Pennsylvania, Market and Thirty-first, for Southern, West-
ern and New York lines ; Broad street and connecting railroad
junction for New York lines; Kensington d^pdt, Front and
Berks, for Northern Pennsylvania, Northern New Jersey and
New York lines ; Market street wharf, Delaware avenue, for
East, West and North New Jersey, Cape May and New York

lines. ^ ,

Philadelphla,Wilmington and Baltimore, N.W. corner Broad

and Washington avenue, for Baltimore, Washington and the
South and West.

Reading, N. W. corner of Thirteenth and CallowhiU, lor
the North and West; N. E. corner Ninth and Green, for Ger-
mantown, Norristown, etc.
8 *

90 RAILROAD DEPOTS— RAILROADS.

North Pennsylvania, corner of Berks and American streets,
for the North and West.

West Chester, Chestnut and Thirty-first.

Camden and Atlantic, wharf, Vine street and Delaware
avenue.

West Jersey (Cape May), Market street wharf.

RAILROADS.
The Pennsylvania Railroad. The city of Philadelphia owes
much of its progress in recent years to the rapid extension of
this road, which, by its connections with all sections of the
United States, presents facilities for rapid transit and commu-
nication which are unequalled by any other city in the Union.
The offices of the president and directors and chiefs of execu-
tive departments of this road are in a very large marble build-
ing situated at the south-east corner of Fourth street and Wil-
ling's alley, below Walnut street, each department having its
separate suite of offices, and managed with a most admirable
system. The total number of miles of road operated and
controlled by the Pennsylvania Eailroad is estimated at over
two thousand, with one thousand locomotives, half as many
first-class passenger cars, and over twenty-five thousand freight
cars, used in transporting grain, cotton, petroleum and mer-
chandise. The workshops of the company are located at
Jersey City, Altoona, Johnstown and other points, and are
very extensive and complete. The total assets of the com-
pany have been placed as high as one hundred and eighty
millions of dollars, and the creditable management of its
finances has retained the values of its stock through all the
depression of the past few years. The principal passenger
dep8t of the road is located on Market street, in West Phila-
delphia, across the Schuylkill. While nothing can be said
in praise of the style of the depot itself, which is not very
creditable to the road, yet the amount of travel in every
direction occasions daily a busy scene well worthy the atten-
tion of visitors. There are track accommodations here for
over ten thousand freight cars, and there is but little time

KAILROADS. ^1

lost between the arriyal and departure of the numerous trains^
The principal freight d6p3ts occupy the block of ground
bounded by Market, Filbert, Fifteenth and &xteenth streets
and at Delaware ayenue and Dock street, extending to Water
street and north to Walnut. Passenger d6p8ts at Market and
Thirty-first streets, Kensington, Front and Berks streets, and
Market street wharf, Delaware avenue.

The PennsyWauia Railroad was chartered on the ISt^^ »f ^P"''
1S4B with power to build a railroad from Harnsburg to Pittsburg
Tht rTute of travel and transportation between Philadelphia and
PittsbuTwas, after the days of the Conestoga wagon, opened by
failroad aid canal. In 1828 the Columbia and Portage railroads
were authorized to be built, the intervening links of communication
were a"*""™^ '^^^ Columbia Kailroad was projected to

SCrPhifaddpta, ^0 miles, to the town of Columbia, upon
thfsusquehanna Eiver. From this place the east division of he
Pennsylvania Canal extended 172 miles to Ho lidaysburg. At he
fatter place the Portage Railroad, 36 miles in length, mounted the
A ShanTes by a series of inclined planes, and descending on the west
fermSated at Johnstown, from which there was canal navigation 104
mnrttpittsburg. Ap'ait of the Columbia ^-Iroadwa. opened
in 1831. The whole hne was ready for use in 1834 Twelve years
exnerience of this method of communication, and the belief that
n^nering skill might build a railroad which could scale the Alle-
shinies led to the project of the Pennsylvania Eailioad. It was
fonsWed'with gre'at tapidity, and when opened soon l«oame a
o-reat route of travel. The State works became unprofitalDle. Ac
oulshions weve made of new links, until finally the whole of the
irnnsvlvaria State line of railroad between Columbia and Phila-
delphfa, as well as the canals west of Columbia, became the property
of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The offices of this road
are also located on Fourth street, at the north-east corner of
WiUing's alley, immediately opposite those of the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad. The magnificent building is of brown stone,
and very thoroughly adapted for the use of the company in
its various departments. The Reading Railroad ha« its special
connections with the principal points in the coal region, and
from there, and through its means, this gi-eat source of wealth
is distributed to all sections of the United States. The com-

92 RAILROADS.

pany owns and controls over fourteen hundred miles of road,
has over four hundred locomotives, over sixteen thousand
coal cars, thirty-six hundred freight cars, and two hundred
and twenty-five passenger cars. The passenger and freight
depots of this road are located at Thirteenth and Callowhill
streets and Ninth and Green streets. Coal d6p6ts at Port
Richmond.

The improvement of the navigation of the river Schuylkill was a
favorite subject of interest with the people of Philadelphia before
the Revolution. Various schemes of slack-water and canal naviga-
tion were discussed and abandoned. The Union Canal Company,
chartered in 1811, was intended to extend by way of the Schuylkill
River to Reading, and by practicable routes to the Susquehanna.
The Schuylkill JSTavigation Company, chartered in 1814, was so far
finished in 1818 as to allow the descent of boats. It was 108
miles in length, and extended to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill county.
When the value of anthracite as a fuel became sufficiently acknow-
ledged to allow the commencement of a trade in the article, the
Schuylkill Navigation Company was found to have its terminus in
the coal regions, and soon began to enjoy a very profitable trade. It
may be said that from. 1830 to 1842 it had the monopoly of the coal
business of the Schuylkill valley. The Reading Railroad Company
was chartered on the 4th of April, 1833, to build a railroad from
Philadelj)hia to Reading. There were many discouragements and
difficulties, and it was eleven years after the charter was obtained
before the railroad was finished from Pottsville to Philadelphia. On
the 8th day of January, 1842, the road was opened. Seventy-five
cars, with two thousand one hundred and fifty persons, music and
banners, were drawn to the city by a single engine, while a train of fifty-
two burden cars, with one hundred and eighty tons of coal, followed;
and when they reached the city, a grand procession marched through
the streets of Philadelphia. For some years the contest between the
Reading Railroad Company and the Schuylkill Navigation Company
was very earnest, but finally the locomotive won ; and by lease the
Reading Railroad Company became possessed of the works of the Nav-
igation Company, which are now operated in the interest of the former.

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The

oflices of this road are located at the passenger and freight
depot, on Broad street near Washington avenue. As it is the
direct connecting link between New York and Washington,
the travel over its line is very large. Length of track, one

RAILROADS.

hundred and ninety-two miles, with sixty-one daily trains,
employing one hundred and fifteen passenger cars and twelve
hundred and fifty freight cars.

This raih-oad company was formed of four companies incorporated
in Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland in 1831 and 1832. Each
of these companies laid out its line of travel in such a way as to
connect with the others, hut each one managed its affairs m its
own method, and proceeded to its work without consultation with the
others The deo-rees of success in obtaining subscription and building
the roads were not equal, and finally, in 1838, they were consohdated
under the title now borne by the corporation. The through tracks
were opened for use in 1838. The first passenger and freight depot
in Philadelphia was built at the south-east corner of Eleventh and
Market streets in 1842. The present depot at Broad and Washington
avenue is 150 feet wide by 400 feet deep, and was completed and
occupied in May, 1852.

North Pennsylvania Railroad. The office of the main de-
partments of this company is in a large brownstone building
on the north side of Walnut street above Fourth street, and is
well adapted to its business. The passenger and freight d6p5t
of this road is located at Berks and American streets, and is
in direct communication with all parts of the city by means
of street-cars. There is a large freight d6p6t at Front and Cal-
lowhill streets. This road is a favorite line of travel for plea-
sure-seekers, reaching, as it does, some of the most picturesque
portions of the State. Length of road, 85 miles. There are

23 daily passenger trains, 47 locomotives, 48 passenger cars
and over 1000 freight cars in use.

This company was originally chartered as the Philadelphia,
Easton and Water Gap Railroad Company. Its name was changed
to the North Pennsylvania Railroad Company April, 1853. The
road was finished to Bethlehem and the Lehigh Valley in 1857.

Camden and Atlantic Railroad. Although this road is
located in New Jersey, a very large proportion of its travel is
via Philadelphia, the connection being by boat from foot of
Vine street. Its principal terminus is Atlantic City, a bathing-
place of much celebrity. The road is 67 miles in length, with

24 daily trains arriving and departing in the summer season,
employing 55 passenger and 115 freight cars.

94 RAILROADS.

West Jersey Railroad. Main office in Camden, connecting
by ferry-boat from Market street wharf. This road is also
connected with a celebrated bathing-place known as Cape
May, and during the summer term its entire capacity is put
to the test.

The West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad has its office
and dep5t at Chestnut and Thirty -first streets. It extends
from the city through a finely-cultivated country in Delaware
and Chester counties to West Chester, the capital of the latter.
The length of the road is 26 miles. It has 9 engines, 20 pas-
senger cars and 53 freight cars.

The Lehigh Valley Railroad. This company has no termi-
nus in Philadelphia, but its main office of business has always
been in this city, its projectors and original stockholders be-
ing in large proportion Philadelphians. It occupies the
large building at the south-west corner of Willing's alley and
Third street, below Walnut street, which was originally built
for and occupied for many years by the Pennsylvania Kail-
road Company.

The Lehigh Valley Eailroad Company was originally incorporated
under the name of the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susque-
hanna Railroad Company. The name was changed January 7,
1853. The road was completed and put into operation in October,
1855. The office of the company was moved to Philadelphia in
1856.

CHAPTER V.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN USE BY THE CITY.

INDEPENDENCE SQUABE AND HALL AND ADJOINING

BUILDINGS.

WHAT is known as Independence Square is the block of
gtound extending from the south side of Che^^^^^^
to the north side of Walnut street between Fifth and Six^h
streets There are several buildings upon it, viz, the om
tT^oL or Independence Hall, ^ --^^.^"t^e
edifice in the ante-Eeyolutionary style of architecture, the
wings east and west of the main building, which are occupied
by courts and public offices ; the City Hal , south-west corne
of Chestnut and Fifth streets, occupied by the mayor and other
city officers; the county court-house building, ^''"th-east cor-
neTof Sixth and Chestnut streets, occupied by courts and the
Highway Department of the city; the Quarter Sessions court-
holeadloinlig the latter on the east side of Sixth street and
the haU of the^American Philosophical Society west side of
Fifth street below Chestnut street, adjoining the City Hall
which is occupied in the second story by the library and
museum of that society, and in the lower story by courts and
offices. The portion of Independence Square not occupied
by these buildings is laid out as a public enclosure, and has
many fine old trees upon it, some of which are ante-Eevolu-
- tionary and believed to be portions of the original natural
forest growth.
INDEPENDENCE HALL, OR THE OLD STATE-HOUSE.
Independence Hall is perhaps better known to the citizens
of the United States than any other building withm the bor-

INDEPENDENCE HALL.

Independence HAiiL.

ders of Philadelphia. The events connected with our early
history as a nation culminated in the declaration of our
national independence by the Second Continental Congress,
sitting in the east room, first floor. The hall is open to vis-
itors from 9 A. M. to 3 P. M., and since its restoration presents
much the same appearance as during the signing of the Decla-
ration, the tables and chairs being the identical pieces of
furniture used at that time. There will also be found in this
room portraits of the signers, either original or faithful copies,
in many instances donated by their descendants or secured
by purchase, a fund for that purpose having been appropri-
ated by the city. In the south tower of the building will be
found the old Liberty Bell, the first to peal the song of Liberty
to the New World. Admission will be granted by the super-
intendent to the steeple, from which an extended view may
be had of the city and the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill.

NATIONAL MUSEUM — INDEPENDENCE HALL. 97

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The western room on the first floor, formerly the Judicial
Hall of the colony of Pennsylvania, and afterward used by
city and county courts, has been arranged as a National
Museum ; and although but recently completed, it contains an
interesting collection of relics connected with our early Colo-
nial and Eevolutionary history. Among the most important of
these relics is the original charter of the city of Philadelphia,
with Penn's signature and the great seal of the State, also
West's painting of the treaty with the Indians, and portraits
of King William, Queens Mary and Anne, and Kings George
I., II. and III., with whom terminated the royal authority in
this country. A very curious and valuable collection of one
hundred and thirty-four portraits, taken from life, and beau-
tifully executed by Sharpless, an Englishman, attract much
attention. They were painted between 1790 and 1800, and
include Washington and Mrs. Washington, John Adams, Jef-
ferson, Mr. Madison and many others of distinction. There
will also be found here autograph letters, curious old furni-
ture, china ware, newspapers, magazines, books, clothing, etc.,
illustrating the Colonial and Eevolutionary period. The
National Museum is open to visitors without charge from 9
A. M. to 12 P. M, In front of the building, on Chestnut street,
is a marble statue of Washington by J. A. Bailly, erected by
pupils of the public schools of Philadelphia. The second
story of the hall is used at the present time for the meetings
of the Select and Common Councils.

The venerable building known to our fathers as the State-house
has of late years been called Independence Hall, from the fact that
in that building, on the second of July, 1776, the Second Continental
Congress adopted the resolution of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia,
" that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and in-
dependent States ; and that all political connection between us and the
state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." This
resolution had been introduced by Mr. Lee on the seventh of June,
and a committee appointed to consider it and the terms of a declara-
tion to that effect. It consisted of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John
9 G

INDEPENDENCE HALL.

Adams of Massachusetts, Beujamin Franklin of Pennsylvania Roger
Sherman of Connecticut and Robert R Lvytngston of N » ^^-^^ 'I-
I ee ou.'ht to have been a member and chairman of this committee,
l:t bTfng called away suddenly on -onnt of the i Incss ol h. wi e
lie was absent from Congress on the eleventh of June and Jeflerson
was appointed in his stead as a representative of Virgm a Congress
postponed ail action upon L-Wesolntion until the^ first rf

same day the draft
of a declaration of
independence was
reported by Mr. Jef-
ferson, as chairman
of the committee.
The resolution of
independence being
adopted on the sec-
ond, the form of the
declaration was de-
bated on the third
and fourth, upon
which latter day it
was adopted. This
was in secret ses
sion, and nothing
was publicly known
of the adoption of
the declaration un-
til the next day. It
was not read to the
peoi)le until Mon-
day the eighth of
Ju'ly. The reading
took place from an
observatory in the
State-house square,
erected by the
American Phil o-
sophical Society in
1769 for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus The reader
was John Nixon, a member of the Council of Safety of Penn^
svlvania. Many important historical events have been connected
wi^h the history of this building, but the adoption ot the reso-
Tution and of the Declaration of Independence there has rendered

INDEPENDENCE HALL. 9&

it a consecrated spot in the affections of the American people, and
one of great respect and interest to the people of the world.

The State-house owes its erection to the necessities of the province
of Pennsylvania, and to a recognition by the Assembly of the pro-
priety of constructing some permanent building in which to hold
its own sessions, and to accommodate the courts and public offices
of the colony. After the settlement of the colony by the Eng-
lish, the Assembly of Pennsylvania met in various places, among
them the Quaker meeting-house, in private houses belonging to
citizens, in the school-room of Thomas Makin from 1698 to 1705, and
probably after. It is supposed that the Assembly met in the court-
house of the city and county of Philadelphia, which was built in
the middle of Market street, on the line of the western side of
Second street, in the year 1709. In 1729 the Assembly appropriated
£10,000 for the purpose of building a State-house. Under this author-
ity several lots of ground were purchased upon Chestnut street
between Fifth and Sixth streets, and upon the two latter streets
halfway to Walnut street. The main building was commenced in
the summer of 1732, according to the architectural plans of Andrew
Hamilton, who was speaker of the Assembly and chairman of the
committee to which the erection of the building was entrusted. By
the original plan the centre building only was proposed; but on
March twenty-fourth, 1733, two buildings for offices were author-
ized to be constructed, one on each side of the main building. They
were each two stories in height, with hip-roofs, and stood at some
distance from the State-house. Access to the upper stories of these
offices was had by means of arched piazzas set back from the lines
of the principal buildings, in which were stairs leading to the rooms.
The Assembly sat in a house which was upon the property when
bought, probably from 1730 until October, 1735, when the State-
house was first occupied. It was not finished at that time. Work
went, on slowly, and it was not until 1741 that the building was con-
sidered to be completed. At that time it presented the elevation
merely of the building, without tower or steeple. In February, 1750,
the Assembly authorized the erection of a building " on the south
side of the State-house, to contain a staircase, with a suitable place
for hanging a bell." This included the tower which is the founda-
tion of the present steeple. A bell was directed to be obtained in
October, 1751. A few days later, Isaac Norris, speaker of the Assem-
bly, wrote to Robert Charles of London, authorizing him to purchase
for the use of the province a good bell of about 2000 pounds weight.
And he said: " Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and ex-
amined carefully before it is shipped, with the following words in
large letters shaped around it, viz. :

LofC.

100

INDEPENDENCE^ HALT.

-BY ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENN-
SYLv!Lr"B THE STATE-HOnSE IN THE CiTY OF PHI.ADEL-

'" A;runderneath, ' Proclaim Liberty thro.ohout all the

LAND TO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF.' Lev XXV. 10

The bell was cast at Whitechapel, London. It weighe^ 2080
pounds It was received in Philadelphia about the end of Au^us
Im. upon trying the tone it was -^ortunately^crac^^^^^^^^

mined to send it
back to London to
have it recast; but
before this Avas
done, Pass and
Stow, brass-found-
ers of Philadelphia,
undertook to recast
the bell, and suc-
ceeded about the
beginning of April.
1753. These found-
ers had put too
much copper in the
metal prepared for
the bell ; and when
it was tried, the
tone was unsatis-
THE Liberty Beli.. factory. The bell

was broken up again and recast by Pass and Stow, and was Placed
in the steeple about the beginning of June, 1753. This bell bore
the inscriptions ordered by Isaac Norris for the original bell, and
upon he'^eighth of July, 1776, its tones fulfilled the command
'proclaim liberty throughout the land." The be 1 was kept m the
toler. It was taken down and removed to Bethlehem upon the
apTroach of the British army in 1777, and returned after the evac-
uation of the city. In 1781 the upper part of the steeple, having
become decayed and dangerous, was taken down by order ol he
Assembly. The tower was covered with a hip-roof, from which
roseTshort spire with weathercock. A small belfry was erected m
front fn whfch a bell was hung and used for public occasions
TMs was the old bell which had been used by the Assembly to call
the members together long before the State-house was bmlt Jn
1828 a new steeple was erected upon the tower which was sixty feet
aigher than that which was finished in 1753, but m architectural ap-

INDEPENDENCE HALL. 10^

pearance was made to resemble the old steeple as nearly as possible,
i much larger bell was procured, which was cast by J, Wilbank and
weio-hed 4275 pounds. It did not give satisfaction. Mr. Wilbank re-
placed it with another, weighing 4600 pounds. That bell was crax^ked,
and was replaced by another, which has hung in the State-house
steeple for forty-five years, used to announce the hours by the clock,
as a signal fire-bell and rung on public occasions.

The liberty bell was used after the first steeple was taken down
only upon particular occasions. It was rung in honor of the news
of the passage of the act of the British Parliament emancipating the
Catholics in 1828. It was rung on the 22d of February, 1832, m
honor of the centennial anniversary of the birth of Washington. It
was cracked upon the morning of July 8, 1835, whilst being tolled
in memory of Chiei-Justice Marshall, who had died in Philadelphia
on the fitii of that month, and whose remains were being removed,
attended by Councils and many citizens to the steamboat wharf, to
be transported to their last resting-place in Richmond, Yirgima.
The bell thus cracked is believed to have been used on after-occa-
sions which increased the fracture. It became hopelessly useless
after having been tried upon the celebration of Washington s birth-
day February 22, 1843. At the time when the convention of dele-
gates from the thirteen original States was held for the purpose of
concerting measures for the erection of a monument in Independence
Square to commemorate the Declaration of Independence, the bell
was removed from its framework in the tower and placed upon a
temporary pedestal in Independence Hall. Afterward a handsome
wooden pedestal, with emblematic carvings and decorations, was
prepared, upon which the bell was placed, and remained until 18/3,
when the National Museum was fitted up in the west rooni, first
story, which immediately before that time had been occupied by the
Common Pleas Court. v -d +

The clock originally used at the State-house was made by Peter
Stretch, a city watch- and clock-maker, in 1759. The dials were dis-
played at the eastern and western ends of the State-house building,
showin- beneath the gables, with clock-faces, and an imitation of an
old-fashioned standing eight-day clock-case, which extended to the
ground This clock was sold, together with the old bell, which had
belonged to the province, to the Roman Catholic church of St.
Augustine, in Fourth street below Vine. The bell was placed m
the cupola, and the clock in the tower showed the time to the neigh-
borhood. Both clock and bell were destroyed when the church was
burned in 1844. A new clock was made for the steeple, erected in
1828-29, by Isaiah Lukens, a watch- and clock-maker of the city.
When the State-house was sufficiently finished to be occupied, the

102 INDEPENDENCE HALL.

Assembly took possession of the east room on the first floor about
the years 1735-36. The west room, first floor, was appropriated to
the Supreme Court of the province, but was not ready for oecupaney
until some years after the Assembly had been occupying the build-
ing. The upper portion of the main building was probably occu-
pied for offices. One room was reserved for the purpose of a ban-
queting-room, and was generally a place of festivity on the arrival
of new lieutenant-governors or proprietaries.

When the Second Congress came to Philadelphia, in 1775, the assem-
bly-room was occupied by that body, which remained there until the
declaration of independence and under tlie confederation, with the
exception of the time when the British occupied the city, until the
removal to Princeton in 1783. The Assembly of the State of Penn-
sylvania during this time must have found accommodation in some
other room than the east room. Probably the west room on the first
floor was occupied by the Assembly without interference with the Su-
preme Court, which was not reorganized and in working order until
the summer of 1777. The Supreme Court followed Congress in the oc-
cupation of the east room, whilst the Mayor's Court occupied the west
room. The District Court of the city and county, created in 1811,
sat in the east room for some years. About 1823-24 it was resolved
to restore the east room as nearly as possible to its ancient appearance,
much of the wainscoting having been torn out and alterations made.
The hall thus restored has generally been kept open for examina-
tion by the curious and patriotic, although for a short period, some
years ago, the Supreme Court was brought back again to the old
chamber.

In Independence Hall have been many notable receptions of
eminent men. Among them were Lafayette upon his last visit to
America in 1824, Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, Polk,
Taylor, Pierce, Lincoln, Henry Clay, General Winfield Scott, and

others.

The bodies of prominent statesmen, in transportation to their places
of burial, have frequently been laid in state within that chamber.
Among them were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Abraham Lin-
coln, and many soldiers who fell on the battle-fields of the rebellion.

The upper part of the State-house building, from 1802 to 1828-29,
was occupied by Peale's museum of natural history and art. In
1816 the State of Pennsylvania sold the State-house and buildings
and the whole square to the city of Philadelphia, under the trust
that it should be used for public purposes. The corridor and offices
at the wings were torn down, and the present office wings were
erected for the use of the county clerks and officers. The United
States Circuit and District Courts occupied the second-story west

INDEPENDENCE HAEL.

103

room from 1828-29 until about 1854. In the latter year, the city and
districts having been consolidated, the City Councils, which had for
many years occupied the second story of the City Hall at Fifth and
Chestnut streets, took possession of the upper stories of the State-
house and fitted up two chambers for their accommodation.

The State-house and yard have been during more than a century
the scene of stirring events. In addition to the national memories
connected with the Continental Congress and the War of Inde-
pendence, it was the chief place where the people thronged in case
of any excitement or rejoicing. Here, in 1752, the king's birthday
was celebrated by a ball and supper. In 1754 Governor Eobert
Hunter Morris also gave a ball and supper at the same place. Here
were given many famous banquets; for instance, to Governor Denny
in 1736, to the Earl of Loudon in 1757, to Richard Penn in 1771 and
1773, to John Penn in 1773, and to the First Continental Congress in
1774' which had met at Carpenters' Hall at the end of the session.
Meetings to protest against the Stamp Act and the acts laying duties
on paper, tea, etc., and meetings of consultation after the battle of
Lexington, at which it was determined to resist British oppression with
arms, were held at the State-house. In later years, political affairs,
and patriotic, national. State and municipal concerns, have been the
subjects of many meetings of great size and enthusiasm, which were
held at the State-house and in front of the edifice. For many years
the building was the place of annual elections, and thousands of
citizens collected around the windows, which were used for polling-
places, or traversed the walks of the square, alive with interest, ex-
citement and anxiety as to the success or defeat of rival can-
didates, and as to the triumph or misfortunes of principles which
were then considered of paramount importance.

During the battle of Germantown the State-house was made a

hospital and prison. The American wounded and taken prisoners

were carried to that building. Such of them as were uninjured

were confined in some of the rooms, and the sick and wounded were

treated by British surgeons wherever they happened to be. The

British surgeons attended first to their own soldiers, and the wounded

Americans were compelled to wait in suffering and agony. Deborah

Logan, a daughter of James Logan, once secretary of Penn, member

of the Provincial Council and Chief-Justice of Pennsylvania, thus

describes the scene: ''Toward evening many wagons full of the

wounded arrived in the city, whose groans and sufferings were

enough to move the most inhuman wretch to pity. The American

prisoners were carried to the State-house lobbies, and had, of course,

to wait until the British surgeons had dressed the wounds of their

own men. But in a very short time the streets were filled with the

104 OLD CONGRESS HALL AND COURT-HOUSE.

women of the city, carrying up every kind of refreshments which
they might be supposed to want, with lint and linen and lights in
abundance for their accommodation. A British officer stopped one
of these women in my hearing, and not ill-natured but laughingly
reproved her for so amply supplying the rebels, while nothing was
carried to the English hospitals. ' Oh, sir,' replied she, ' it is in your
power fully to provide for them, but we cannot see our own country-
men suffer and not do something for them.' "

Here, in July, 1778, Conrad Alexander Gerard, the first minister
sent by France after the alliance with the American colonies, which
treaty was the harbinger of ultimate triumph and independence,
was received by Congress with formal and stately ceremonies;
and here, on the third of November, 1781, twenty-four British
standards and colors taken from the army under Cornwallis, which
had surrendered at Yorktown, were laid at the feet of Congress
amidst the shouts of the people and volleys of musketry, for they
had been escorted to the door of the State-house by the volunteer
cavalry of the city, and greeted by the huzzas of the people.

OLD CONGRESS HALL AND THE COURT-HOUSE
BUILDING.

The building at the south-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut
streets is now occupied in the first story on Chestnut street by
the Commissioners of the Highway Department as an office.
The first story south room is in use by the Court of Quarter
Sessions. The north and soutli rooms, second story, are occu-
pied by Common Pleas Court No. 4.

At the corners of Fifth and Sixth streets, on Chestnut street, on the
State-house square, before the Revolution, large wooden sheds were
put up. One of them Avas used principally as a place of shelter for
the deputations of the Indians which frequently visited the city.
The other was sometimes devoted to storage. The Assembly of the
province granted these corner lots some time before the Revolution
to the city and county of Philadelphia. The lot at the corner of
Sixth and Chestnut streets was intended to be used for court-houses,
and the lot at Fifth and Chestnut streets for a city hall. Work
upon the court-house at Sixth and Chestnut streets was commenced
in 1787, and it was finished about 1790. Work upon the city hall
was commenced in 1790, and it was finished in 1791. • The occupancy
of the building at Sixth and Chestnut streets was given to Congress
between 1790 and 1800, and that body occupied it entirely. The
House of Representatives sat in the south room on the first floor,

CITY Ai\D PHILOSOPHICAL HALLS.

105

the Senate in the south room second floor. There was no door on
Sixth street at that time, as the case is now. A hall or entry ran from
the front door on Chestnut street to the entry containing the stair-
ways. Offices were on each side of the hall and in the second story,
and thev were occupied by oflicers and committees of Congress.

In the chamber of the House of Representatives, President Wash-
ington was inaugurated in 1793 for the second term, and John Adams
as Vice-President ; and President Adams and Jefferson as Vice-Presi-
dent in 1797. After Congress removed from Philadelphia, the build-
ing was in use for court-rooms, as originally intended. The courts of
Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas occupied the south room in the
first story. The United States District and Circuit Courts had the south
room in the second story. Subsequently the arched entrance from
Sixth street was opened, the partitions forming the entry from Chest-
nut street in the first story were taken down, and court-rooms made
in the first and second stories fronting on Chestnut street. These
were used by the Supreme Court, Court of Nisi Prius, Common Pleas
and District Courts for the city and county of Philadelphia.

THE CITY HALL.
The building at the south-east comer of Fifth and Chestnut
streets is occupied on the first floor as the Central Police Sta-
tion, and by the offices of Chief of Police, Detective Depart-
ment, Police Captains, Fire Marshal and the central office
of the Police and Fire Alarm Telegraph. The second story
is the general and private office of the Mayor, and office of the
clerks of City Councils.

The City Hall building was occupied, while the Federal Govern-
ment was in Philadelphia, by the Supreme Court of the United States,
under authority of the Chief- Justices John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth
with their associate justices ; also by the United States Circuit Court,
and by the United States District Court, of which Francis Hopkin-
son, William Lewis and Richard Peters were judges. The Mayor's
Court for the city was held in the south room, first story. City Coun-
cils sat there from the time of the construction of the building until
the consolidation of the city and districts in 1854.

PHILOSOPHICAL HALL.
Although the Hall of the American Philosophical Society
is the property of that association, yet being situate on Inde-
pendence Square, and being partially leased by the city for

106 QUARTER SESSIONS COURT NEW CITY HALL.

public purposes, it may be properly described here. The
two court-rooms of Common Pleas Court JS'o. 1 are on the first
story. The society occupies the upper stories entirely.

The lot upon which the Philosophical Hall is built was granted
to the society by the Commonwealth in 1785, and the building was
erected in 1787. The American Philosophical Society takes its
origin from the Junto, an association established in 1743 by Dr.
Benjamin Franklin, Nicolas Scull, subsequently surveyor-general
of the province, George Webb, one of the early poets of Pennsyl-
vania, and others. From this association, in May, 1743, originated
the American Philosophical Society. Another society, called the
American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, was founded in
1766. The two were united in 1769, under the title of " The Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for Promoting
Useful Knowledge." The first president of the society was Ben-
jamin Franklin. He was succeeded by David Rittenhouse, the
astronomer, Thomas Jefferson, afterward President of the United
States, Prof Caspar Wistar, Prof Robert Patterson, Chief- Justice
William Tilghman, and others.

THE WINGS.

The east wing of the State-house is occupied in the first
story by ofiices of the Sheriff and Prothonotary of Supreme
Court ; in second story by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
and Common Pleas Court No. 3.

The west wing is occupied in first story by the offices of the
Prothonotary of Common Pleas Courts, and in second story
by Common Pleas Court No. 4. Access to these court-rooms
is by stairway from a hall and passage in each wing opening
upon Chestnut street.

QUARTER SESSIONS COURT BUILDING.
A very plain brick building, Sixth south of Chestnut,
entrance from Sixth street. First story occupied by Clerk's
Office, District Attorney and grand jury room ; second story,
by the court-room ; upper story, by jury retiring-rooms.

THE NEW CITY HALL.
In April, 1870, a bill was passed by the Legislature of
Pennsylvania authorizing the erection of new Public Build-

108 THE NEW CITY HALL.

ings for the use of the city of Philadelphia, the location
to be selected by a vote of the people of the city. Penn
Square at Broad and Market— a central and eligible locality
—was designated by the ]>opular vote ; and subsequently it
was determined to erect the great building at the intersec-
tion, carrying Broad and Market streets round it. Work was
commenced upon the squares to prepare them for the purposes
intended on the 16th of August, 1871. The corner-stone was
laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 4th of July, 1874,
and an address delivered by Benjamin Harris Brewster, Esq.,
from which the following extracts are made, as affording the
most truthful account of the building : " It is surrounded by
a grand avenue 135 feet wide on the southern and eastern
and western fronts, and 205 feet wide on the northern front.
Its dimensions are 470 feet from east to west, and 486| feet
from north to south, covering an area, exclusive of the court-
yard, of nearly four and a half acres. It is probably larger
than any single building on this continent. The superstruc-
ture consists of a basement story 18 feet in height, a principal
story of 36 feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, surmounted by
another of 15 feet. The small rooms opening upon the court-
yard are each subdivided in height into two stories, for the
purpose of making useful all the space. The several stories
will be approached by four large elevators, placed at the in-
tersections of the leading corridors, to make easy the inter-
course of citizens with courts, public offices and departments
of city government. In addition to these means of access,
there will be a grand staircase in each of the four comers of
the building, and one in each of the centre pavilions on the
north, south, west and east fronts. The entire structure
will contain five hundred and twenty rooms. They will be
fitted with every possible convenience, including heat, light
and ventilation, and the whole building is to be absolutely
fire-proof and indestructible. All of the departments now
existing will be abundantly supplied, and a vast amount of
surplus room will be left for judicial and other city archives,
as well as afford room for all outgrowing wants. It is com-

THE NEW CITY HALL — PRISONS.

109

puted that the entire cost of this work will be near teu mil-
lions of dollars, and that it will be completed in ten years
from the 16th of August, 1871, when the ground was first
broken. The materials consumed in constructing the founda-
tion : 74,000 cubic feet of cement concrete ; 636,400 cubic feet
of foundation stone; 800,000 bricks; 70,000 cubic feet of
dressed granite ; and 366 tons of iron, including floor beams.
The excavation for the cellars and foundations required the
removal of 141,500 cubic yards of earth. The building will
be occupied by the State and City Courts of Law, Mayor, City
Councils, and municipal officers of varied functions."

In the centre of the building a court-yard of 200 feet square
affords Ught and air. From the north side of this space rises
a grand tower, which will form a prominent object of interest
from whatever point it may be approached ; its foundations
^re laid on a bed of solid concrete, 8 feet thick, at the depth
of 20 feet below the surface of the ground ; and its walls, which
are at the base 22 feet in thickness, are built of dressed Vir-
ginia granite, the blocks weighing from 2 to 5 tons each. This
tower, which is so deeply and so strongly founded, is 90 feet
square at the base, falling off at each story, until it becomes,
at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter.
A statue of William Penn, 20 feet in height, will crown the
structure, and complete the extraordinary altitude of 450 feet,
making it the highest tower in the world.

PRISONS.
The Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, a State institu-
tion, is used for the confinement of prisoners convicted of
the higher grades of crime in Philadelphia and the eastern
portion of the State. It occupies a lot of about eleven acres,
extending on Fairmount avenue from Corinthian avenue to
Twenty-second street, and extending northward to Brown
street. The front is 670 feet, and it is a magnificent specimen
of the castellated style of architecture, having heavy square
towers 65 feet high, a splendid arched gateway with portcullis,
and central tower. This gateway is 27 feet high and 15 feet
10

110 PRISOI^S.

wide. The main tower is 97 feet high. The portion of the
building nearest to Fairmount avenue is used for offices and
apartments by the inspectors, physicians and others. The
prison buildings are distinct from this. They consist of a cen-
tral building or observatory, which connects the corridors and
cells which radiate from this central building as do the spokes
from the hub of a wheel. They occupy a diameter of 400 feet.
Each cell opens upon an entry or passage, and has attached to
it a small yard or enclosure open to the sk}', to which the pris-
oners may at any time have access. From the upper portion of
the observatory the guards overlook all the con-idors and yards,
so that any attempt to escape is hopeless. The Eastern Peni-
tentiary was erected by authority of an act of Assembly of
Pennsylvania. The corner-stone was laid on the 22d of May,
1823, and the building was finished in 1829. The government
of the establishment is by inspectors appointed by the Su-
preme Court of Pennsylvania. The prison was intended to
be conducted upon what was called the Pennsylvania plan
of solitary confinement — a system which was theoretically
supposed to be a perfect one for the reformation of convicts.
Each prisoner was to be confined in a cell without companion,
and he was to be excluded from all knowledge of the outward
world. The advocates of this system argued with much force
that the association of prisoners with each other, not unusual
before the Pennsylvania plan was suggested, was productive of
evil, and so demoralizing that young oifenders were hardened
in crime, and passed beyond the hope of reformation. They
were right in their theories, but their plans did not prove to
be successful. Solitary confinement, strictly carried out, was
found to be productive of insanity in prisoners, and this evil
became so serious that gradual relaxation of the rules which
govern the establishment was necessary. The system is still
called solitary, but it is not so severe as formerly. On the
contrary, overcrowding beyond the capacity of the prison has
rendered it necessary, in many instances, to put two persons
in one cell. The prisoners are taught various handicrafts,
work at which they soon find to be a privilege rather than a

112

PRISONS.

punishment. They are allowed to receive letters from and
write letters to their friends under inspection of the officers.
A library of 6000 volumes is open for their use, and several
thousand newspapers are distributed among them annually.
Cars of the Green and Coates Streets Passenger Railway going
west pass the Penitentiary. Tickets of admission are necessary,
which may be procured from any inspector, or at the Public
Ledger office, Sixth and Chestnut streets.

The Philadelphia County or Moyamensing Prison is located
on Passyunk road near Tenth street, just below Reed street,
and comprises a massive square building, in the centre three
stories in height, with wings on each side two stories in
height, flanked by heavy octagonal towers, and having beyond
these towers walls which terminate in bastions. The walls
are of Quincy granite, and the building has the appearance
of an invulnerable stronghold, and is of the Tudor style of

MOYAMENSINQ PKISON.

English Gothic castle architecture. At the north of the
County Prison is a brownstone structure in heavy Egyptian
style, which formerly was used as the debtors' apartment, but
which is now occupied as a separate prison for females. In the
prison there are 400 cells for males, and 100 cells for female
prisoners. Permits can be obtained at the Mayor's office,
corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, and at the office of the
PiibJic Ledger. The Tenth and Eleventh streets line of cars
running south on Tenth street carries visitors to the prison.
The County Prison, familiarly called Moyaraensing Prison, is the

PRISONS. 113

eighth building devoted to prison purposes in Philadelphia by
authority of the county (the penitentiary being a State institution).
Commencing with a cage 7 feet long, 5 feet broad and 7 feet high,
which was built in 1683, the city and county passed on to two rented
houses, occupied as prisons, one being on Second street north of Mar-
ket street, adjoining Christ Church, and the other, Patrick Robinson's
house, in Second street, exactly where is not now known. Between
1686 and 1702 the first special building for prison purposes was
erected in the middle of Market street, east of Second street. It was
of the small size of 18 by 24 feet. It was succeeded by a building of
considerable dimensions at the south-west corner of Third and Mar-
ket streets, which was finished in 1723 and used for prison purposes
until some time after the Revolution. A much larger building was
projected before the outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain, at
the south-east corner of Walnut and Sixth streets, and extending
along the latter to Prune street and taking up half of the block.
This building was finished about the beginning of the Revolution,
but was not immediately used for county purposes. The Americans
used the Walnut street prison during the Revolution for the confine-
ment of prisoners of war; and when the British got possession of the
city, in 1777, they incarcerated there the unfortunate Whigs who fell
into their hands. Thrilling stories are told of the cruelties practiced
there upon American prisoners under authority of the brutal British
provost-marshal John Cunningham. In 1807 a fine large prison was
built upon the south side of Arch street between Broad and Schuyl-
kill Eighth streets, now Fifteenth street, which was intended to
be used for state prisoners. There was difiiculty about its use, and
finally it was appropriated to untried prisoners and debtors. The
corner-stone of the Moyamensing Prison was laid on the 2d of April,
1832. The building was finished in 1835. The prisoners were re-
moved to it in 1835-6, and the Walnut and Arch streets prisons
were torn down. The debtors' apartment, adjoining the County
Prison, built in the Egyptian style, was finished at the same time
as the larger building.

The House of Refuge occupies a lot extending from Parrish
street to Poplar street, and from Twenty-second street to
Twenty -third street, with a building belonging to the same
establishment at the north-eastern corner of Poplar and
Twenty-second streets. The House of Refuge, erected by a
society, was incorported in 1826 for " the employment of tlie
idle, instruction of the ignorant and reformation of the de-
praved." It has separate departments for boys and girls, and
10 * H

114 PRISONS.

a separate department for colored children. The number of
inmates September 30, 1874, was 597. The buildings are of
brick, and embrace workshops, dormitories and other apart-
ments necessary for the comfort of the inmates, being spacious,
well ventilated and warmed by steam. By acts of the State
Legislature, the managers are authorized to receive and detain
minors committed to their custody by the magistrates and the
courts. The inmates are educated both physically and men-
tally, and many of them are placed in good situations, or are
bound out as apprentices to suitable masters. The sexes and
colors are separated, and a classification is made of the good
and the bad. Visitors are admitted with tickets, which may
be had of any of the Board of Managers and at the Public
Ledger office. Admission every afternoon except Saturday
and Sunday.

The corporation of the House of Refuge was originally composed
of the most noted citizens for benevolence. They raised by sub-
scription about $10,000. The State appropriated $10,000, and $5000
yearly for five years. The managers bought a lot at the corner of
Ridge road and Francis lane, now Fairmount avenue, occupying a
full square of ground. They erected there workshops, cells, chapel
and other buildings. The corner-stone was laid on the 21st of June,
1827, and the building was opened on the 29th of November, 1828.
About twenty years afterward the necessity of erecting a building
for the accommodation of colored inmates was recognized, and the
large lot between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets, and
Pa^rish and Poplar streets, was purchased. Some years afterward
the boys' department was built there, and at a later period a special
building for girls was erected at the corner of Twenty-second and
Poplar streets, which was dedicated January 20, 1872.

The House of Correction is situated on the south bank of
Pennypack Creek at its junction with Delaware Eiver, east of
Holmesburg, Twenty-third ward. It occupies a lot of ground
of from two to three hundred acres in extent, which is ex-
pected to be devoted to farming purposes and other means of
employing the industry of the inmates. The buildings are
very extensive, comprising a large main building, with keep-
ers' residences and offices, a central building and eight exten-
sive wings. In the central building, third story, is the Anchor

116 PRISONS — THE MORGUE.

of Hope chapel, which will hold 2500 persons. The building
is intended for the reception of vagrants, drunkards and per-
sons guilty of slight offences against the peace and good order
of the community. This massive edifice was built by Richard
J. Dobbins, under the direction of the city corporation. A
portion of it was dedicated January 27, 1872, and the building
was fully completed and opened January 15, 1874. Tickets of
admission to the House of Correction may be had of any of
the managers. Access by the Pennsylvania Eailroad from
d6p5t Market street west of Thirty-second street, and by the
Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad depot, Front and Har-
rison streets, to Holmesburg station.

THE MORGUE.
The finding of dead bodies of unknown persons in the
rivers which flow by large cities or in the public streets is no
uncommon thing. On such occasions the Coroner is gener-
ally called upon to hold an inquest, and frequently the identity
of the unfortunate individual is undiscovered. The Philadel-
phia Morgue was arranged for the same purposes as the famous
Morgue in Paris. It is a place to which dead bodies of un-
known persons are taken, and where the public and friends
of missing individuals may inspect the remains. They are
disposed of for some days, when not recognized, in such
manner as to show the countenances and preserve them from
decay as long as possible. The Morgue is situated on the
north side of Noble street, between Front street and Delaware
avenue. Access may be had by the Callowhill street railway
ears to Front and Callowhill streets, a short distance from the

Morgue.

THE PHILADELPHIA ALMSHOUSE.

The Philadelphia Almshouse, usually called the Blockley
Almshouse from the original name of the township in which
when built it was situate, is on the west side of the river
Schuylkill, south of the Darby road. Originally there were
five main three-storied buildings, each 500 feet long, extending
from the central building, which is imposing in appearance,

THE PHILADELPHIA ALMSHOUSE. 117

and adorned by a Tuscan portico of six pillars each 5 feet in
diameter at the base and 30 feet high. The ground occupies 130
acres. The buildings are devoted to the poor and sick, to the
insane and to friendless children. The management is by a
Board of Guardians elected by Councils. The Philadelphia
Hospital, connected with the establishment, is the oldest in the
United States, dating back to the year 1732. During the year
1874, the average daily population of the Almshouse was 3764,
and on some days it was 4055. Of these there were a daily
average of 1080 in the insane department and 108 children in
the asylum. The whole number of individuals in the estab-
lishment during the year was 13,006. In the hospital 6433
cases of disease were treated. The guardians also grant out-
door relief in the various wards, and in 1874 that assistance
was supplied to 23,669 families and 76,072 persons. The cost
of maintaining the almshouse and outdoor poor during the
year was $529,513.26.

Access to the Almshouse by the Darby cars and the Chestnut
and Walnut streets railway cars going west on Walnut street,
and Darby road to Thirty-fourth street, from whence there is a
direct passage south to the entrance lodges. Tickets for vis-
itors may be had of the guardians, or at the city office. Seventh
street above Filbert street, west side.

The first almshouse was authorized to be built in 1731, and was
finished in that year or the next. It occupied a square of ground
bounded by Third and Fourth streets, Spruce and Pine streets ; and
shortly after it was occupied, the attention to the sick who were
among the inmates led to the establishment of the Philadelphia
Hospital in connection with the institution, which has ever since
been maintained as a branch of the establishment. The old alms-
house became too small for the accommodation of the poor in the
course of thirty years. In 1766 a new plan of operation was adopted
by the creation of a corporation benevolent in cliaracter, which was
entitled " The Contributors to the Relief and Employment of the
Poor in the City of Philadelphia." This association, assisted by the
corporation of the city, purchased a lot of ground between Spruce
and Pine streets and Tenth and Eleventh streets, upon which was
erected two buildings, together 180 feet front. The buildings were
four stories high. A house of employment or woi'khouse was con-
8*

118 ALMSHOUSE— LAZARETTO.

nected with it, in which various kinds of fabrics, woollen and cotton
goods were made. The almshouse when first opened had acommoda-
tion for about 400 persons, and was reserved for the poor of the city,
Southwark, Moyamensing and Northern Liberties. After the Revo-
lution the corporation which had built the almshouse was dissolved,
and a Board of Guardians of the Poor instituted. Considerable
additions were made to the property, which was generally called
the " Bettering House." The building on the west side of the river
Schuylkill was authorized to be constructed about 1829, and was
finished and occupied about 1835.

LAZARETTO.

The Lazaretto is situated on Tinicum Island, which is
formed by Darby Creek and Plum Hook Creek and the
Delaware River. The two former streams are so small that
substantially it may be said that the Lazaretto is on the west
bank of the Delaware Eiver, about twelve miles south of
Philadelphia and four miles north of Chester. It occupies
an area of about 12 acres of ground, which was purchased in
1806. The buildings consist of a main edifice and two wings
180 feet in width by 60 feet in depth. Also residences of the
physician and quarantine master, kitchen, barn and other
buildings, including a large building for the temporary lodging
of emigrants not sick. The Board of Health has control of
the Lazaretto and the hospital attached. There is a Lazaretto
physician and a quarantine master, who reside at the Lazaretto
during the quarantine season, which extends from the 1st of
June to the 1st of October of each year. All vessels from for-
eign parts arriving in quarantine season are obliged to stop at
the Lazaretto, and receive a visit from the physician and quar-
antine master. If the inspection is satisfactory, the vessels pass
on but upon reaching the city are subject to the visit of the port
physician and health officer. If at the Lazaretto the vessel is
found to have sick on board who are afflicted with pestilential
or contagious disease, it is detained. The sick are removed to
the hospital, which has large and airy wards and 100 beds.

Adjoining the Lazaretto, the United States government
has an inspection station occupying about 9 acres of land,

upon which there are buildings for storage and inspection of

LAZARETTO — PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 119

goods when necessary. The Lazaretto is an attractive-looking
place, surrounded by fine shade trees and fanned by cool
breezes from the Delaware River. It is during the quaran-
tine season comfortable, and by the natural advantages of
the situation afibrds some compensation to the passenger
who may be detained there.

Access to the Lazaretto may be had by the Philadelphia
and Chester branch of the Reading Railroad. There is a
station on the property. Permits can be obtained at the
Heath Office, corner of Sixth and Sansom streets

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

The public schools in Philadelphia are supported by taxa-
tion, and are conducted for the education of the children
of residents of the city. They are governed by a Board of
Education and by School Directors in the various sections.
The latter are elected annually by citizens, and have the-
supervision of the schools within their respective jurisdic-
tions, the appointment of teachers, the payment of expenses
and all executive matters of administration. The Board of
Education is composed of Controllers, one for each section,
who are appointed by the Common Pleas courts. The Board
has general supervision of the whole school system, the sup-
ply of the wants of the respective sections and the ordering
of all matters which are for the benefit of general education.
The schools are graded and divided into primary, secondary,
consolidated and grammar, which are established in the
various sections, a high school for boys, in which the course
is of a collegiate character, and a normal school for girls,
which latter, however, is devoted to the education of young
women who expect to be teachers. There are 29 sections in
Philadelphia. Each section is provided with school-build-
ings, some of them having as many as ten separate school-
houses. Altogether, there were at the beginning of the
year 1875, 182 school-buildings, which had cost to erect
$3,469,700, the lots being worth $1,825,419. Total real estate
value, $5,295,119 ; value of school furniture, $289,550. Total

120 PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

value of school property, $5,554,969. For the support of these
schools in 1874 the expense was $1,607,736.91. The number
of schools were 426, and including night-schools, 467. These
schools were graduated as follows : 1 central high school for
boys, 1 normal school for girls, 60 grammar-schools, 29 con-
solidated schools, 121 secondary schools, 212 primary, 41
night-schools. The number of teachers employed in these
day-schools was 1776, and including night-schools, total, 1991.
The number of pupils in attendance at the public schools
was, including night-schools, 108,631.

The subject of education has always received much attention in
Pennsylvania. William Penn said in his frame of government : " Let
men be good, and the government cannot be bad : if it be ill, they
will cure it ; but if men be bad, let the government be never so good
they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn. Those, there-
fore, who make a good government must keep it. . . . That, there-
fore, which makes a good constitution must keep it — namely, men
of wisdom and virtue, qualities that, because they descend not with
worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous
education of youth." Schools were set up in Philadelphia shortly
after the settlement, and in 1689 Penn chartered the Philadelphia
public school, which was afterward much enlarged. It was partly
for the children of those who could afford to pay for their education,
but it was also said to be " for the education of the children of the
poor gratis." In 1711 the charter was greatly extended, and the
" overseers of the public schools," as they were called, in that year or
immediately afterward, built two school-house buildings on Fourth
street below Chestnut, which venerable establishments remained there
until within a recent period. These schools were academical, and un-
til the charter of the College of Philadelphia the best which Pennsyl-
vania afforded. Many eminent men were teachers there, among them
the celebrated George Keith, Robert Proud, the historian of Penn-
sylvania, and Charles Thomson, the secretary of the Continental
Congress. The constitution of Pennsylvania of 1776 provided for the
establishment of schools in each county by the legislature " for the
convenient instruction of youth." The constitution of 1790 repeated
this declaration, with the addition that the legislature shou^ld provide
for the schools " in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis."
The })rovision in regard to a gratis education was gradually increased
in effect until the object was reached. At first it was settled by law
that the respective counties might pay for the education of children

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

121

whose parents declared that they were too poor to pay for their school-
ing. This was invidious and unpopular. Gradually the feeling ex-
tended to the acknowledgment of the principle that it was the duty
of the State to furnish the means of general education at the public
expense, raised by the taxation of citizens, and that to the schools all
children of residents of the State, whether rich or poor, should be
admitted as a right, and not as a charity. In 1818 an act " to pro-
vide for the education of children at the public expense within the
city and county of Philadelphia " was passed, Lancasterian schools
were soon established, and Joseph Lancaster himself, the founder
of the system, was brought on from England in order to superintend
them. This system in the course of a few years was found to be de-
fective, and was abolished. Afterward various changes were made,
and the system under controllers and school directors enlarged and
made more comprehensive.

The Central High School for boys is situated at the S. E.
corner of Broad and Green streets. It is a solid brick build-
ing of simple arcliitectural style, and has a central tower
and observatory. The building is fitted up with class-rooms,

CENTRAIi HIGH SCHOOL,.

lecture-rooms and other apartments, and the observatory is
provided with a set of astronomical instruments, which are
found to be useful and sufficient for ordinary purposes. The
course of instruction includes astronomy, physiology, geom-
11

122 PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

etry, physics, chemistry, political economy, trigonometry,
logic, rhetoric, mechanical and engineering drawing, Latin
and German, and is intended to be solid, so as to fit the grad-
uates for the practical duties of life. In 1874 there were 605
pupils in the high school, 14 professors and 2 assistants.
The cost of the institution for the year 1874 was $45,270.56.

The Central High School was established by act of Assembly, and
the corner-stone laid upon a lot on the east side of Juniper street
below Market, on the 19th of September, 1837. The building was
of white marble and handsome in appearance. It was finally sold
to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ,which erected a depot there.
The new building Broad and Green streets was dedicated 25th of
June, 1854.

The Girls' Normal School is at present situate in a building
much too small for the purpose, in Sergeant street between
Ninth and Tenth streets. This place will soon be abandoned.
The new building for the school is situate at the north-east
corner of Spring Garden and Seventeenth streets. It is 116
feet on Spring Garden street by 158 feet on Seventeenth street,
leaving a space east and north of it for yards. The building is
of serpentine greenstone, trimmed with light Ohio sandstone
for window-sills, window-heads, quoins, etc. The doorways in
the centre of each front are surmounted by stone balconies.
There are three main stories, a Mansard attic and a central
tower 92 feet high. The building contains numerous class-
rooms, lecture-rooms, recitation-rooms and other apartments.
The cost of the lot was $44,144, and the appropriation for the
building was $158,788. The number of pupils in normal
school in 1874 was 605; cost of maintaining this school,
$13,731.53. The tuition is under charge of a principal and
12 teachers.

The Grammar Schools. — As we have said, there were 182
buildings occupied by public schools in Philadelphia at the
beginning of 1875. The oldest of these are of brick, but all
of those erected within the last ten or fifteen years are of some
kind of stone, and although not elaborate in architecture are
appropriate in design and appearance, and calculated to
attract the attention of visitors. They are usually of three

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 123

Stories in height; most of them have accommodations for
several hundred children. Strangers require no permits to
visit the public schools. They will be received by the teach-
ers with politeness, and afforded conveniences for witnessing
the exercises and recitations.

The following are the principal school-houses in the various
sections: First section, south-east corner of Seventh and
Dickinson streets; Second, George W. Nebinger grammar-
school, Carpenter street above Sixth; Third, Mount Vernon,
Catharine street between Third and Fourth; Fourth, Ring-
gold, north-east corner of Eighth and Fitzwater streets;
Fifth, George M. Wharton, Third street below Pine; Sixth,
North-western, corner of Crown and Race streets; Seventh,
South-western, corner of Seventeenth and Pine streets;
Eighth, Locust Street, corner of Twelfth and Locust streets ;
Ninth, Keystone, Nineteenth street above Chestnut; Tenth,
North-western, Race street below Fifteenth ; Eleventh, North-
ern Liberties, Third street below Green; Twelfth, Mifflin
(secondary), Third street above Brown ; Thirteenth, Wyoming,
corner of Sixth street and Fairmount avenue; Fourteenth,
Monroe, Wood street below Twelfth ; Fifteenth, Lincoln, cor-
ner of Twentieth street and Fairmount avenue ; Sixteenth, Jef-
ferson, Fifth street above Poplar ; Seventeenth, J. R. Ludlow,
corner of Master and Lawrence streets ; Eighteenth, Vaughn,
Marlborough street above Thompson; Nineteenth, William
H. Hunter, corner of Dauphin and Mascher streets; Twen-
tieth, Penn, Park avenue below Master street ; Twenty -first,
Manayunk, Green lane below Wood street; Twenty-second,
Rittenhouse, Rittenhouse street, Germantown; Twenty-third,
Henry Herbert, Frankford avenue near Foulkrod street,
Frankford ; Twenty-fourth, Belmont, Forty-first and Oregon
streets; Twenty-fifth, H. W. Halliwell, Frankford road and
Helen street; Twenty-sixth, Edwin M. Stanton, corner of
Seventeenth and Christian streets; Twenty-seventh, Newton,
Thirty-eighth and Spruce streets; Twenty-eighth, Forest

(consolidated). Falls of Schuylkill; Twenty-ninth, Reynolds,

Twentieth and Jefferson streets.

124 PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Many of the secondary-school buildings are as handsome as
the grammar-schools. Among them may be named : Thaddeus
Stevens, Seventeenth street above Fairmount avenue; Adams,
on Adams street near Amber; Spencer Roberts, Twenty-
first and Mill streets ; William S. Peirce, Twenty-fourth and
Christian streets ; Oakdale, corner of Eleventh and Hunting-
don streets ; Feltonville, corner of Second street and Fisher's
lane; Tacony, at Tacony; Wilmot, Cherry and Meadow
streets, Frankford; Camac, corner of Thirteenth street and
Susquehanna avenue ; L. H. Smith, corner of Fifth and Sny-
der streets ; Horace Binney, Spruce street below Sixth ; Alfred
Crease, Eittenhousetown ; Germantown, Adams street; El-
wood, at Milestown ; Martha Washington, Forty-fourth and
•Huron streets; Jesse George, Sixty-third and Hamilton
streets ; Jeremiah Nichols, corner of Sixteenth and Wharton
streets; Muhlenberg, corner of Seventeenth and Master
streets ; George G. Meade, corner of Seventeenth and Oxford
streets ; Weccacoe, corner of Second and Eeed streets ; Whar-
ton, Fifth street below Washington avenue ; Fletcher, Chris-
tian street above Front ; Fagen, Twelfth street below Fitzwa-
ter ; James Forten grammar-school for colored children. Sixth
street above Lombard; Hollingsworth, Locust street above
Broad ; Filbert Street, Filbert street above Seventh ; Chester
Street, Chester street above Race ; New Market, New Market
street above Noble; Hancock, Fairmount avenue above
Twelfth street; Harrison, Master street above Second; Co-
hocksiuk, Fourth street and Montgomery avenue; Rutledge,
corner of Seventh and Norris streets; Chestnut Hill, High-
land avenue ; Mantua, Haverford street above Thirty -fifth.

CHAPTER VI.

U. S. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND OFFICES.

THE UNITED STATES CUSTOM-HOUSE AND SUB-
TREASURY.

THE building now occupied as a custom-house is situated
upon tlie south side of Chestnut street between Fourth and
Fifth, and extends to Libraiy street. It is of white marble with
porticoes, and was originally constructed for the United States
Bank. It is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, and is
considered one of the finest specimens of Doric architecture
in the world. The corner-stone of this structure was laid
April, 1819, and the building was finished in 1824. The ter-
race upon which the edifice is built is 119 feet wide and 225
feet deep, with yard space on either side. The main building,
with the steps and approaches, is 87 feet front by 187 feet
deep. A massive portico of 8 columns 27 feet high, support-
ing a pediment, gives to the front an imposing appearance
which attracts the attention of strangers. A similar portico is
in the rear. The main business-room extends from east to
west, is 48 feet wide and 81 feet deep. An arched ceiling with
moulded panels supported on marble Ionic columns finishes the
apartment. It is 35 feet from the floor to the crown of the arch.

The northern portion of the building, including the main
hall, is appropriated to the use of the Custom-house, with
apartments for the various officers. The portion of the build-
ing which fronts on Library street is occupied by the United
States Treasury department as a sub-treasury office.

The principal business transacted in the Custom-house de-
partment is connected with tlie collection of the revenues
upon imported goods, (he adjustments of duties, etc.

11 * 125

XJ. S. CUSTOM-HOUSE, ETC. 127

The baggage of passengers arriving direct in Philadelphia
from foreign countries is examined on board the vessel in the
river or in dock, and the regulations in reference to what is
dutiable are printed and supplied to passengers in advance by
the officers of the ship.

UNITED STATES TREASURER'S OFFICE.

The assistant treasurer of the United States receives the
revenues and moneys which are payable to the Federal gov-
ernment. He is also the disbursing officer for all amounts
due from the government. In this connection particularly
are to be noted the operations of the office in regard to the
debt of the United States, the transfer of loans and bonds,
and the payment of interest to bondholders when due.

This building is open to visitors from 9 to 3 o'clock. They
can enter freely and examine the interior allotted to the
public. Chestnut street cars going east pass this building.

By the charter of Pennsylvania the right of the king to collect
the royal customs was reserved, and collectors of revenue were ap-
pointed immediately after the settlement of the city. A succession
of king's collectors of customs guarded this interest until the Revo-
lution. They were succeeded by collectors appointed by the author-
ity of the State of Pennsylvania. Upon the formation of the Fed-
eral government a collector was appointed by President Washington.
Sharp Delaney, who had held the office under the State, was ap-
pointed under the new government. The offices of the collectors
during early times were at their own residences or stores. The
United States rented for Custom-house purposes Carpenters' Hall
in 1802. It was occupied for that purpose until January 1, 1S17,
when the first Custom-house building erected in this city was opened
on the west side of Second street below Dock, at the corner of Elms-
lie's alley. It was a plain building of marble and brick, somewhat
odd in appearance. It was occupied until 1845, when the United
States Bank building was bought by the government.

UNITED STATES APPRAISER'S BUILDING.
The necessity of having some building for storage purposes
connected with the customs department, to be used as a ware-
house in which imported goods could be received and ap-

128 U. S. appraiser's building — POST-OFFICE.

praised and duties adjusted, led to the construction of the
massive warehouse building which extends from Second to
Dock street above Walnut. It is five stories in height, solidly
built of brick and iron, no combustible material being used
in it. Mr. MuUett, formerly supervising architect of the
Treasury, has said that this is the only thoroughly fireproof
building in the United States. This building was completed
and put in use in 1871.

POST-OPPICE.
The building now used as the post-office is located on
Chestnut street, on the south side, between Fourth and Fifth
streets, immediately west of the Custom-house. The front is
marble, the building in the French style, and is of pleasing
appearance.

The building is insufficient for the proper accommodation
of the mail service, and the officers impatiently wait for the
completion of the fine new building which is to be erected
for the use of the post-office and the United States on the lot
of ground extending from Chestnut to Market on the west
side of Ninth street.

The Philadelphia post-office delivered in the year 1874 by
the hands of 207 carriers and the office window-clerks,
16,728,429 mail letters and 8,796,943 local letters, 6,883,714
newspapers, total, 35,986,514. This is an increase since the
year 1870 of more than fifteen millions of missives. The
collection service of letters to be sent through the post-office,
including newspapers and postal cards, amounted in 1874 to
26,937,979. The increase here in five years was more than
twelve millions of letters, etc. The sales of stamps, stamped
envelopes, etc., in 1874 was little over $900,000. The money-
order business of the year was $761,079.58; orders issued to
over 38,000 persons, and $2,259,379.10 paid to more than
172,000 persons. Over 89,000 registered letters were received
for city delivery, and over 28,000 letters registered to be sent
away.

For the accommodation of the public, letter-boxes are

POST-OFFICE — U. S. CX)URTS. 129

placed in the streets of the city, usually affixed to lamp-posts
and at distances of every two or three squares. Letters can
be deposited in these boxes by persons in the neighborhood.
Several collections are made of such letters by the post-office
carriers during each day. The letters are then taken to the
post-office and mailed. The hours of collection are painted
upon the boxes. Letters properly stamped are delivered with-
out ftirther charge. To expedite the service the department is
supplied with a considerable number of post-wagons, by means
of which the carriers are taken with speed to their respective
routes and brought back to the office after their work is done.

Lists of letters uncalled for are published in the daily
papers once a week.

The city of Philadelphia is a post-office district. Single
letters can be sent from any part of the city to any other
part by affixing a two-cent stamp. Postal cards, of course,
will attain the same objects.

The sub post-offices in the city are as follows :

West Philadelphia, Frankford, Germantown, Chestnut Hill,
Manayunk, Tacony, Holmesburg, Torresdale, Byberry, Bus-
tleton, Somerton, Oxford Church, Fox Chase, Milestown,
Verree's Mills, Wheat Sheaf, Crescentville.

UNITED STATES COURTS.
The upper portion of the post-office building is appropri
ated to the use of the United States circuit and district
courts, United States district attorney, marshal and court
clerks. The entrance to this portion of the building is upon
Library street. The clerks of the two courts occupy the
front room, second story. The court-room is immediately in
the rear. The offices of the United States district attorney
and United States marshal are near the Chestnut street
front. The upper portion of the building is occupied for
jury-rooms, etc.

This is the first building erected by the United States government
in Philadelphia for the accommodation of the post-office and United
States courts. It was built by alteration of other buildings, and

130 U. S. COURTS — NEW POST-OFFICE.

opened February 26, 1863. The first postmaster in the city under the
Crown was Andrew Hamilton, who in 1697 was appointed postmaster-
general of America, and had his office in Philadelphia. Among his
successors in the city post-office were the two famous printers Andrew
Bradford and Benjamin Franklin. William Franklin, son of the
latter, afterward governor of New Jersey under the Crown, held the
office for some time. At the outbreak of the Eevolution Benjamin
Franklin was appointed postmaster-general for America, and his
deputy for the city was Richard Bache, his son-in-law, who subse-
quently became postmaster-general. With the accession of the
Federal government came the appointment of a new postmaster,
Colonel Robert Patton, who held the office for twenty-five years.
The locations of the post-offices in early times were at the residences
or business-places of the postmasters. Bradford and Franklm kept
it in the printing-office of each. From 1834 to 1854 it was at the
Philadelphia Exchange, in Dock street. In the latter year it re-
moved to Jayne's building, opposite, where it remained until it occu-
pied the present building in 1862.

The court of admiralty under the Crown, the predecessor of the
United States district court, was generally held in the buildings occu-
pied by the provincial courts before the Revolution. The Federal
courts occupied the State court-rooms afterward. While the Federal
government was in Philadelphia the United States courts sat in the
City Hall, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Subsequently they were in
the court-rooms at Sixth and Chestnut streets. They occupied the
second story of Independence Hall several years. In 1854 they
were transferred to Philosophical Hall, in Fifth street below Chest-
nut street, and in 1862 to the present location. Some very eminent
men have been judges of admiralty and of the Federal courts.
Among them may be mentioned : before the Revolution, Andrew
Hamilton and Edward Shippen ; during the Eevolution, George
Ross and Francis Hopkinson, both signers of the Declaration of In-
dependence. Under the Federal government, Richard Peters of
Belmont was judge of the district court from 1792 to 1829.

NEW POST-OFFICE.

This building, located on the corner of Ninth and Chestnut
streets, will occupy the site of the mansion finished in 1797
for the use of the President of the United States, which was
afterward purchased by the University of Pennsylvania, used
for some years, and then replaced by two new buildings. The
cost of the new post-office is limited in the act of Congress at

KEW POST-OFFICE UNITP:D STATES MTNT. 131

$4,000,000. The style of architecture adopted is the French
Renaissance. The building will be four stories in height, and
surmounted by a large dome constructed of iron. The prin-
cipal material used for this building will be granite. The
dimensions will be: length, 428 feet; depth, 152 feet; height
to top of dome, 184 feet. The main entrance will be on Ninth
street, and a broad space dedicated to public use will set the
building back from the street. The lower floor and basement
will be reserved for the purposes of the post-office. The
upper stories are to be occupied by the United States courts,
clerks and law-offices and the offices of internal revenue, navy
agent, pension agents, assistant quartermasters of the army
and others.

THE UNITED STATES MINT.

A marble building, with a Grecian portico, on the north
side of Chestnut street, north-west corner of Juniper street,
east of Broad street.

It is open every day to visitors from 9 A. m. to 12 M. (Ex-
cept Sundays.)

Visitors on entering are received by the doorkeeper and
placed in charge of conductors, who show them: 1. The de-
posit-room, where the gold and silver bullion is received and
weighed. 2. The copper-melting room, where ingots are cast
for the minor coinage. 3. The gold and silver melting room,
where the precious metals are melted and cast into ingots, or
short, narrow bars with a wedge-end convenient for rolling.
4. The rolling and cutting room, where the ingots are rolled
into strips of the proper thickness for the different denomina-
tions of coin and the planchets or blanks cut out by machin-
ery. 5. The coining room. All on the main floor.

From here visitors are taken to the cabinet of coins, a suite
of rooms on the second story, over the vestibule, containing
the largest and most valuable collection of coins and medals
in the United States, some of the coins dating back to 1000
and 2000 years before the Christian era. Among them is the
"widow's mite," found near the site of the temple at Jeru-
salem.

THE UNITED STATES MINT.

133

There are other departments of the Mint on the first and
second stories and in the basement that are not open to the
public. The building contains twelve strong vaults, securely
locked. A most vigilant oversight is maintained during
working-hours; and after the Mint is closed and through the
night the establishment is in charge of a strong force of
picked watchmen, who are well supplied with firearms and
other means of protection and defence.

COTJET-YARD, UNITED STATES MINT.

The operations and beautiful and costly machinery of the
Mint are well worth seeing.

The Mint was established by the act of Congress of the 2d
of April, 1792, and a building soon after erected on the east
side of Seventh street above Market street for its use. (See
Chapter XXVII.) The first director was David Rittenhouse,
LL.D., appointed by President Washington, April 14, 1792.

The first United States coinage was as follows: Copper
V2

134 THE UNITED STATES MINT.

cents in 1793, silver dollars in 1794, and gold eagles in 1795.
The machinery and metal first used were imported, the cop-
per coming from England, and difficult to get.

The work of the Mint was done by hand or horse power up
to the year 1816, when steam was introduced.

In 1797, 1798 and 1799, and 1802-3, the Mint frequently
suspended operations on account of yellow fever.

The corner-stone of the present building was laid July 4,
1829, by Samuel Moore, then director; but it was not occupied
until May, 1833. It was made fireproof in 1854, and the
interior has been frequently altered.

This Mint has a world-wide reputation as one of the fore-
most institutions of its kind. The first gold received from
California was deposited here December 8, 1848, by Mr.
Daniel Carter, who brought it from San Francisco by the
Panama route. It weighed 1804.09 ounces troy, its value
being $18.01 per ounce.

The coinage executed at the Philadelphia Mint during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1873, was as follows :

No, of Pieces. Value.

Gold ^88,330 $17,664,937.50

^Cr ■■:::..:: 10,329,600 2,627,240.50

Copper and nickel.... 18^25^ 494^050lOO

Total 30,142,930 $20,786,228.00

Fine bars for commercial purposes made at this Mint during
the same year were :

Fine gold bars $ 62,025.41

Fine silver bars 116,046.21

Total $178,071.92

The total amount of gold and silver deposits and purchases,
coins struck and stamped bars manufactured at the Mint and
branches and the assay offices during the fiscal year above
specified was $66,849,714.31.

The ao-gregate coinage of the Mint and branches from
1794 to June 30, 1873, was $973,967,651.65; bars, $308,602,-
935.50; total coinage and bars, $1,282,570,587.15— nearly
$1,300,000,000.

UNITED STATES ARSENALS. 135

UNITED STATES ARSENALS.
The United States has two arsenals at Philadelphia. One
of these has ceased, however, to be a storehouse for arms, but
is devoted to the purposes of a dep6t of supplies of clothing

for the use of troops.

The Frankford Arsenal, usually so called, is sometimes known

as the Bridesburg Arsenal, it being situate in immediate
proximity to that portion of the city once known as Brides-
burg. The location is upon Tacony road and Bridge street,
with a front upon Frankford Creek, and extending a quarter
of a mile to the river Delaware. The ground contains sixty-
two acres and eighty-two roods. On this property are two
brick houses used for offices, four buildings for barracks and
quarters, eight storehouses of brick and stone, 12 frame labo-
ratories, a magazine which will hold one thousand barrels of
poAvder, machine shop, rolling mill, hospital, dispensary and
other buildings. The establishment is subject to military
discipline, and under command of a line officer of the United
States army. At this arsenal are manufactured blank and
ball cartridges, rifles, carbines and revolving pistols. Also
standard gauges, scales, weights, calipers and other instru-
ments of precision which are used in the various government
shops throughout the country. Occasionally ordnance is
manufactured here, the most noted article of which is the
great Woodbridge steel and bronze gun, weighing twenty-two
tons, and constructed as an experiment at the expense of the
government, and which cost nearly a quarter of a million of
dollars. The capacity of the establishment is enormous.
During the fiscal year 1874-5 there were manufactured here
over ten millions and a half of cartridges and other articles,
worth, according to estimate, excluding the cost of the Wood-
bridge gun, $270,695.13. The grounds are handsomely laid
out, and are attractive in appearance, being shaded with fine
trees and having smooth lawns and several flower gardens.
There are several curiosities upon the grounds, among them
some cannon highly decorated with fancy moulding, flowers,
etc., trophies taken from the English and French during the

136 UNITED STATES ARSENALS.

wars with those nations. Access to this Arsenal may be had
by the Second and Third streets passenger railway, Bridesburg
branch line.

The first purchase of land for the purpose of this Arsenal, over
twenty acres, was made in 1816, and ofiicers' quarters, storehouses,
magazine, hospital and other buildings were erected. In 1837 an
additional purchase of over three acres was made, and in 1849
about thirty-nine acres additional were bought, which gave to the
establishment a front upon the river Delaware. An explosion at
this arsenal November 5, 1861, killed two persons and wounded one.
An explosion took place on the 7th of August, 1875, by which two
persons were killed and twenty-one wounded. It was the result of
carelessness on the part of one of the victims.

The Schuylkill Arsenal is situated at the Gray's Ferry road,
between Carpenter and Washington streets, and occupies
about eight acres. There are four principal buildings of
brick, and the grounds are shaded and pleasant. The estab-
lishment is a great workshop and storehouse of clothing for
soldiers, and includes everything connected with the uniform-
coats, shirting, pantaloons, stockings, overcoats, shoes, gloves,
mittens, caps, helmets, plumes and cap ornaments ; also bed-
ding, blankets, tents and other articles. An immense amount
of made-up goods is constantly on storage. The services of
men and women for making up the goods are necessary.
From seven hundred to twelve hundred women are employed
constantly in this work, and from a hundred to a hundred and
fifty men. The disbursements for material and wages are
very large, having frequently been from fourteen million to
twenty million dollars a year.

At this Arsenal the visitor will be shown a very curious
museum of wax figures clothed in the various uniforms which
have been in use in the United States army from the time

vvnen

" In their ragged regimentals

Stood the old Continentals,

Yielding not."

The cars of the Spruce and Pine streets railway pass the
Arsenal.

U. S. ARSENALS AND NAVY-YARDS. 137

The ground upon which this arsenal was built was purchased by
the Secretary of War in 1800 without any appropriation by Congress,
as was the navy-yard on the Delaware at the same time. Much cen-
sure v/as expressed in Congress upon the subject, but the Secretary
defended himself upon the argument that he could not maintain a
navy (at that time the navy was within the jui'isdiction of the War
Department) without a navy-yard in which to repair vessels of war,
nor could the army be maintained without arsenals or a laboratory,
which the ground on the Schuylkill was intended for. The first
buildings were erected at this place shortly after 1800.

THE UNITED STATES NAVY-YARD.

Up to a very recent period the only navy-yard of the United
States in Philadelphia was situated on the Delaware River a
short distance below Washington street and the wharves of
the American Steamship Company. Such rapid progress has
been made in removing the navy-yard from this place to the
League Island naval station that the latter will be occupied
entirely by the beginning of 1876.

League Island lies immediately south of that portion of
the city which is between the Delaware and the Schuylkill
Rivers, and its western boundary is opposite the mouth of
the Schuylkill. Its distance from Independence Hall is about
seven miles. The island is about two miles and a quarter in
length from east to west, and from a quarter to a half mile in
width. Broad street, if continued, would pass across the centre
of it. The government property consists of 923 acres, in-
cluding the back channel and Government avenue. The
water in front of it is twenty-six feet deep at the quay wall
on the Delaware, and the river at that point is 2800 feet wide
and ample for all government purposes. The back channel
is a safe and commodious harbor, in which are moored a large
number of iron-clad monitors and other vessels out of the
reach of floating ice in the winter. Upon the island are sev-
eral large and substantial brick buildings. The iron-plat-
ing shop, two stories in height, is 270 feet in length and 85
feet wide. The yards and dock-building, two stories high, is
230 feet long by 65 feet wide. The steam-engineering store-
house is 400 feet long by 65 feet wide. There are various

138 TT. S. NAVY-YARD — U. S. NAVAL ASYLUM.

other buildings in the yard. The floating dry-dock basin
will occupy thirty-one acres; repairing-basin, 39 acres; fitting-
out-basin, 40 acres ; storage dock-basin, 7 acres. Large spaces
of ground will be devoted to the purposes of the bureaus of
steam-engineering, coal, ordnance, provisions, yards and
docks, and for marine parade-ground.

Means of access to the yard are not at present as convenient
as they will be hereafter. Private conveyance on Broad street
will take the stranger to the main yard gate, and entrance is
rarely denied to any citizen.

League Island is marked upon the oldest map of the Delaware
River known — that of Peter Lindstrom, a Swedish engineer, who
made a map of the Delaware 1654-5. It was amongst the property
taken up at a very early period by the Swedes. This island was
purchased by the city of Philadelphia in the year 1862 for $310,000,
pnd presented to the United States government for the purj^ose of a
navy-yard. The improvement upon it has not been very rapid, nor
commensurate with the great value of the gift.

The old navy-yard in Philadelphia occupied the site of the associa-
tion battery erected for the defence of the city before the Revolu-
tion. After independence was achieved the site became the ship-
yard of Joshua Humphries. Here was built the frigate United
States under the care of Mr. Humphries, who became the first naval
constructor of the United States. The ship-of-the-line North Car-
olina was launched September, 1820 ; the big ship Pennsylvania, at
the time the largest vessel in the world, July 18, 1837 ; the famous
war-steamer Mississippi, one of the first steam frigates belonging to
the United States, which was launched May 5, 1841 ; the unfortunate
steam-sloop Princeton, and many others, including monitors, built
during the war of the rebellion.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM.
These buildings are situate upon Gray's Ferry road, at the
corner of Bainbridge street, and extend to Sutherland
j avenue and the Schuylkill. They occupy about twenty-five
'acres. The main edifice is three stories high and of marble.
It is 380 feet long, and the centre building, included therein,
is 142 feet front by 175 feet deep. It is embellished with a
fine portico of eight Ionic columns. The wings are built with
a veranda upon each story. The building has accommoda-

140 U. S. NAVAI^ ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL.

tions for three hundred persons. It is inhabited by old sailors.
Each inmate has a chamber for his own accommodation. There
is a chapel, a dining-room and other apartments for the use
of the house. The pensionei-s are allowed a certain sum of
money yearly for clothing, an amount eveiy month for pocket-
money and an alloAvance of tobacco. North of the main build-
ing is the residence of the governor of the Asylum, which is
commodious. A corresponding building at the south is ap-
propriated to the surgeon. The grounds in front of the Asylum
are beautiftdly laid out with trees and flowers. Upon the
platform of the portico are two small brass cannon said to
have been captured by Commodore Charles Stewart, of the
frigate Constitution, in an engagement with the British ship
Levant, February 25, 1815.* These pieces were cast in 1756,
as it appears from the inscriptions upon them. Two large
cannon-balls of granite made for the guns of the Turkish
forts on the Hellespont, presented by Commodore J. D. Elliott
in 1838, are near them.

These grounds were purchased by the United States for the pur-
pose of a naval asylum and naval school in 1826. The buildings
were commenced in 1830, and they were formally occupied Decem-
ber 1, 1831. The United States Naval Academy was also established
within the building, but was removed to Annapolis, Maryland, in
1845.

UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL.
The United States Naval Hospital is upon the Asylum
grounds, west and north of it. It is a brick building, begun
in 1864 and finished in 1868. It has eight wards, four large
and four small, capable of accommodating one hundred and
forty-four persons. This number may be doubled by the
use of what are called emergency wards, which are not so
pleasantly situated as those already in use. The Hospital is
under different management from the Asylum adjoining.

* Another account says that these guns were captured from Bur-
goyne at Saratoga, October 17, 1777, and another that they were used
by Lafayette at the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777.

CHAPTEE VII.

COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES.

COMMERCE.
"l^rO city in the Union has, of late years, made such rapid
-^^ progress in trade and commerce as Philadelphia. The
value of exports and imports for the five years ending June
30, 1874, is shown in the following table :

Years.

Imports.

Exports.

1870
1871
1872
1873

1874

$14,500,797
17,728,006
20,383,853
25,393,150
26,447,037

$16,934,610
17,920,283
21,016,750
24,239,357
33,121,337

The exportation of petroleum increased in amount from
51,352,996 gallons of refined, and 3,833,979 of crude, in 1871,
to 70,810,711 gallons of refined, and 1,614,116 of crude, in
1874. The total value of this product exported in the latter
year was $9,512,456.

The exports of breadstuffi fi-om $4,148,595, in 1871, increased
to $8,159,371 in 1874.

The export provision trade has made an extraordinary
advance. In 1871 its value was but $341,582; in 1874 it
was $3,372,719.

The coal brought to Philadelphia by the Reading Railroad
Company alone during the year 1874 amounted to 3,140,563
tons. Of this amount, 2,076,259 tons were carried away from
Port Richmond.

The total amount of duties received at the Custom-house
in 1874 was $8,292,159.42. The number of vessels engaged

141

142 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE.

in the foreign trade which entered the port of Philadelphia
during 1874 was 1098, with a tonnage of 621,641 tons. Of
these, 491 were American vessels. The coastwise entries
noted at the Custom-house were 9178 vessels of all kinds.
Of these, 1018 were steam-vessels. The foreign steamship
entries were 89. These figures do not give anything like a
full idea of the domestic commerce of the port. Under the
acts of Congress, American vessels which are engaged in the
domestic trade, carrying domestic products to and from a port,
are not required to report to the Custom-house officers, or to
be in any manner subject to their supervision. The full
number of vessels engaged in the coastwise trade cannot be
ascertained. The Custom-house figures are those only made
up from the supervision of the officers. The immense coal
trade and the commerce in other articles require, it is well
known, a very large number of vessels. Possibly it would
not be beyond the mark to place the number of vessels in the
domestic trade coastwise of the port of Philadelphia at from
13,000 to 15,000. The number of enrolled coasting-vessels
belonging to the port in 1874 was 3040, and 120 were built
during the year. In this number were 934 sailing-vessels,
265 steamei-s, 1810 canal boats and 31 barges. Eleven of the
steamers built in 1874 were of iron. The tonnage of these
vessels was 394,760 tons.

COMMERCIAL. EXCHANGE.
The principal institution in the city for the meeting of
merchants and manufacturers is the Commercial Exchange,
an organization which superseded the old Philadelphia Ex-
change Company. It had its origin in the want of accommo-
dation which dealers in grain and flour experienced in the
old Exchange. They formed an association of their own,
which they denominated the Corn Exchange, and leased the
second story of the building situate at the south-west corner
of Second and Gold streets, upon the site of the old Merchants'
Coffee-house. This institution developed such a degree of
energy that it attracted many business-men other than those

COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE.

143

who were engaged in tlie grain trade. The Corn Exchange
became a powerful organization, energetic and patriotic. In
time the necessity of better accommodation was recognized.
An association called the Chamber of Commerce was organ-
ized for the purpose of constructing a building suitable for
the use of the Corn Exchange. A lot of ground at the south-
east corner of Second and Gothic streets, upon which stood

COMMEKCIAL EXCHANGE.

the old slate-roof house which was William Penn's residence
in 1700, was bought, with the adjoining properties, and upon
the lot was constructed a solid brick building of fine dimen-
sions. This hall was dedicated on the 1st of March, 1869,
and immediately became the scene of business activity. It
was totally destroyed, except the solid walls, on the 7th of
December of the same year. The members of the Chamber

144 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE, ETC.

of Commerce immediately set to work to retrieve tlie loss ;
and they were so successful that in the course of a few months
the building was again ready for use. The main hall occupies
the second story, and takes up the whole space between the
interior halls. It is finely lighted on all sides ; the ceiling is
high, and light and air abundant. Here the grain merchants
bring specimens of their products, and large transactions are
effected by purchases made according to sample. Avery large
amount of business is done here every day. The upper por-
tion of this building is occupied by the observer of the United
States Signal Service, the head of which is familiarly known
as " Old Probs." A cupola added to the tower of the building,
which is anything but graceful in appearance, enables this
useful officer to conduct his observations.

Visitors are admitted to the Exchange upon introduction
of a member. Cars of the Second and Third and the Eace
and Vine streets railways, going south, pass the building.

MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE.
The Merchants' Exchange occupies a lot of ground bounded
by Walnut, Dock and Third streets. It is of Pennsylvania
marble, in the shape of a parallelogram, and is 95 feet front
on Third street, 114 feet on Walnut street, with a semicircular
radius on Dock street of 36 feet, making the extreme length
from east to west 150 feet. The eastern front is embellished
with a portico of eight Corinthian columns and antse. A cir-
cular lantern rises forty feet above the roof, pierced with win-
dows and ornamented. The building is strikingly handsome,
and is modelled after the choragic monument at Athens called
the Lantern of Demosthenes. The corner-stone of this edifice
was laid February 22, 1832, and it was opened for business
1834. This building exists only as a monument of the past.
It is not occupied by merchants. The Board of Brokers
occupy the Grand Exchange Room, which is vociferous at
times with their shouts and excitement. The remainder of
the building is occupied by offices of various kinds. Ad-

MERCHANTS EXCHANGE.

145

mission to the Brokers' Eoora is allowed to the board while
in session. Entrance by the steps on the Dock street front.

;^^^

MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE.

The place where merchants "most do congregate" has always
been one of interest. There have been such establishments in Phila-
delphia almost from the foundation of the city. There were " coffee-
houses " in Front street at an early period. The London Coffee-house,
as a place of resort for merchants, superseded these when it was
opened at the south-west corner of Front and Market streets by
William Bradford in the year 1754. The City Tavern, which was
finished about the beginning of the Eevolution, was for some time
the place where the merchants assembled. In this intere.st it ceased
13 K

146 BONDED WAREHOUSES. ETC.

about the year 1800, but the business was revived again in 1806 by
James Kitchen. The Merchants' Coffee-house, as it was then called,
served all the purposes of an exchange tintil the Merchants' Ex-
change was finished.

TRADE EXCHANGES.
Of late yeai^ the formation of special associations or guilds
for the promotion of the particular interests of persons engaged
in the various branches of commerce has been found necessary.
This has led to the formation of the following associations,
which have their headquarters in convenient parts of the city,
namely : Tobacco Exchange, Coal Exchange, Drug Exchange,
Grocers' Exchange, Produce Exchange, Maritime Exchange.

WAHEHOUSING COMPANIES.

These companies are of modern introduction, but they have
been found to be useful adjuncts of commerce.

The Pennsylvania Warehousing Company occupies the
greater portion of a block of ground bounded by Penn, Front
and Lombard streets. The storehouses are substantially built,
and fitted for the storage of an immense amount of goods.
Every convenience for the reception and delivery of mer-
chandise is connected with the building.

The Philadelphia Warehouse Company has its office build-
ing in Dock street below Third. The odd style of the archi-
tecture attracts the attention of the stranger. This company
does a large business.

BONDED -WAREHOUSES.
There are a number of substantial and well-built stores in
different parts of the city near the Delaware front, which are
used for United States bonded warehouses. Some of these
are in Granite street, south of Walnut street, extending from
Front street to Dock, in Dock, Penn and the neighborhood of
Almond streets.

COMMERCIAL DEPOTS.
There are certain sections of the city devoted to particular
commercial pursuits which are worthy of being visited by

COMMERCIAL DEp6tS. 147

the stranger wlao is interested in trade and desirous of seeing
the busiest portions of a commercial place.

The Coal trade. Port Eichmond wharves. The great
shipping depSt of the Eeading Eailroad Company is in a
portion of the city formerly called Port Eichmond, and now
forming a portion of the Nineteenth Ward. Here the com-
pany concentrates the coal-carrying business. There are an
immense number of tracks connecting with the main tracks.
A large number of piers are arranged with docks between
them. Loaded cars are pushed out on railroad tracks built upon
trestle-work in such positions that their entire contents can
be delivered into the holds of vessels by the means of chutes
with great rapidity. The piers are twenty-three in number,
and the docks will accommodate nearly three hundred vessels
in such manner that all can be loaded at the same time. If
vessels are not ready to take the coal, it can be stored upon
the piers. From 30,000 to 40,000 tons of coal can be loaded
every day. The tracks of the sidings connected with the
piers form a perfect network, and would be thirty miles in
length if the maze were straightened out. North of the coal
wharves the company is constructing very large iron ship-
building establishments, with every convenience for manu-
facturing iron vessels, including a number of buildings
and a large dry-dock. Access to these works may be had by
Second and Third streets passenger railway, Eichmond branch
going north.

The Petroleum trade. Gibson's Point. Within a few
years the petroleum trade has risen to great importance. It
employs a large number of vessels, principally from foreign
countries, and the trade is constantly increasing. The great
d6p8t of the petroleum shipping trade is at Gibson's Point,
upon the east bank of the Schuylkill, south of Gray's Ferry,
and below the city gas-manufacturing works. Here are very
extensive storage accommodations, wharves, pumping arrange-
ments to carry the petroleum into the vessels, and other facili-
ties for a great business. The number of foreign flags in this
neighborhood exceeds the display in any other part of the

148 COMMERCIAL DEPOTS.

port of Philadelpliia, and the neighborhood is lively with the
confusion of tongues caused by the efforts of sailors of various
nationalities to make themselves understood. The petro-
leum at Gibson's Point comes mainly by the Philadelphia and
Erie Eailroad, leased by the Pennsylvania Eailroad, and is
brought over the tracks of the latter by a special road leading
to the storage-sheds at the Point.

The Grain trade storage buildings. There is a very large
grain-storage warehouse connected with the Pennsylvania
Railroad, on the west bank of the Schuylkill River near the
Market street bridge. It has an immense storage capacity,
and is the main source of supplies to the elevators. The build-
ing is of wood and slate, 550 feet long by 126 wide, and has 600
grain-bins with a capacity of 500 bushels each. One hundred
and twenty-five cars, containing 45,000 bushels, can be un-
loaded daily.

Washington avenue elevator. This large building was the
first built for the purpose of an elevator in the city, and has
been in use over ten years. It is situate at the foot of Wash-
ington avenue, and has connection by means of the Washing-
ton avenue railroad with the entire railroad system of the
country. There is connected with it a system of spouts and
docks for the easy loading of grain. There is a storage ware-
house of great capacity which will hold a large number of
cars. It has 90 circular bins, each of 4000 bushels' capacity,
and 90 angular bins. The storage capacity of the elevator
is a half million of bushels. One conveyer-belt 850 feet long,
and three others each 450 feet long, carry the grain from the
elevator to the vessels along enclosed galleries. Three ves-
sels can be loaded at one time. Access to this elevator by
Union cars, navy-yard branch, within two squares of it, and
by Second and Third streets cars, going south, to Washington

avenue.

Girard Point elevator. Girard Point is on the east bank
of the Schuylkill, north of the mouth of that river. It is the
property of the International Steam Navigation Company,
owners of the Red Star line of steamships, which also have

STEAMSHIP WHARVES AND DOCKS.

149

their docks and warehouses there. The elevator is 100 feet wi de,
200 feet long and 124 feet high to the peaks of the roof. It is
upon the centre of a wharf 500 feet long and 250 feet wide,
with a dock of the same dimensions on each side which has
capacity for floating a large number of vessels. There are 36

GIBARD POINT ELEVATOR.

circular bins, holding 15,000 bushels each, and 23 of 10,000
bushels each. Total capacity, 800,000 bushels. Twelve ele-
vators have a working capacity of 54,000 bushels an hour,
loading or unloading. There are six conveyers, three on
each side of the building, and six vessels may be loaded at
the same time.

DRY-DOCKS AND MARESTE RAILWAYS.
At the new ship-building yard of the Philadelphia and
Reading Coal and Iron Company are eight great buildings, a
launching-dock two hundred and fifty feet wide and four
hundred feet long. At the head of this dock, upon the land,
are shipways four hundred and fifty feet long and wide
enough to admit of the building of four vessels at one time,
and an immense dry-dock that will lift a steamship of the

150 DRY-DOCKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS.

largest size. Cramp & Sons have at their iron -ship building
yard a marine railway and one of the largest basin dry -docks
in the United States. The South wark marine railway, Swan-
son street near Catharine, the oldest in the city, was opened
for use nearly fifty years ago.

Iron-Ship Building is carried on in Philadelphia and its
vicinity on the Delaware Eiver to a far greater extent than
in any other locality in the United States. In fact, this par-
ticular branch of industry is pursued so largely that the Dela-
ware has been called the "American Clyde." Easiness of
access to the inexhaustible iron ores and coal deposits of
Pennsylvania, combined with cheap transportation, has given
to the iron manufacture in the city extraordinary advantages.
The Reading Eailroad Company's ship-yards are principally
intended to be used for the construction of iron colliers for
the coal transportation of that company. Cramp & Sons
built the celebrated New Ironsides frigate for the United
States government during the war of the Rebellion. They
also built monitors, and particularly the splendid iron steam-
ships of the American line to Liverpool. Neafie & Levy, at
the Penn Works, Port Richmond, are builders of iron and
wooden ships and machinery. Wood, Dialogue & Company,
at Kaighn's Point, N. J., opposite the city have a large iron-
ship building establishment. John Roach, at Chester, has
built the largest iron steamships in the ocean service, and the
Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, at Wilmington, Delaware,
have constructed many first-class iron vessels.

STEAMSHIP WHARVES AND DOCKS.
American steamship line, from Philadelphia to Liverpool.
These fine vessels are of the first class, and the line has been
extremely successful since its establishment. The steamship
docks are at the foot of Christian street, and have every ac-
commodation connected with them for the convenience of pas-
sengers. By means of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which runs
into the dock-building, passengers may be taken to any part
of the United States. Six iron steamships form the line, and

COMMERCE MANUFACTURES. 1 51

ensure a weekly service. The average accommodation of each
ship is 76 cabin and 900 steerage passengers, with 1800 tons
of cargo. Average time of passage from port to port, ten days.
Agents, Peter Wright & Sons, Walnut street above Third.

International Navigation Company (Red Star). This steam-
ship line runs between Philadelphia and Antwerp. The ves-
sels are under the Belgian flag, and are very superior ships.
There is a semi-monthly service from Philadelphia. Average
accommodation 20 cabin and 700 steerage passengers, with
1800 tons of cargo. Average passage, twelve days. Peter
Wright & Sons, agents, Walnut street above Third. Docks
at Girard Point, Schuylkill Eiver.

Coastwise steamers, Clyde lines. For Boston and Provi-
dence, twice a week. Pier No. 1, North Wharves, above Mar-
ket street. For Charleston, weekly. Pier No. 8, South
Wharves, below Chestnut street. For Norfolk and Richmond,
three times a week, from Pier No. 1, North Wharves. For
Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria, once a week. Pier
No. 2, South Wharves. For New York, daily. Pier No. 2,
South Wharves.

Philadelphia and Southern Mail Steamship Company. To
Savannah, one steamer per week from Pier 22, South Wharves,
below Pine street.

Winsor's lines. For Boston, twice a week, from Pine street
wharf. For Providence, once a week, from Pier 23, below Pine
street.

MANUFACTURES.
In the number of manufacturing establishments, the variety
of articles made, the number of persons employed and the
value of materials used, Philadelphia is the greatest manu-
facturing place in the Union. According to the census of
1870, it surpassed all other cities in these particulars. New
York exceeded it only in the value of the products manu-
factured. The number of manufacturing establishments in
the city and vicinity operated upon Philadelphia capital and
account that year were 8579, as ascertained by the Philadel-

152 MANUFACTURES,

phia Board of Trade in revision of the census statistics. These
establishments were operated by 2177 steam-engines of 57,304
horse-power, and fifty -nine water-wheels of 2696 horse-power
The number of hands employed in the manufactories was
152,550, and the wages paid them during the year were
$68,647,874. Of the persons employed 100,661 were males
above the age of fifteen years ; 40,760 females above the same
age; children and youth, 11,129. The capital employed
amounted to $204,340,637. The value of materials used was
$193,861,297. The value of the productions when manu-
factured was $362,484,698. Within the five years which have
elapsed since these statistics were ascertained, the number of
manufacturing establishments must have increased to a very
considerable degree. According to the rate of increase of
the previous ten years, and making allowance for dulness in
business during the years 1874 and 1875, it would not be an
unfair estimate to place the number of manufacturing estab-
lishments at from 9000 to 9500, and the capital employed at
from two hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty millions
of dollars. According to the census of 1870, the industries
of the city were classified in nearly one hundred divisions.
They are carried on according to the respective means of the
persons interested in them. There are establishments giving
fair remuneration to those engaged in them which employ
only a few workmen and occupy but little space. There are
others which take up whole blocks of ground ; and some of
them beyond the closely-built sections occupy acres, and
employ hundreds and some of them thousands of workmen.
It would be impossible to do justice to these valuable and
diverse interests in a work of this kind.

CHAPTEE VIII.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

N the 1st of January, 1875, there were in Philadelphia 40
' banks, with a combined capital of $19,235,950. ^ Of these
30 were National Banks, with a capital of $17,135,000, and
10, with a capital of $2,100,950, acting under State charters.
The banks of Philadelphia are open every day of the year
except Christmas, New Years, February 22d, Good Friday,
July 4th, Thanksgiving-day, and such other holidays as are
appointed by legal authority.

NATIONAL BANKS.

Bank of North America, 307 Chestnut street. Capital,
$1,000,000. Chartered by the State of Pennsylvania in 1787.
The banking-house is of brownstone, and presents a fine
example of the Florentine style of architecture.

This bank is the oldest in the country. The idea of its formation
was presented by Robert Morris during the most depressing period
of the Eevolutionary war, when the country was in distress upon
account of the depreciation of the Continental money. It had been
preceded by the Bank of Pennsylvania, established by subscription
in Philadelphia of ninety-three individuals and firms to the amount
of £300,000, Pennsylvania currency, payable in gold and silver.
The object was "to support the credit of a bank to be established
for furnishing a supply of provisions for the armies of the United
States." This bank went out of existence upon the establishment
of the Bank of North America, which was really the same institu-
tion, being in great proportion composed of the same shareholders.
Congress chartered the Bank of North America December 18, 1781, and
the Pennsylvania assembly in 1782. The latter was repealed in 1785,
and the bank acted under the Congressional charter. In 1787 a new
State charter was obtained, and since that time until the passage of
the national banking act the bank was a State institution. Its loca-

153

154 NATIONAL BANKS.

tion for eighty years has been upon the spot now occupied by the
bank building, the original building being one of plain brick. The
present building was occupied about 1850.

Philadelphia, 423 Chestnut street. Capital, $1,500,000.
Formed 1803. Chartered 1804. The bank-building, imme-
diately opposite the Custom-house, is of granite, 70 feet front
by 104 feet deep, four stories in height, and of a massive and
imposing style of architecture.

The first building occupied by this institution was of brick, in the
Gothic style, and rough-cast. It was built in 1805 at the south-west
corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, and considered an ornament of
the city. In the year 1836 this building was torn down and a new one
erected of marble, with a Corinthian portico resting on a basement
flanked by wings. The eastern portion of it was occupied by the
Philadelphia Bank, and the western portion by the Western Bank.
When the Bank of Pennsylvania failed, the Philadelphia Bank, for
1163,100, bought the building on the north side of Chestnut street,
which had been erected for the former institution, but never occupied
by it. The Philadelphia Bank opened business there in March, 1859.
Farmers' and Mechanics', 427 Chestnut street. Formed
1807. Incorporated 1809. Capital, $2,000,000. The build-
ing, white marble in the Italian Palladian style, is 65 feet 2
inches front and 104 feet deep, 71 feet 3 inches high, and is
exceedingly handsome. It is west of the Philadelphia Bank,
whose building adjoins. The lots upon which both of these
buildings are constructed extend to Eanstead street. The
banking-rooms are elegant, with lofty ceilings, fine light and
ventilation.

For many years this bank was in a brick building on the lot of
ground now occupied by it, formerly the Lawrence mansion, and in
which, it is said. Admiral Howe lived during the British occupancy,
1777-8. General Henry Knox of the Revolutionary army and Colonel
Timothy Pickering also lived in that house. The bank opened
business there January 25, 1819 ; new building first used for banking
purposes in 1854.

Mechanics', west side of Third street below Market. Char-
tered 1814. Capital, $800,000. The building has a marble
front, with Corinthian portico. It was erected on the site of
a brick building formerly occupied by the same institution.

NATIONAL BANKS. 155

Commercial, south-east corner of Chestnut and Hudson
streets. Chartered 1814. Capital, $810,000. The building
has a granite front, and is of pleasing appearance. For many
years the banking-house was a marble building on the north
side of Market street, between Second and Third.

Northern Liberties, north-west corner of Third and Vine
streets. Incorporated 1814. Capital, $500,000. The build-
ing is of granite, solid and handsome in appearance. It was
originally constructed by the Manufacturers and Mechanics'
Bank, and when purchased by the Bank of Northern Liberties
was greatly enlarged and rebuilt. This bank for many years
occupied a brick building on the north side of Vine street,
between Second and Third.

Southwaric. Incorporated 1825. Capital, $250,000. Occu-
pies a brick building, the first story of marble, on the east
side of Second street below South, the place of the original
location.

Kensington, 969 Beach street below Maiden. Incorporated
1826. ■ Capital, $250,000. Occupies a brick building which
has been its place of business since the formation of the
institution.

Penn, north-west corner of Vine and Sixth streets. Incor-
porated 1828. Capital, $500,000. The banking-house is of
brick, rough-cast, with marble pilasters, doorways, etc. This
bank was originally established at the south-west corner of
Sixth and Callowhill streets. The lot upon which the present
building stands was purchased about 1830.

Girard, west side of Third street below Chestnut. Chartered
1832. Capital, $1,000,000. The front of this building is very
handsome. There is a portico of six Corinthian pillars, with
pediment, wings, decorated with pilasters, and other embellish-
ments. The building belongs to the Girard estate. The bank
occupies the southern portion, the City Treasurer the northern
portion and the City Controller the upper story.

This building was erected in 1798 for the use of the first Bank of the
United States, and was at the time considered one of the most hand-
some edifices in the country. It is 96 feet front and 72 deep. After

156 NATIONAL BANKS.

the charter of that institutioa expired, Stephen Girard purchased
the building in 1812, and there established the business of a private
banker. After his death the present institution was chartered with
the expectation that it would occupy Mr. Girard's banking building.

Commerce, north-east corner of Chestnut street and Straw-
berry street. Chartered 1832. Capital, $250,000. The build-
ing is of brownstone, substantial but plain in appearance.

This institution was originally chartered as the Moyamensing
Bank. Its first location was at the south-east corner of Fifth
and South streets. Some years afterward it was removed to the
south-east corner of Second and Chestnut streets. The name was
changed while the institution occupied that place. The present
building was constructed about 1850.

Manufacturers', east side of Third street, between Market
and Arch streets. Chartered 1832. Capital, $1,000,000.
Front of granite, appropriate and pleasing in design.

This institution was originally styled the Manufacturers and Me-
chanics' Bank, and was located at the north-west corner of Third
and Vine streets. The removal to the present situation took place a
few years ago.

Tradesmen's, east side of Third below Chestnut. Incor-
porated 1847. Capital, $200,000. The front of the building
is of granite, and attractive in appearance. Until within a
few years the banking-house was at the south-west corner of
Second and Spruce, and afterward in first story of the Com-
mercial Exchange building.

City, 32 North Sixth street. Chartered 1855. Capital,
$400,000. Building 24 feet by 110, with brownstone front.
The institution formerly occupied a brick building on the
same premises. The new building was erected in 1874.

Central, 109 South Fourth street below Chestnut. Char-
tered 1865. Capital, $750,000. Occupies a building with
sandstone front of business-like appearance.

Commonwealth, south-west corner of Chestnut and Fourth,
Chartered 1857. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a portion of
the old Philadelphia Bank building.

Consolidation, 331 North Third above Vine. Chartered

NATIONAL BANKS. 157

1855. Capital, $300,000. Its building is of brownstone in
handsome architectural style. It was finished in 1857.

Corn Exchange, north-east corner of Chestnut and Second
street. Chartered 1858. Capital, $500,000. Occupies a plain,
solid-looking brick building, which was finished in 1859.

Union, north-east corner of Third and Arch streets. Char-
tered 1858. Capital, $500,000. Building of yellow sandstone,
with brownstone trimmings.

Western, south side of Chestnut street, west of Fourth
Chartered 1832. Capital, $400,000.

This institution was originally established on the south side of
Market street, between Ninth and Tenth, afterward at the north-
west corner of Sixth and Market. The bank erected, in connection
with the Philadelphia Bank, the large building a portion of which
it now occupies. It went into that building April 4, 1848. For a
long time the banking-room was in the second story. Within three
years the whole of the property has been taken for the purposes of
the institution, and the interior altered and reconstructed.

Germantown, 4800 Germantown avenue. Chartered 1814.
Capital, $200,000. This institution occupies a handsome
stone building on Germantown avenue corner of School-
house lane.

Keystone, south-west corner of Chestnut and Juniper
streets. Chartered 1872. Capital, $200,000. Occupies a
plain brick building, the first story being of marble. This
institution was originally a State banking company, and ad-
mitted to the privilege of a National Bank in 1875.

Republic, Guarantee Trust building, Chestnut street, between
Third and Fourth. Capital, $1,000,000. The business was
for some years transacted in a large building originally con-
structed for L. J. Levy's dry-goods store, on the north side of
Chestnut above Eighth. When the Guarantee Trust Com-
pany's building was completed, in 1875, the bank removed to
that place.

Security, north-w^est corner of Girard avenue and Seventh
street. Capital, $250,000. Occupies a plain, substantial brick
building.

First, north-east corner of Chestnut and Hudson streets,
14

168 NATIONAL AND STATE BANKS.

between Third and Fourth. Chartered 1863. Capital,
$1,000,000. The building is of granite, of an imposing style
of architecture, and considered one of the finest ornaments
of the street.

Second, 4434 Frankford avenue, Frankford. Chartered
1863. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a neat building in that
portion of the city formerly known as Frankford.

Third, south-west corner of Market and Penn square.
Chartered 1863. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a building of
marble in a neat style of architecture.

Sixth, north-west corner of Second and Pine streets. Char-
tered 1863. Capital, $150,000. The building is of brick, and
of plain appearance.

Seventh, north-west corner of Fourth and Market streets.
Chartered 1863. Capital, $250,000. The building is plain in
appearance.

Eighth, north-east corner of Second and Girard avenue.
Chartered 1863. Capital, $275,000.

STATE BANKS.

Union Banking Company, 310 Chestnut street. Capital,
$700,000. The building is of variegated brick, stone and tiles
in Moorish style of architecture.

People's, north side of Chestnut street, east of Fifth.
Capital, $100,000. This institution occupies a magnificent
building of granite erected by the Board of Public Trusts
for the Girard estate. It is one of the handsomest structures
on the street. The banking-house is in the rear, spacious and
well lighted.

Spring Garden, north-west corner of Eidge avenue and
Spring Garden street. Capital, $250,000. The building is
of white marble, in handsome style, and a conspicuous orna-
ment of the neighborhood.

Twenty-second Ward, 4850 Germantown avenue. Char-
tered 1873. Capital, $150,000. Occupies an old-fashioned
building constructed in the style prevalent among the better
class of houses in Germantown before 1800.

STATE BANKS — SAVING FUNDS. 159

Manayunk, 4371 Main street, Manayunk. Chartered 1873.
Capital, $100,000.

Shackamaxon, 1737 Frankford avenue. Chartered 1873.
Capital, $100,000.

West Philadelphia, 3839 Market street. Capital, $100,000.

Bank of America, 306 Walnut street. Chartered 1873.
Capital, $500,000. Occupies a marble building formerly be-
longing to the Philadelphia Saving Fund.

Merchants' Exchange, south-east corner of Third and Dock
streets. Chartered 1872. Capital $50,000. This institution
was formerly located at 915 Market street, and called the Iron
Bank.

United States Banking Company, Chestnut street below
Ninth. Chartered 1873. Capital, $50,950.

SAVING FUNDS.

These institutions, according to the design of the original
association, were intended to assist poor people in saving
money by the reception of small amounts on deposit and
payment of interest. The rate of interest is 4 8-10 per cent.,
and it is added to the principal at the end of every year, and
interest given on the whole amount.

Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, Building, south-west
corner of Seventh and Walnut streets. It is of granite, two
stories in height, and presents a solid appearance. The society
has in trust about thirteen millions of dollars, and the annual
deposits are over four millions of dollars. It was established
in 1816, and incorporated February, 1819.

Western Saving Fund, south-west corner of Tenth and
Walnut streets, occupies a large brownstone building.
The society was incorporated in 1847. This institution has
a large number of depositors, and is conducted upon the
plan of the old Philadelphia Saving Fund.

Beneficial Saving Fund, south-west corner of Twelfth and
Chestnut streets, was incorporated April 20, 1853.

Germantown Saving Fund, 4908 Germantown avenue, in-
corporated 1854.

160 TKUST COMPANIES, ETC.

TRUST COMPANIES,

Trust powers are held by several corporations, which have
other business rights that they also exercise. Some of these
will be treated of under other heads.

Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and granting
Annuities occupies a fine granite building on the north side
of Chestnut street adjoining the Farmers' and Mechanics'
Bank. The life insurance business is not exercised by the
company at the present time. It receives and executes trusts,
acts as executor or administrator of the estates of deceased
persons and grants annuities. The business is very large and
valuable. The capital is $1,000,000.

The company was chartered in 1812. For a long time its office was
in a brick building on the south side of Walnut street, west of Third.
The present building was finished in 1872.

Provident Life and Trust Company, west side of Fourth
street below Chestnut, is devoted to the same line of business
as the above. The building has an iron front, is of massive
proportions and imposing in appearance. The company was
chartered in 1865. The capital is $500,000.

Girard Life Annuity and Trust Company, north-east corner
of Seventh and Chestnut streets, was incorporated in 1836, and
occupied for many years the first floor of the Western Bank
building. Chestnut street near Fourth. Capital, $300,000.

SAPBrDEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANIES.

Within a few years the increase of valuable personal
property in bonds, stocks, etc., with plate, jewels and other
valuable articles, has created a necessity for the assistance
of institutions which would take safe care of them. The
safe-deposit company receives articles of a valuable character
not bulky, undertakes to keep them safely, and ensures their
delivery when needed. The buildings are very strong, spe-
cially constructed for the purpose, believed to be burglar-
proof as well as fireproof, and are watched with great care.

Fidelity Insurance, Trust and Safe-deposit Company occu-

SAFE-DEPOSIT AJN'D TRUST COMPANIES. 161

pies a very large building with white marble front, in hand-
some style, situate on the north side of Chestnut street, be-
tween Third and Fourth streets. The character of the archi-
tecture is Italian. The capital is $1,000,000. The charter was
granted in 1866, and the company established in business in
the Philadelphia Bank building. The new building was
opened April 6, 1869.

The Philadelphia Trust, Safe-deposit and Insurance Com-
pany, incorporated 1869, occupies a fine white marble building
on the north side of Chestnut street, between Fourth and
Fifth streets, adjoining the Philadelphia Bank on the east.
This company was opened in 1869-70 in the apartments
previously occupied by the Fidelity Trust Company. The
new building was finished and opened in 1874.

Northern Saving Fund, Safe-deposit and Trust Company,
south-west corner of Sixth and Spring Garden streets. The
building is of granite, and presents a fine appearance. The
company was incorporated in 1871, and occupied a temporary
oflice during that year at the south-east corner of Sixth and
Noble streets. The present building was finished and occu-
pied about the beginning of 1873.

Guarantee Trust and Safe-deposit Company. This company
occupies a very large, solidly-built and odd-looking building
of brick, gray stone, black stone and tiles, which is situate on
the south side of Chestnut street, extending from Hudson
street to Carpenters' Court, between Third arid Fourth streets.
The front is made conspicuous by two square towers with
mansard roofs. The style of architecture is Venetian, and
the appearance of the building is so peculiar that it attracts
much attention. The building is large, and devoted not only
to the business of the Guarantee Trust Company, but accom-
modates also the National Bank of the Republic and the
Fame Insurance Company. The safe-deposit vaults are at
the extreme .south end of the building, and are very strong.
The interior is richly decorated in the Italian style. The
capital is $1,000,000, and the charter was granted in 1872.
The present building was opened for business January 1, 1875.
14 * L

162 SAFE-DEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANIES, ETC.

Penn Trust and Safe-deposit Company occupies the western
portion of the Spring Garden Bank building, on Spring Gar-
den street west of Eidge avenue. It was opened for business

in 1874.

INSURANCE.

The business of insurance has very much increased within
a few years, and is applied to subjects not thought of when
this plan of guarantee against loss was originated. Com-
mencing with insurance against the risks of the seas, the
principle was gradually extended to insurance against fire,
to the insurance of families against the losses occasioned by
death of relatives, and of late years there has been added in-
surance against accidents, not only to persons, but to property
At the beginning of 1875 there were in Philadelphia, acting
under charters from the State of Pennsylvania, 26 joint-stock
fire and marine insurance companies, 6 mutual fire and ma-
rine and 9 life insurance companies, some of them with trust
and annuity powers. There were also over 125 agencies of
companies acting under charters granted in other States of
the Union, and about 20 Pennsylvania companies which did
not belong to the city, and 15 foreign companies, English,
French and German. The majority of these companies and
agencies occupy offices in buildings devoted to other purposes
than the objects of those institutions. It is our design only to
notice such of them as have been long established and own
and occupy the buildings in which their business is carried

on.

FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES.
Philadelphia Contributionship. Incorporated March 25,
1752. Occupies four-story brick building west side of South
Fourth street below Walnut. This is the oldest fire insurance
company in America. It was instituted upon the mutual
principle, the subscribers undertaking to insure each other
against loss and to contribute toward losses in ratio with
the insurance interests of each. The insurance is only upon
real estate, and is what is called ''perpetual," enduring as
long as the building stands. The insured can withdraw their

FIRE IXSUEiANCE COMPANIES. 163

premium money, less a percentage retained by the company,
at any time, and close the policy and risk. The badge of this
company, from which it obtained the popular name of the
"Hand in Hand," is four hands clasped.

Mutual Assurance. Incorporated 1784. Occupies the
building at 526 Walnut street, the first story being of marble
and the upper portion of brick. This company was popularly
known as the "Green Tree," from its badge.

American. Incorporated 1811, with a capital ot $500,000.
Office, 310 Walnut street, four-story brick building.

Delaware Mutual Safety. Incorporated 1835. Occupies a
stately brownstone building at the south-east corner of Third
and Walnut streets, 47 feet 4 inches front on Walnut by 70
feet deep, which was finished in the spring of 1855.

Fire Association. Incorporated March 27, 1820. Sand-
stone three-story building, south-west corner of Fifth and
North streets, below Arch.

This association was originally formed among the volunteer fire
companies of Philadelphia, and intended, out of the profits, to as-
sist in supporting those companies. The capital at the commence-
ment was raised by contribution from each engine and hose com-
pany, and was very small. But the association met with great favor
from citizens and commanded a large business from the beginning.
With good luck and small losses, it increased until it became a pow-
erful company. The volunteer fire department was superseded by
the paid fire department March 15, 1871. The Fire Association was
then made, by act of legislature, a joint-stock company.

Franklin. Chartered 1829. Occupies a building 421 Wal-
nut street between Fourth and Fifth. This company does a
very large business.

Pennsylvania. Incorporated 1825. Capital, $400,000. Oc-
cupies white marble building, in the Egyptian style, 510
Walnut street between Fifth and Sixth. This building was
erected about 1835, and from the peculiar architecture
attracted much attention for many years.

Spring Garden. Incorporated 1835. Office in brick build-
ing, the first story of marble, north-west corner of Sixth and
Wood streets.

164 FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES, ETC.

County. Incorporated 1832. Building of sandstone and
brick, 110 South Fourth street below Chestnut.

Sun, occupies brick rough-cast building south-east corner
of Spring Garden street and Eidge avenue.

FIRE AND MARINE.
North America. Incorporated 1794. Capital, $1,000,000.
Occupies brownstone building, 232 Walnut street east of
Third.

LIFE.
Penn Mutual. Incorporated June 1, 1847. Occupies build-
ing north side of Chestnut street between Ninth and Tenth,
which was originally the Kohne mansion.

This company built for its office, in 1851, one of the first iron
buildings erected in Philadelphia, at the north-east corner of Third
and Dock streets. It was in the Italian style. Some years later
the company removed to its present office, on Chestnut street.

American. Incorporated 1850. Occupies a brick building
of plain appearance.

New York Mutual. Building, north-west corner Tenth and
Chestnut streets, one of the most splendid structures in the
city. It occupies a lot, 58 feet front on Chestnut street by 176
feet on Tenth street, upon which was once built a mansion,
the residence of Major David Lenox, and which, afterward
passing to his heirs, was known as the Keen mansion. This
building is of granite, in the Renaissance style. Ionic and
Corinthian pillars, with arches, balconies, cornices and pilas-
ters, add to the effect of the fronts on Tenth and Chestnut
streets. The building is four stories high, including the base-
ment, with a high Mansard roof of iron, and from the side-
walk to the top of the Mansard crest is 97 feet ; to top of main
pavilion 104 feet, and to top of flag-staff 140 feet. It is fire-
proof throughout, and cost over $1,000,000. Business was
opened in this building by the New York Mutual Life Insur-
ance Company on the 25th of August, 1875.

CHAPTER IX.

INSTITUTIONS OF EDUCATION.

THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
rpHE buildings connected with the University of Pennsylva-
J- nia are the largest and most conveniently arranged college
buildings in the country. The building for the departments of
science and arts stands on Locust street between Thirty-third
and Thirty-fourth streets, in a square of ground containing more
than six acres, and is two hundred and fifty-four feet in length
and one hundred and two feet two inches in depth, and at
central building one hundred and twenty-four feet in depth.
The building is four stories high, including the basement,
which is almost entirely above ground. The architecture is
of the collegiate Gothic ; the material is of green serpentine
stone ornamented with gray stone. There is a central build-
ing of grand proportions, and wings with pavilions. On the
eastern and western fronts large towers rise to a conspicuous
height. The style of the building, with its gables, buttresses,
pinnacles and bay and oriel windows, is very attractive.
Upon the grounds are other buildings, the hospital and med-
ical departments of the university, which will be described in
their proper places. The corner-stone of this edifice was
laid on the 15th of June, 1871, and it was finished and opened
for use on the 11th of October, 1872. The building cost to
construct $235,910.46. The department of science occupies
the eastern portion of the building, and the department of
arts the western. The centre building includes the chapel,
library, assembly-rooms, etc. There are laboratories, class-
rooms, recitation-rooms, museum-rooms, library, offices, etc.,
there being all together over sixty apartments for various
purposes.

This building was planned with special reference to the

165

THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 167

greatly increased number of rooms required for the fall devel-
opment of that elective system of studies which has now be-
come the settled policy in the department of arts, as well as
for the purpose of affording every facility for teaching science
in its application to the arts. A very complete library is at-
tached to this department, also a collection of minerals em-
bracing over 10,000 specimens. All the necessary conve-
niences for demonstrating experimental physics are supplied,
and also the same for the department of mechanical engi-
neering. Number of students over two hundred. Access by
Chestnut and Walnut, Darby branch, passenger railway cars.

The history of the University of Pennsylvania may be said to
commence with the institution of an academy and charitable school
which was advocated by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, liberal sub-
scriptions, for those days, being obtained for the purpose. The
friends of this measure succeeded in obtaining the grant of what
was called the " New Building," which had been erected on the west
side of Fourth street below Arch as a preaching house for the use
of the celebrated Whitefield, the itinerant preacher. The building
was unfinished. The academy obtained possession of it, and here,
in 1750, it was opened for instruction in the Latin and English lan-
guages and mathematics. In 1755 the association was chartered
with the title of " The College, Academy and Charitable School of
Philadelphia," and authority was given to grant degrees. The lit-
erary department continued in active operation up to the time of
the Revolution. The first provost was Rev. AVilliam Smith D. D.,
and he continued in charge for twenty-four years. In 1779 the college
fell into unpopularity in consequence of the agitations of the times,
some of the trustees and teachers being suspected of tory sentiments.
The assembly of Pennsylvania passed an act annulling the charter
of the college, and conferred all the franchises of that corporation
upon a new institution called " The University of Pennsylvania."
The latter succeeded to the rights of the college, attracting to its
service some of the old professors. Others refused to join the new
institution. In 1789 the council of censors of the State declared
that the forfeiture of the charter of the college was illegal, and the
Legislature passed an act restoring the franchises of the institution.
The old college was reorganized, and for two years the college and
university conducted the work of education in rivalry.

In 1791 good sense prevailed, and by arrangement and compromise
it was agreed that the two institutions should be united— an arrange-

168 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, ETC.

ment which the Legislature ratified, giving to the united corporation
the title of " The University of Pennsylvania." The medical school,
which was begun in 1764 by Dr. William Shippen, was a part of the
institution before the Revolution, and afterward when the two insti-
tutions were separate, and was much strengthened upon the union.
In the year 1798 the trustees of the university bought the house
erected for the use of the President of the United States by the
State of Pennsylvania, on Ninth below Market street. It was one
hundred feet front by one hundred feet deep, and three stories in
height. The medical school, which had not occupied the buildings
of the college or university at any time, was brought nearer to the
parent institution in 1807 by the erection of an octagonal building
adjoining.

In 1829 the President's house and the medical department building
were torn down and two buildings erected, one for the use of the
library and the other for the medical department. These buildings
were torn down in 1874, the United States government having pur-
chased the ground for a post-office.

GIRARD COLLEGE.
This magnificent marble building, situate on a lot of ground
extending from South College avenue to North College avenue
and from Ridge avenue at Nineteenth street and Girard ave-
nue to Twenty-fifth street, occupying 41 acres, is one of the
finest architectural works in the United States. The design
of the main building is in the richest Corinthian style. The
superstructure rests upon a basement consisting of eleven
steps extending around the entire edifice. The building, 111
feet wide and 169 feet long, is surrounded by a range of fluted
columns, 8 on each end and 11 on each side, including the
corner columns. The columns support a portico with archi-
traves 21 feet in width, and are 55 feet in height, 9 feet 3
inches in diameter at the base, and surmounted by richly
carved capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The total height of
the building is 97 feet. It is arched throughout, with brick
and stone, floored with marble and roofed with marble
tiles. The weight of the roof is estimated at over 969 tons.
The great doors in the south and north fronts are 16 feet wide
and 32 high. In the south vestibule in a sarcophagus rest
the ashes of Stephen Girard, the founder, surmounted by his

170 GIRARD COLLEGE.

statue by N. Gevelot, which, for fidelity of likeness and posi-
tion rendering the figure of the merchant and mariner as he
lived, cannot be excelled by any modern statue. This build-
ing is used entirely for educational purposes. Four marble
buildings, two on the east and two on the west of the main
building, are devoted to the use of pupils as residences, etc.
There are various other buildings in the enclosure. There is
a fine parade-ground, upon which the pupils are exercised in
military discipline. West of the main building, upon the
grounds and near the front, is a monument erected by the
pupils to the memory of their associates killed in the army
and navy during the war of the rebellion. A fine statue rep-
resenting a soldier decorates the memorial. In the main col-
lege building are deposited personal relics of Girard — furni-
ture, etc.— which are considered curious. The whole of the
grounds are enclosed by a solid stone wall, ten feet in height,
in conformity with the will of Mr. Girard. The whole cost
of this building and the improvement of the grounds was
$1,933,821.78. The college is controlled by the Board of
Public Trusts, elected by the city corporation. The institu-
tion has 20 professors and teachers in the Faculty, with 12 pre-
fects and governesses. In 1874 there were over 500 pupils in
the institution ; and owing to the increased revenues from the
Girard estates, the directors expect in a short time to be able
to enlarge the capacity to 1000. Admission to the institution
is accorded to visitors every day except Sundays. Tickets may
be procured at the office of the Girard Trusts, Fifth street, op-
posite Minor, Mayor's office. Fifth and Chestnut streets, or at
the ofiice of the Public Ledger, Sixth and Chestnut streets.
Clergymen cannot under any circumstances be admitted to
the institution, such being the absolute wdll of Mr. Girard.

Access to the college may be had by the Girard avenue,
Ridge avenue and Seventeenth and Nineteenth streets pas-
senger railway lines.

This institution was founded for the education of poor white
orphan boys by Stephen Girard, a native of France, who was born
May 21, 1750, near Bordeaux, and died in Philadelphia December

GTRARD COLLEGE, ETC. 171

26, 1831. He went to sea as a cabin-boy, rose to be master and part
owner of a small vessel, and earned enough money to establish
himself in. business in Philadelphia in a small way in 1769. He
made money, and after the Revolution gradually increased his com-
mercial ventures, until he became one of the richest merchants in the
country. In 1812 he engaged in business as a private banker, loaned
the United States government $5,000,000 in that year, maintained an
active commercial business, bought largely in real estate, built fine
stores and dwelling-houses and added much to the beauty of the city.
Upon his death it was found that he had bequeathed half a million
dollars to the city of Philadelphia for the improvement of streets
and buildings, $300,000 to the State of Pennsylvania for the improve-
ment of canals, $2,000,000 and the residue of his property — after
other legacies and bequests were paid — for the support and education
of "poor white male orphans, between the ages of six and ten years
when admitted to the institution, giving the preference, first, to those
born within the bounds of the [old] oity of Philadelphia ; secondly,
to those born in Pennsylvania ; thirdly, to those bom in New York ;
and lastly, to those born in Kew Orleans." The boys are bound
apprentices to the corporation of Philadelphia, and bound out from
the institution between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years.
The college was originally intended to be erected on a lot of ground
bounded by Tenth, Eleventh, Market and Chestnut streets; but Mr.
Girard having bought, shortly before his death, a lot of ground on
Ridge road called Peel Hall, he directed by a codicil that the college
should be built there. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833, and
the college opened for use on the 1st of January, 1848.

Germantown Academy, School-house lane between Green
and Wayne streets, Germantown. This venerable institution
is one of the oldest now existing in the city. The building,
quaint and old-fashioned, constructed of stone, with an odd
little cupola and bell, is one of the ante-Revolutionary relics
yet preserved in Philadelphia. The education is plain Eng-
lish, and the academy is well patronized by residents of Ger-
mantown and the neighborhood.

This institution was founded by inhabitants of Germantown by
proceedings originated at a meeting on the 6th of December, 1759.
It was resolved at that time that a building should " be erected near
the centre of the town for the use of an English and High Dutch or
German school, and also suitable dwellings for the teachers to reside
in." Money was subscribed, and the corner-stone laid on the 21st

172 GERMANTOWN ACADEMY, ETC.

of April, 1760. It was opened for use September, 1761, and during
that month received 131 pupils, of which 61 were in the English and
70 in the German department. Greek, Latin and the higher math-
ematics were also taught. The school was discontinued during the
Kevolution, but was revived at its close, and chartered in 1784, under
the title of the " Public School of Germantown." It has been in
operation ever since.

Aimwell School, north side of Cherry street between Ninth
and Tenth. This school occupies a brick building. It is
supported by the Society for the Free Instruction of Female
Children, which was founded by three young women of the
Society of Friends in 1796. They taught the scholars for
some years in sewing, reading, writing and arithmetic. For
many years the school was held in the Quaker school-house
on South Fourth street. The school-house has been in its
present situation for a long time.

Beck School-house, north side of Catherine street between
Sixth and Seventh streets, occupies a lot of ground 65 feet
front by 203 feet deep. There is a boys' and girls' school,
grammar and secondary, with capacity to accommodate from
three hundred and fifty to four hundred pupils.

These schools are maintained by the Philadelphia Society for the
Establishment and Support of Charity Schools, established in 1799,
and incorporated September 8, 1801. For some years the schools of
this society and the Aimwell and Adelphi Schools, the latter of
which has gone out of existence, were the only free schools in the
city. The school was opened 1801, in a room in the rear of the
Second Presbyterian Church, Third and Arch streets. In that year a
bequest by Christopher Ludwick of his residuary estate, estimated at
$13,000, for teaching poor children gratis, was secured by the society.
A lot of ground was purchased on Walnut street west of Sixth in
1804. A building was erected upon it, which was opened for school
purposes at the end of that year. In 1859 the property, being very
valuable, was appropriated to the means of obtaining enlarged in-
come by altering it to the use of offices, etc. It is now known as the
Ludwick Building. A lot of ground on Catherine street was pre-
sented to the society by Paul Beck, Sr., by deed. When the new
school was finished, in May, 1859, it was called the Beck School-house.
This school has a riglit to send pupils to the Central High School.

CHAPTER X.

COLLEGIATE AND ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS UN-
DER CONTROL OF RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL ACADEMY.

Protestant Episcopal Academy, south-west corner of Locust
and Juniper. Building of red sandstone of the Elizabethan

15*

173

174 ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS.

style of architecture. The instruction comprises all the
branches that are usually taught in the elementary and
higher schools ; and although the sessions open and close with
short services in the chapel and the trustees are Episcopalians,
the course of study is by no means sectarian in its character.
This building is near the line of the Thirteenth, Spruce and
Walnut street railways. The walk from each is but a short
distance.

This institution was founded in the year 1785 by efforts of church-
men in the city, conspicuous among whom were Bishop White, Rev.
Doctor Pillmore, Rev. Doctor Blackwell and others. A lot was pro-
cured on the south side of Chestnut street west of Sixth, upon which
a fine large building for the use of the academy was erected. The
undertaking, however, proved to be too great for the means of the
institution. The building was sold, and became Oeller's hotel, the
most fashionable establishment of that kind in the city. It was
totally destroyed by fire, with Rickett's circus, adjoining, in Decem-
ber, 1799. The academy went to the south-east corner of Third and
Pear streets. Subsequently it was in other places, and had fallen
to the position of an ordinary school. In 1846 steps were taken to
enlarge and improve its means by Bishop Potter and others, and the
institution placed on a permanent basis.

Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, corner of Thirty-ninth
and Walnut streets, West Philadelphia. This institution is
devoted to the theological instruction of students for the
ministry. There are six professors. Theology, homiletics,
Hebrew, biblical learning and canon law are taught. This
school was established several years ago. Access by cars of
the Chestnut and Walnut streets passenger railway.

Theological Seminary of Saint Charles Borromeo (Roman
Catholic). This institution was incorporated in 1848, under
the direction of Lazaritists, or priests of the Congregation of
Missions. It was originally located at the north-east corner
of Eighteenth and Race streets. A few years ago the ground
at Overbrook, four miles and a half from the city, was pur-
chased, and a fine building of graystone in the Italian style
of architecture erected. The edifice has a front of three hun-
dred and eighty-four feet, with wings and pavilions. A high

ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS. 175

dome, with cross and lantern, surmounts the central building.
Towers surmounted with crosses are upon the end buildings.
The interior is fitted for the purposes of a theological seminary,
with class- and recitation-rooms, dormitories and a fine chapel,
with every appointment for the services of the Church. Ac-
cess by Pennsylvania Eailroad to Overbrook station.

Seminary of Saint Vincent de Paul (Eoman Catholic),
Chew street, Germantown, is nearly finished, and is to be
dedicated to the education of priests, under the charge of the
same order that have control of Saint Charles Borromeo.
The building is to be extensive, and is constructed of dark
graystone and granite.

La Salle College (Roman Catholic), north-east corner of
Juniper and Filbert streets, under charge of Christian Bro-
thers, is a brick building devoted to primary and classical
education.

Saint Joseph's College (Roman Catholic), 317 Willing's
alley, is connected with Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic
church, and is devoted to the purpose of an academical edu-
cation. It was incorporated in 1852.

Parish Schools. There are in many parts of the city
Eoman Catholic schools attached to the churches, which are
under control of clergymen and Christian Brothers and re-
ligious women.

Theological Seminary of Evangelical Lutheran Church, 216
Franklin street above Race. This institution occupies a large
brick building. The Faculty consists of five professors. The
object is to educate young men in the work of the Lutheran
ministry.

Haverford College. Society of Friends (Orthodox). This
institution, founded in the year 1833, is situated upon the line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at a distance of nine miles from
the city. The grounds occupy nearly two hundred acres, sixty
of which are devoted to a lawn tastefully laid out and adorned
with an unusual variety of trees and shrubbery. The college
buildings consist of the original structure, used hitherto for
boarding and educational purposes ; an astronomical observ-

176 ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS.

atory, containing an SJ-inch telescope and other instruments ;
a large gymnasium and lecture-room, with laboratory, etc., and
the alumni hall, which includes the reading-room and library
of about ten thousand carefully selected volumes. A large new
edifice is to be erected during the year 1876, for the purpose of
giving improved accommodations and educational facilities to
a larger number of students. There are six professors and in-
structors. The course of education is academic and practical.

Swarthmore College (Society of Friends) is situate near
Westdale station, upon the line of the West Chester and
Philadelphia Railroad, about eight or nine miles from the
city. This college occupies very extensive stone buildings,
which present an imposing appearance from the railroad.
The course of instruction is collegiate, and the college is
divided into two departments, one of which is devoted to
male and the other to female students. There are usually
several hundred students or pupils in this institution. This
college has been in operation a few years, and is under con-
trol of the members of the Society of Friends usually de-
nominated "Hicksites."

William Penn Charter-school. This school is held in con-
nection with Friends' Meeting (Orthodox) adjoining the
meeting-house, corner of Twelfth and Clover streets, above
Chestnut street. It was chartered by William Penn in 1701,
and for more than a century the school-house was in Fourth
street below Chestnut.

Friends' Central School, Fifteenth and Race streets, is con-
nected with the meeting-house there. The course is thorough,
from primary up to academic and classical. The schools are
primary, secondary, grammar and central. There are six
schools at this place, and about six hundred pupils.

CHAPTER XI.
INSTITUTIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION.

MEDICAL COLLEGES.

Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania

(Allopathic). This branch of the university occupies a capa-
cious building of greenstone situate at the corner of Locust
and Thirty-fourth streets. The style of the architecture is in
harmony with that of the main university building, to the
east of it, and of the university hospital, to the south, although
there are essential differences in all of them. This building

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

is fitted up especially for purposes of medical instruction.
The laboratory is in the basement. Two large lecture-rooms
are upon the first floor. The museum and clinical amphi-
theatre are on the second floor. The third story contains the
dissecting-rooms and surgical-rooms. There are ample ac-
commodations for six hundred students; and besides the in-
struction of the Faculty and assistants, practical, clinical and

177

178 MEDICAL COLLEGES. '

surgical instruction is afforded by the practice at the university
hospital, on the same ground. Access by Chestnut and Walnut
streets passenger railway (Darby branch).

The medical department of the university owes its foundation to
Doctor William Shippen of Philadelphia, who commenced private
lectures upon medicine and surgery in 1764. In 1765 the College of
Philadelphia instituted a medical department, and Doctor Shippen
was made the first professor, being awarded the chair of anatomy.
Other chairs were added, and for some years the medical school was
the only one available to students in America. The classes were
taught before the Revolution at Doctor Shippen's residence, or in a
building adjoining the back of his house, on Fourth street above
Market. About the time of the Revolution a building was erected for
the special use of the medical department, on the east side of Fifth
street above Walnut, halfway to Library street. This was called
Surgeons' Hall, and was in use until 1807, when the medical building
adjoining the university on Ninth street was erected. Since that
pei-iod the medical department has always been near the scientific
and literary departments of the university. The medical depart-
ment has been from its institution under the charge of professors of
the highest reputation in their own profession. Among them may
be mentioned Shippen, Morgan, Bond, Rush, Physic, Wistar, Rogers,
Horner, Wood, Jackson and Gibson. The new buildijig was formally
opened on the 12th of October, 1874.

Jefferson Medical College, west side of Tenth street below
Bansom. The building is of rough-cast brick, with a Corinth-
ian portico of six columns on Tenth street. It is well
arranged for scientific instruction. There is a fine large
museum, class-rooms, lecture-rooms, theatre, dissecting-rooms,
etc. There is a full Faculty, and the annual attendance of
students is large. Adjoining the college on the west, a hos-
pital, which will soon be finished, will atford clinical instruc-
tion to the student. Among the noted professors of Jefferson
College have been Samuel and George McClellan, Dungiison,
Mutter, Meigs, Bache, Pancoast and others of eminence. Cars
of the Tenth and Eleventh streets passenger railway going
south pass the building.

This college was originally established under the charter of
Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, which had authority

MEDICAL COLLEGES. 179

to maintain a medical school. It was established in Philadelphia
about 1824, in a building on the south side of Prune street between
Fifth and Sixth streets. April 12, 1828, the medical college received
a separate charter. A lot of ground was obtained on Tenth street,
and a brick building 51 by 57 feet in size, with an L measuring on
the angle 94 feet, was established, with a three-story building in the
rear for an anatomical class-room. In 1845 the building was en-
larged and a handsome front built by the architect Le Brund.

The University College (Eclectic) occupies a brownstone
building in the collegiate Gothic style, with towers, on the
west side of Ninth street below Locust. The building was
constructed for the Pennsylvania College, an institution
which is not now in existence. It is 60 by 80 feet, five stories
high. The comer-stone was laid 31st May, 1849, and the
building occupied and completed in 1850.

The Woman's Medical College (Allopathic), N. W. comer
of North College avenue and Twenty-first street, a hand-
some brick building, specially constructed for the use of the
institution. The corner-stone was laid October 1, 1874, and
the building opened for education at the autumn session of
1875.

This institution was formed in order to ensure a medical education
to women, there being prejudice against their being furnished with
facilities for medical study in other institutions. Many of the pro-
fessors are women, and a considerable number of women have
graduated there and are now in practice. The Woman's Hospital,
adjoining, furnishes clinical advantages. The college was founded
in 1849, and was the first distinctive medical school for women
established in the world. Access by Pvidge Avenue passenger rail-
way.

Hahnemann Medical College (Homoeopathic), north side of
Filbert street, between Eleventh and Twelfth. The building
— ^the first story of marble and portico of two pillars — pre-
sents a neat, handsome and attractive front. There is a full
Faculty connected with the institution, and a considerable
number of students attend annually. A dispensary is at-
tached, and Hahnemann Hospital, adjoining, on the north,
gives opportunity for clinical and practical instruction

180 MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGES.

This college was instituted in 1846. The building had been pre-
viously erected for the use of the Philadelphia Institute.

College of Physicians (Allopathic), N. E. corner of Thir-
teenth and Locust streets. This institution is one of the
oldest in the city, having been founded in 1787 and incorpo-
rated in 1789. The building is of brick, and well adapted for
the purposes intended. The society is composed of physicians
only, and they meet twice a month for the discussion of sub-
jects connected with the science of medicine and its advance-
ment. For numy years this association met in Locust street
between Eleventh and Twelfth. The present building was
completed in ISGo. It contains the Pathological Museum of
the late Dr. Thomas D. Mutter, with many additions, a val-
uable library enhanced by donations of Samuel Lewis and
George Ord, which reaches about 15,000 volumes. Dr. Mut-
ter left a fund for the support of pathological lectures before
the institution.

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, east side of Tenth
street above Cherry. The building actually occupied by this
institution is of considerable dimensions and stands back
from the street. The Tenth street front is merely a place of
entrance. This college is intended to instruct students for
the business of apothecaries and physicians, and for "the pur-
pose of cultivating, improving and making known a know-
ledge of pharmacy and its collateral branches of science and
the best modes of preparing medicine and their compounds,
and of giving instruction in the same by public lectures."

The College of Pharmacy was cliartered in 1S21, and occupied a
building on the south side of Zaue street, west of Seventh, for many
years. The present building has been in use about five years. The
conrse of instruction is in che.nistry, materia medica, botany and
practical pharmacy. There are three professors, and there are a
considerable number of students.

DENTAL COLLEGES.
There are two institutions devoted to instruction in the
theory and practice of dentistry. They are well organized,
with a large corps of professors and with museums, instru-

DENTAL COLLEGES, ETC. 181

ments, implements and everything necessary to add to the
thoroughness of the instruction.

Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, B. E. corner of
Tenth and Arch streets, has thirteen professors and assistant
professors. The building is of brick, four stories in height.

Philadelphia Dental College, 108 North Tenth street, above
Arch, also occupies a brick building. There are eight pro-
fessors.
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE OF STATE OF PENNSYLVANLA.

This institution, located on the south side of Market, be-
tween Seventeenth and Eighteenth, is devoted to instruction
in technical science, mechanics, engineering, mining, archi-
tecture and metallurgy. Geology, mineralogy, chemistry,
mathematics, are also taught, with book-keeping, commercial
accounts and industrial jurisprudence. The college was
founded in 1853, and its studies were held for many years in
the building at the south-west corner of Merrick and Market
streets.

CHAPTER XII.

SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

THIS valuable institution will soon be installed in its new
building, on Race street, opposite Logan square. It is
a fireproof building, in the Collegiate Gothic style of archi-
tecture, the exterior walls being faced with green serpentine-
and the openings trimmed with Ohio sand-stone. The plan

ACADEMY OF NATURAI. SCIKNCES.

of the entire building includes room for a library of 80,000
volumes, cabinets, etc. Apartments for the use of male and
female artists engaged in copying natural objects, a reading-
room, in which will be found all the leading scientific periodi-
cals of the world, as well as work-shops and committee- and

1S3

184 THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, ETC.

study-rooms, are provided. A portion of the building will be
occupied by a handsome lecture-room and laboratory. The
public are admitted on Tuesday and Friday afternoons. A
small fee of ten cents is charged.

The following will give some idea of the size of the collec-
tion: Natural objects, many of them unique, as the restored
skeleton of the Hadrosaurus Foulkii, 250,000 specimens; pa-
Iseontological collection, 65,000 specimens ; mineralogical cab-
inet, 5000 specimens ; botanical, 70,000 species of plants ; in-
sect cabinet, 25,000 species; shells, more than 100,000 spe-
cimens of 20,000 species ; birds, 31,000 specimens (the largest
collection in the world); reptiles, 800 species; fishes, 1170
species; mammals, 1000 specimens. Comparative anatomy:
skeletons, 271; crania, 346; parts of different animals, 259.
Ethnology: 1200 human crania of different races, 4 human
mummies, 41 mummified animals.

The Academy of Natural Sciences was founded January, 1812, by
seven gentlemen who met together for the purpose of conversing
upon scientific subjects, and thus communicating to each other the
results of their reading, observation and reflection, A museum, a
library of scientific works, a laboratory and philosophical appara-
tus were the first objects of acquisition. The room of the society
was first established on North Second street, subsequently on Arch
street, and for many years in a building at the north-east corner of
Twelfth and George streets, which had been erected for the purposes
of a Swedenborgian church. The hall at Sansom and Broad streets
was erected in 1842, and enlarged by the addition of a third story
some years afterward,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The rooms of this society are located at 518 South Thirteenth
street, where may be found a very large collection of speci-
mens of entomology and the most complete library on the
subject in the United States, Visitors are admitted free of
charge on Monday evenings from 7.30 to 10, when they have
the privilege of the use of the library.

This society was incorporated in 1862,

Germantown Scientific Society, 4836 Germantown avenue.
Useful to the residents of that portion of the city.

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. 185

THE WAGNER INSTITUTE.
This institution was founded by Professor William Wagner
in 1855. The building is located at Seventeenth street and
Montgomery avenue. It contains a valuable library, philoso-
phical and chemical apparatus, cabinets of minerals, etc. A
course of free lectures is given every winter in the large lec-
ture-room, holding over one thousand persons.

William Wagner was originally a merchant, and having been suc-
cessful in business retired many years ago. Desiring to put his
wealth to some good purpose and having scientific tastes, he devoted
himself to the project of this institution. The ground was pur-
chased and the large building erected at his expense, and it has been
maintained for twenty years as a means of benefit to the people.
The winter lectures comprise a course, and they are delivered by
gentlemen of scientific ability.

American Philosophical Society was founded in May, 1763,
upon the union of two societies, one of which was the Junto,
of which Benjamin Franklin was a member. The new society
was established in 1743. (See chapter on Independence Hall
and Square.)

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE,

East side of south Seventh below Market street. This
society was organized in 1824 for the promotion of the me-
chanic arts. The building which it occupies is of Pennsyl-
vania marble, a plain and unassuming edifice, and contains a
library, lecture-room and museum. It is well worthy of a
visit, and can be seen daily on application at the hall.

This institution was incorporated March 30, 1824. It maintained
a library and reading-room for many years. For some years it gave
exhibitions of the progress of American manufactures, which were
held in the old Masonic Hall building on Chestnut street and the
museum building, Ninth and George. Lectures were given during
winter seasons, and a drawing-school has been maintained for many
years. The " Journal of the Franklin Institute " is the oldest ex-
tant periodical for mechanics published in America.

ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.
This attractive addition to the sights of Philadelphia is
under the control of a society composed of stockholders,
16*

188

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS.

whose original subscriptions formed the basis upon which
the buildings were erected and the collection secured. The
location, directly on the banks of the Schuylkill, is unsurpassed,
and the shade of a beautiful grove of forest trees secures the
visitor from the heat of the summer sun. The buildings, for
comfort and convenience, are unexcelled in any country in

THE MONKKY-HOITSE.

Europe, and the care taken of the animals and the general
cleanliness of the surroundings have been commented upon
by all visitors. The total amount of land occupied by this
garden is thirty-three acres, which is laid out very handsomely
with walks and flower-beds, and the stream crossed by rustic
bridges. The collection of animals and birds so far made is
most creditable, and while comprising those usually met with

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS.

189

in menageries has many rare additions, constantly increased
either by donation or purchase. The admission fee is twenty-
five cents, with half rate for children. The Zoological Garden
can be reached by boats on the Schuylkill, and by the street
cars via Girard avenue, and also via Race and Vine streets.

THE BEAR-PIXS.

In this enclosure are the following large buildings: first,
Penn's mansion of Solitude, now appropriated to various
purposes (see Chapter XXVIII.), the Carnivora House, with
outdoor cages, a very large building, the aviary, the monkey-
house, the eagle-house, the elephant- and rhinoceros-house,
bear-pits and other buildings, besides large numbers of pens,
cages, etc. The cost of the buildings is already above $150,000.

The Zoological Society was incorporated in 1859, and a site allotted
to its use by the State of Pennsylvania in Fairmount Park. For four-

190 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS, ETC.

teen years very little was done toward establishing the societ>' on a
permanent basis. In June, 1873, the Park Commissioners granted
the society the ground on the west side of the river now occupied by
the collection, and from that time the work was prosecuted with
great vigilance and spirit. The gardens were first opened July 1,
1874.

THE HOBTICULTURAX. SOCIETY.
Hall, east side of Broad street north of Spruce street, ad-
joining the Academy of Music. This is the oldest society
devoted to horticulture in the United States. Semi-annual
exhibitions are held of plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables,
as well as of horticultural implements. Liberal premiums
are awarded to successful competitors. The society po^esses
a large and well -selected library of works on horticulture and
kindred subjects. The hall is extensive and covers a large
space of ground, being 75 feet front by 200 feet deep. The
front is of sandstone, handsomely ornamented with brown-
stone trimmings. The main apartment is one of the largest
in the city, devoted to meetings, etc. Besides the purposes of
the society, this hall is frequently used for lectures, balls,
concerts, etc.

The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was formed in the year
1829 by gentlemen interested in botanical and horticultural pursuits.
The objects of the society are '' promoting and encouraging horti-
culture by improving the growth of vegetables, plants, trees, fruits
and flowers, and of introducing into our country new varieties and
species." The society was incorporated in 1831. It gave exhibitions
for many years in the old museum building and other places, and
once or twice upon one of the public squares. The present building
was commenced in 1866 and opened for use 29th of May, 1867.

Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture occupies a
portion of the building on the south-west corner of Ninth
and Walnut streets. This is the oldest agricultural society
in the United States, and was instituted 1857. It holds
monthly meetings, has a cabinet and library, has in former
years awarded many premiums for improvements in agricul-
ture, and has published several volumes of memoirs of its
transactions.

CHAPTER XIII.
PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC.

THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS.

rilHE new academy building is situated at the south-west
-*- corner of Broad and Cherry streets, entirely covering the
lot of two hundred and sixty feet in length on Cherry street,
and one hundred feet front on Broad street. It is thoroughly

THE ACADEMY OF FINE AKTS.

fireproof, and the dwellings of the janitor, curator and porter
are so disposed as to properly guard it.

The structure, of Byzantine or Venetian style of architecture,
is of mingled brick and stone. Over the portal on Broad street
stands a mutilated colossal statue in marble of the goddess Ceres
like a presiding genius of antique art ; for is not all art since

191

192 acadp:my of the fine arts.

Michael Angelo founded on the grand principles evolved by
him out of the ancient buried masterpieces just then discov-
ered and reinstalled to gladden the sight and mould the taste
of after generations ? This noble fragment was dug up at
Megara, in Greece, and was brought thence by Commodore
Patterson and presented by him to the academy. The column
beneath it, dividing the entrance into two, is of polished
Aberdeen granite, as are also those that decorate the windows
and door, and the smaller ones of the central balcony and
under the cornice. In panels between these latter, and also in
the arches of the upper cornice, are inlaid encaustic tiles, rich
in color and gold. The carved spandrels of the arch over the
mullioned window also have inlaid borders of colored tiles,
through which flow veins of gold in gracefully waving lines.
On either side of the western window are great slabs of stone,
to be wrought hereafter into figures typical of painting and
sculpture. On nine other slabs of smaller size are to be
sculptured medallion portraits of prominent representative
men distinguished in the arts.

The lower story, devoted principally to educational uses,
furnishes accommodation for the board of directors' room, a
library and print-room fifty -four feet in length by twenty-four,
a lecture-room sixty feet by forty, a life-class room nearly
forty feet square, with adjoining studio for painting drapeiy
and still-life, a modelling-room, and five galleries of casts
from the antique averaging more than thirty feet- in width
each, so that students may obtain sufficient distance when
drawing from the figures. Ample room is provided for put-
ting away unfinished work of the student safe from accidental
injury, as well as every other convenience and comfort that
could be devised.

The schools are conducted on the liberal plan of offering
all their advantages gratuitously, merely obliging the appli-
cant to show a drawing indicating suflicient capacity. Lec-
tures on artistic anatomy form an essential feature, and per-
spective and a general knowledge of architectural styles are
imparted, the whole being directed by competent professors.

ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. 193

The second story is reached from a noble hall forty feet
square by a grand flight of stairs fifteen feet in breadth, each
step a single block of stone. Above the landing there are
three diverging flights, one, of the original width, continuing
the stairway in the same direction to the sculpture gallery,
while two narrower ones form returning wings to right and
left. This portion of the structure is the only part in which
much architectural display could be attempted. It is en-
riched by no less than thirty-one polished columns of rose-
crystal marble with polished black marble bases and richly-
sculptured capitals. Eighteen of them support the pointed
arches which enclose three sides of the hall on the second
story ; seven support the stair-landing before referred to, and
from four of massive proportions, the most beautiful in color
and quality, springs the ponderous archway that spans the
main stairway. On the remaining two rest the abutments of
the arch over the flight of entrance to the sculpture gallery.

The galleries of the upper story, all of them lighted from
the ceiling, are divided into three ranges running east and
west, the middle one being appropriated to marble sculpture
and original models owned by the academy. Midway of this
gallery extends north and south a transept of more than thirty
feet in breadth, and at the intersection, enlarged into a grand
central hall, is placed the heroic group by Lough of the " Bat-
tle of the Centaurs and Lapithse." Around it, and in the
south transept, are assembled the more important marbles
belonging to the academy — the "Jerusalem" by Story,
"Penelope" by Rinaldini, "Deborah" by Lombardi, "Hero
and Leander" by Steinhauser, "The Prodigal Son" by
Mosier, Powers' bust of "Proserpine," Palmer's "Spring,"
and other fine specimens of the statuary art.

The range of galleries on the north side of the building is
for the accommodation of the annual or other transient ex-
hibitions, while the range on the south side, consisting of six
galleries, three on either side the sculpture transept, contains
the permanent collection. In each of these latter galleries is
an important painting by a deceased American artist of dis-
17 N

194 ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS,

tinction, from wliicli it receives its designation. Thus, " Death
on the Pale Horse " and " Paul and Silas " give name to the
Benjamin West gallery; the "Eaising of the Dead Man"
names the Allston gallery; "The Murder of Clifford" the
Leslie gallery ; the whole length " Portrait of Washington "
the Stuart gallery ; " Cooke as Eichard III." the Sully gallery ;
" Pat Lyon " the Neagle gallery. Thus the oldest American
art academy enshrines the memory of pioneers of the profes-
sion, all of whom may be regarded as Philadelphian except
Allston, who is national.

Among other noteworthy pictures in this collection may be
mentioned "The Belief of Leyden" by Wittkamp, "Mac-
chiavelli and Csesar Borgia" by Farruffini, "Parisina" by
Gastaldi. Numbers of other pictures of nearly equal import-
ance would extend this brief notice beyond our limit, if the
attempt were made to particularize further. Suffice it to say
that the institution and its contents are a credit not merely to
the city, but to the continent.

The large gallery in the north-western angle of the building
is divided by columns into three compartments, the w^estern
division of which is styled the Gilpin gallery, after the Hon.
Henry D. Gilpin, a former president of the academy, and lib-
eral donor to it. The six marble statues, reproductions of
antiques, and the copies in oil after Andrea del Sarto, Claude
Lorraine, Salvator Rosa and others, which adorn it, were col-
lected by him in Italy, and now occupy the place he designed
for them. The remaining two divisions of this gallery will
receive an important collection of fine paintings which has
been secured, and which will add greatly to its art-wealth.

This institution was organized in 1805, at a meeting in Independ-
ence Hall, by seventy-one gentleraen, a majority of whom were mem-
bers of the bar. Early in the succeeding yenr an aet of incorporation
was obtained, and later in the same year a building on Chestnut
street above Tenth was completed and occupied, thus forming the
oldest academy of the fine arts in the United States.. The first struc-
ture, after many additions had been made to it, was partially de-
stroyed by fire in 1845, when quite a number of valuable works of
art perished, among them a fine original picture by Murillo of the

ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. 195

^' Roman Daughter," which had been presented by Joseph Bona-
parte, ex-king of Spain, and the entire gallery of fine casts from the
antique, a donation from the first Napoleon, besides many other
works, original models, etc., in the same room.

In 1846 a new building was erected on a much larger scale than
the first, and was made in great measure fireproof. But the grow-
ing wants of the institution very soon demanded more space, and
finally, in the year 1870, the property was sold, and a theatre now
occupies the site.

There are also many private collections in the city that
would richly repay a visit. Among them may be named
that of Mr. Henry C. Gibson, 1612 Walnut street, probably
the finest in the country, and particularly rich in specimens
of modern French and Spanish art — viz., fine works of For-
tuny, Cabanel, Schenck, Breton, Detaille, Schreyer, Troyon,
GerSme, Meissonnier, Rosa Bonheur, Rousseau, Corst, Millet,
Diaz, Munkacsy, Villegas, Aug. Bonheur, Van Marke, etc., etc.

Mr. James L. Claghorn, 222 West Logan square, has a fine
gallery adjoining his reception-room, and here are excellent
examples of Knauss, Vibert, Rosa Bonheur, Schreyer and
other great artists, as well as "The Spirit of the Waterfall,"
undoubtedly the finest poem on canvas of the late lamented
T. Buchanan Read, some of the best of the works of Rother-
mel. Church, Bierstadt, Kensett and other prominent Ameri-
cans. Mr. Claghorn has also a superb collection of engrav-
ings, possibly the finest private one in America.

Mr. Wm. B. Bement, 1812 Spring Garden street, has a noble
collection, a few representative names of which are Tissot,
Peralti, Schreyer, Zamacois, Madrazzo and others.

Mr. Adolph E. Borie, 1025 Spruce street, has a collection
almost entirely of the works of French artists, with notable
examples of Fortuny, Zamacois, Merle, Hamon, Troyon,
Rousseau, Noel, Dupr6, several wonderful in color by Isa'bey,
and others equally important.

Mr. Fairman Rogers, 202 West Rittenhouse square, has some
charming works of Meyer von Bremen, Carl HofF, Isabey,
Madrazza, Herzog, and the fine and well-known " Mayflower "
by Boughton, and other noble works.

196 ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS.

Mr. J. W. Bates, 1814 Chestnut street, has a number of fine
English pictures, Jutsum, Erskine Nicol and other masters
being well represented, also a collection of Belgian and Ger-
man works, important and valuable.

Mr. Geo. Whitney, 247 North Eighteenth street, has a gal-
lery and water-color room adjoining, filled with specimens of
modern art, wellnigh perfect, and among which selections of
American artists are well mingled. Here are the very finest
efi'orts of Church, Giff"ord, Kensett, Brown, Guy, E. L. Henry,
W. T. Richards, Eastman Johnson, Lambdin, Boughton, and
from abroad pictures by Detaille, Vibert, Meyer von Bremen,
Salentin, Breton, Goubie, Delers, Very, Jazet, Bougereau,
Jacques, Parcutti, Landelle and others. Two or three of the
sculptures of Palmer, of Albany, find worthy place in this
collection.

The gallery of the late Jos. Harrison, Jr., 221 South Eigh-
teenth street, contains many fine paintings by Wittkamp, of
Antwerp, and Rothermel's most remarkable picture, " King
Lear," some fine statuary, and many works of interest.

Mrs. Wilstach, at Eighteenth and Walnut streets, has many
most remarkable modern French and Belgian pictures, a col-
lection quite unknown to the public, but soon, it is hoped, to
be more accessible.

Mr. S. B. Fales, 707 Vine street, has a large number of
excellent English, French and Belgian works, some exqui-
site water-color drawings, valuable engravings, illustrated
works, etc., etc. His collection includes one or more of the
finest specimens of Hasenclever, one or more by Hasenpflug,
Diaz, Verboeckhoven, Von Schendel, Jutsum, Richardson and
others. There are still many other private collections in Phil-
adelphia, not all as extensive as those remarked above, but
which contain many hidden gems.

The collection of Hon. Henry C. Carey, 1102 Walnut street,
is one which has not been added to within the past twenty
years, and consists of well-selected and now most rare speci-
mens of Sully, Leslie, Leutze, Huntingdon and others— the
famous original " Mercy's Dream" being a prominent picture.

LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS. 197

Mr. J. Gillingham Fell, 1406 Walnut street, has a remark-
able Merle, "The Maniac," also "The Beggar Boys," by
Dore, and some of the finest efforts of Aschenbach, Herzog
and others. Access to these collections is in many cases
made easy by cards, to be found at the principal art gal-
leries, while in others the simple presentation of the visitor's
card is sufficient to procure an entrance.

LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS.

Philadelphia Sketch-Club has its rooms at 524 Walnut
street. It has a gallery, and is resorted to weekly by artists
and amateurs. The club was founded in 1861.

The School of Design for Women, south-west corner of
Merrick and Filbert streets, occupies a building extending
through to Fifteenth street. This institution is designed for
the instruction of women in drawing, sculpture and painting.
It is maintained by the contributions of members of the so-
ciety. The course of instruction is practical and particu-
larly relates to the decorative arts. The teaching is espe-
cially directed to making the talent of the pupils available
in the industrial arts, so that their avocations may be pleasing
and profitable. This institution originated under the patron-
age and assistance of the Franklin Institute. It was estab-
lished in 1850, and for some time had its rooms at 70 Walnut
street. When the means of the society permitted, the present
building was purchased and fitted for the purpose of a school.
It has been occupied for some years with much advantage.
Access by Market street passenger railway.

Faipmount Park Art Association, office, 708 Walnut street.
This society is devoted to the embellishing of Fairmount
Park with objects of art. The members make an annual
payment of five dollars each. They numbered at the end of
1875 about 1300, and ensured an annual income of $6500.
The association has placed in the Park since its organization,
February 2, 1872, " Night," bronze statue by Shoch ; " Hud-
son Bay AVolves," bronze, by Kemys ; " II Penseroso," marble,

198 LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS.

by Mozier; and is ready to set up the "Dying Lioness," by
Wolff of Berlin, consisting of four figures, life size.

Musical Fund Society, hall. Locust street above Eighth,
south side. This building was for many years the fashion-
able one for concerts, lectures and balls. The grand saloon
is considered the most perfect hall for hearing and for the
delivery of music in the United States. The building is of
brick, with rough-cast front in plain style. The concert-room,
on the second floor, is 60 by 110 feet. The building was orig-
inally constructed for a church, to be occupied by the Eev.
Mr. Birch ; but the congregation failing, the unfinished build-
ing was bought by the Musical Fund Society in 1824, and
opened for concerts in that year. In this building the most
eminent artists have performed. Among them may be men-
tioned Malibran, Sontag, Jenny Lind, Alboni, Grisi, Braham,
Mario, De Begnis and others, and among instrumental
performers, Ole Bull, Sivori, Goldschmidt, Vieuxtemps and
others.

The Musical Fund Society was formed 1820 for the "relief of
distressed musicians and their families, and the cultivation of profi-
ciency in the musical art." The association was chartered 1823.
The concerts at one time embraced the finest professional and am-
ateur musicians. Frequently there were 120 performers in the or-
chestra.

Hande! and Haydn Hall, north-east corner of Eighth and
Spring Garden, a large building, four stories high, devoted
to concerts by the Handel and Haydn Musical Society, etc.
This association was formed for the study and practice of
sacred music, and has been in existence for many years. Con-
certs of sacred music are given at certain periods.

CHAPTEE XIV.
LIBRARY COMPANIES AND ASSOCIATIONS.

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY.

THIS venerable institution is located on the north-east
corner of Fifth and Library streets, between Chestnut
and Walnut. The building is of brick, with marble trim-
mings. The corner-stone was laid 31st of August, 1789, the
design being the plan of Dr. William Thornton, a mem-
ber, and finished October, 1790. The statue of Benjamin
Franklin, placed in a niche in the front, was presented by
William Bingham, first United States Senator from Pennsyl-
vania. It was executed by Francisco Lazzarini of Carrara,
in Italy.

The Loganian Library is united with the Philadelphia
Library, and principally kept in an apartment east of the
main building, but connected with it. This library comprises
a collection of books bequeathed by James Logan, the first
secretary to William Penn, and at one time chief-justice of the
Province of Pennsylvania. By his will Logan ordered that
his library, which was very rich in classic authors and con-
tained many rare and curious books in the ancient languages,
should be maintained for ever for the use of the citizens of
Philadelphia, members of his own family being hereditary
librarians. The Loganian Library was placed in a building
erected for the purpose at the north-west corner of Sixth
and Walnut streets, where it remained for nearly forty years.
By negotiation, in 1791, it was agreed that the Loganian be
transferred to the care of the Philadelphia Library Company,
to be held upon the original trusts. Valuable estates for the
support and increase of the Loganian Library went with the

199

200

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY.

transfer also. The present librarian of the Philadelphia
Library is hereditary librarian under the Logan will. The
Loganian Library is always open for consultation by any
respectable person who may apply, and conveniences for
reading and writing are in the library. Books of the Phila-
delphia Library are liberally opened to the same privilege.
There are many literary relics and bibliographical curiosities

PHir.ADEIiPHIA LIBRARY.

that will well repay a visit. The library comprises about
100,000 volumes. Visitors are admitted from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.
daily, excepting Sundays.

, The Philadelphia Libraiy Company was instituted by a small
number of persons, including Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hopkin-
son, Thomas Cadwalader, Eobert Grace and others, July 1, 1731.

The New Ri

AY Library.

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY, ETC. 201

It became of some importance when the first importation of books
from London, valued at £45,815, arrived, in 1732. It gradually
attracted subscribers and met with favor, as it was started on the
then unusual plan of a lending library, the members being allowed
to take the books to their homes. It received many donations of
books and moneys. It absorbed, before the Revolution, three library
companies instituted for similar objects. The library was first
opened in 1732 in a room in Jones or Pewter Platter alley, between
Front and Second streets. In 1773 it was removed to Carpenters'
Hall. In 1790 went to the present building.

THE RIDGWAY LIBRARY.

This building is located upon a lot which extends from
Broad to Thirteenth and from Carpenter to Christian streets.
The exterior walls are of granite, with a frontage of 220 feet
and a depth of 105 feet, and three porticoes, one in the centre
and one at each end. The main hall will be devoted to the
library, and the wings for reading-rooms.

Dr. James Rush, a son of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who died May 26,
1869, by his will left a large amount of money, estimated at a mil-
lion and a half of dollars, to his executor in trust that he would erect
a building suitable for the use of a library of large proportions, and
devoted money to its support. By the will Dr. Rush directed that
this bequest should be appropriated to the use of the Philadelphia
Library Company, if the shareholders would accept the gift subject
to the restrictions named in the will. In that case the institution
was to be named the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library.
In case the bequest should be refused. Dr. Rush ordered that the in-
stitution should be opened as a free library, under the name of the
Ridgway Library. Ihe Philadelphia Library Company is not com-
pelled to decide upon the subject until the building is finished. At
the present time the question is unsettled, and great opposition has
been expressed by many of the stockholders against acceptance of
the gift, on account of the location of the library building, and also
by dislike of the restrictions in Dr. Rush's will. The name Ridg-
way was adopted by Dr. Rush from the maiden name of his wife,
a daughter of Jacob Ridgway, a rich merchant of Philadelphia,
through whom the wealth devised for this purpose was derived.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY.
The Mercantile Library is located on the west side of Tenth
street between Chestnut and Market. The building has been

202

MERCANTILE LIBRARY.

specially prepared for the purpose, and both in location and
arrangement is very convenient for its thousands of readers.
The number of volumes in the library is now about 128,000.
There are also over 500 periodical publications, including

>»»£i«!»iv;j^^— "%'•«*

MERCANTILE LIBRA KY.

both foreign and American. There are very pleasant rooms
attached for conversation, correspondence, chess, reading, etc.,
etc. The present membership is estimated at over 12,000.
Rooms open every day from 9 A. m. to 10 P. M. Visitors from
abroad are invited to visit the rooms.

This association was formed in the year 1820 for the benefit of
young men employed in the various mercantile establishments in
the city. The collection was first opened for use in the second
story of No. 100 Chestnut street on the 19th of January, 1821. The
society was incorporated in 1822. It was afterward removed to the
American Sunday-school Union building, Chestnut sti'eet above
Sixth, opposite the theatre. In 1844 the company bought a lot on
the south-east corner of Fifth and Library streets, whereon was
erected a fine building, with marble basement story, and brick
covered with mastic for the second story. A poi-tico of six columns

MERCANTILE LIBKARY, ETC. 203

fronts on Fifth street. The present building, which was originally
erected by the Franklin Market Company, was purchased in 1868,
fitted up for the library and opened July 15, 1869. The size of the
building is 80 feet front by 300 deep,

ATHEN^UM LIBRARY AND READING-ROOM.
This library is located on the south-east corner of Sixth
and Adelphi streets, below Walnut. The building is of
brownstone, in the Palladian style of architecture, present-
ing a chaste and beautiful appearance. It is 50 feet front on
Sixth street and 125 on Adelphi, and 58 feet high, and in
character and appearance is considered one of the finest
buildings in the city. The first floor is occupied by the
offices of the controllers of the public schools.

This institution originated in the year 1813 by the efforts of a
few young men of literary taste who felt the want of a place of com-
mon resort during their leisure-hours. They agreed to have a read-
ing-room and library. The association was organized February 9,
1814, and had its room over Carey's book-store. Fourth and Chestnut
streets. A few years afterward the institution rented the first story
of Philosophical Hall, Fifth street below Chestnut, which it occu-
pied for some years. The corner-stone of the present building was
laid November 1, 1845, and the building opened October 18, 1847.

APPRENTICES' LIBRARY.
The Apprentices' Library, south-west corner of Fifth and
Arch streets, is the only free library in the city. It was estab-
lished in the year 1820 "for the use of apprentices and other
young persons, without charge of any kind for the use of
books." The boys' library contains over 15,000 volumes and
the girls' library 8600 volumes, all of which have been selected
with care and discretion. Since its commencement 48,000
boys and 20,000 girls have enjoyed the advantages of this
institution. A reading-room has recently been established
for men, and the large attendance every evening proves its
great value to the city. This building is open daily for the
reception of visitors, who will be cordially welcomed.

This excellent institution was instituted in 1820 and incorporated
on the 2d of April, 1821. It is supported by the contributions of

204 apprentices' and friends' libraries.

apprentices' library.
members. The library was originally opened in Carpenters' Hall.
Afterward it was removed to a room on the north side of Carpenter
(now Jayne) street, east of Seventh, and at a later period to the old
Mint building, Seventh street below Arch. About twenty-five years
ago the company leased the Free Quaker meeting-house. Fifth and
Arch streets, which has been occupied ever since.

FRIENDS' LIBRARY.

This collection of books is located at 304 Arch street, and
comprises over 7000 volumes, largely relating to Quakers,
their progress and history. Visitors are admitted on the
introduction of members.

This library belongs to the " Four Monthly Meetings of Friends."
It commenced in a bequest of books by Thomas Chalkley in 1741,
which were increased by a bequest of John Peniberton in 1794, and
by other gifts. Many of the books are rare— very rare. Some vol-
umes are believed to be the only copies extant.

friends' library, etc. 205

Friends' Library, Eace street west of Fifteenth. This col-
lection is also largely devoted to publications connected with
Quaker history. It was established in the year 1834 in the
meeting-house, Cherry street below Fifth, and was removed
when the congregation went farther west. The number of
volumes is about 7000.

Law Association Library, south-east corner of Sixth and
Walnut streets, was founded in 1802 by members of the bar
for the purpose of obtaining a complete collection of law-
books available for consultation and within reach of the
courts for ready reference. There are several thousand vol-
umes, and the collection is considered very complete. This
library was for many years kept in the court-house building.

Southwaric Library Company, Second street below German,
is a stock company founded January 18, 1822, and has about
10,000 volumes.

Mechanics' Institute, Southwark, Fifth street below Wash-
ington avenue. Incorporated 1852. Occupies its own build-
ing, has a reading-room, and a library of about 4000 volumes.
Lectures on literary and scientific subjects are delivered
during the winter season.

City Institute, hall north-east corner of Eighteenth and
Chestnut streets, has a library of about 3000 volumes. The
building is of brick, 44 feet by 120, and was dedicated March,
1855. There is a reading-room, lectures being given in the
hall. The institution is sustained by the members for the
benefit of young persons of both sexes.

Spring Garden Institute, north-east corner of Broad and
Spring Garden streets, occupies a large rough-cast building,
which was finished in 1853. This institution is also main-
tained for the benefit of the young, owns a library of 5000
volumes, contains a reading-room, has lectures, etc.

Moyamensing Institute Library, corner of Eleventh and
Catharine streets. Founded July 1, 1852, as a branch of the
Philadelphia Institute, but is now independent of it. The
corner-stone of the present building was laid November 18,
1852. The number of volumes is about 4000.
IS

206 KENSINGTON INSTITUTE LIBRARY, ETC.

Kensington Institute Library, corner of Girard avenue and
Day street. Incorporated 1853. The society maintains read-
ing-rooms, a library, etc.

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 820 Spruce street, was
founded December 2, 1824, and incorporated June 2, 1826.
The library contains 17,000 volumes. There are a great num-
ber of relics and curiosities. The building is 68 feet wide and
42 feet deep.

This association kept its collection for many years in the rooms of
the American Philosophical Society, Fifth street below Chestnut,
afterward at 115 South Sixth street, and subsequently in the upper
stories of the Athenteum building, on South Sixth street. The new
hall was dedicated March 11, 1872.

Library of Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, south-west
corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets. This association
owns some valuable books treating upon subjects for which
the association was formed, and has a collection of coins and
curiosities. It was incorporated 1858.

Library of Friends' Historical Association, organized in
1875, kept in the Pennsylvania Historical Society's hall.

Library of Baptist Historical Society, 530 Arch street.

Library of Methodist Historical Society, 1018 Arch street.

Library of Presbyterian Historical Society, 1334 Chestnut
street.

OTHER LIBRARIES.
There are associations of importance treated of in other
parts of this work, the main objects of which are not con-
nected with collecting books, but which maintain libraries.
Among them may be mentioned the German Society library,
24 South Seventh street, which is a very considerable collec-
tion— probably 10,000 volumes. The scientific institutions,
colleges and many other associations maintain libraries. In
1870, according to the United States census returns, there
were nearly 3700 libraries in Philadelphia, public and pri-
vate, belonging to corporations and individuals, embracing
the collections of citizens, etc. They comprise 2,985,770 vol-
umes.

CHAPTER XV.

HOSPITALS.

Pennsylvania Hospital occupies the square bounded by
Eighth and Ninth, Spruce and Pine streets. The entrance is
upon Eighth street. The main building fronts on the south,
stands a considerable distance from the street, is open to view
upon Pine street through a palisade fence, and is surrounded
with trees and flowers. In the garden is a statue of William
Penn of lead bronzed, which was presented to the institution
by John Penn, grandson of the founder. The main building
is connected with the wings by long wards. It is surmounted
by a dome and balustrade 72 feet in height. The wings are
ornamented by small cupolas. The main building is 64 feet
front, the wards 80 feet front, and the wings 27 feet each.
The entire front is 278 feet in width. The end wings extend
110 feet. There is in addition a hall lately erected for
surgical clinics, and several other buildings on the premises.
There is a valuable anatomical museum, containing, among
other things, models of all parts of the human l>ody in wax,
which were once the property of Doctor Abraham Chovet, a
noted physician of the last century.

The hospital has been from its foundation a blessing to the
sick and miserable. Thousands of patients have been treated
within its walls, many of whom have been permanently cured
or greatly relieved. The gates of the hospital are always
open for the reception of persons in any way injured by
accidents of recent occurrence and needing surgical assistance.
Nearly one hundred thousand patients have been admitted to
this hospital since its establishment, and over fifty thousand
of these have been poor patients supported by the institution.

207

HOSPITALS. 209

This is the oldest hospital in the city, and the first one established
in any of the American colonies. The foundation of this worthy
institution was proposed about the year 1750 by Doctor Thomas Bond,
who had experienced the want of such an establishment in the course
of his practice. It was not difiicult to enlist the attention of the
benevolent in such a plan. The assembly of the province granted
a charter of incorporation to the contributors and made an appro-
priation of £2000. More than that amount was realized from private
subscriptions ; and in February, 1752, the hospital went into opera-
tion in a house in Market street, between Fifth and Sixth. Two years
afterward the lot of ground on which the hospital is now built was
purchased, and the foundation-stone laid on the 28th of May, 1755,
bearing upon it an appropriate inscription written by Doctor Ben-
jamin Franklin. The eastern wing was finished as soon as possible,
and the institution went into operation. The western wing was not
commenced until after the Revolution, and the centre building was
finished about the year 1805.

Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane (male department),
between West Chester and Haverford roads, west of Forty-
third street. The first provision for the care and treatment
of the insane in America was made in the Pennsylvania
Hospital as early as 1751, and a portion of the buildings was
always kept for that purpose. But the number very much
increasing and interfering with the sick, efforts were made for
the establishment of a separate hospital for the cure and treat-
ment of persons deprived of their reason. Contributions to a
very large amount of money were received. A lot of ground,
farm property, containing one hundred and eleven acres, was
purchased. The corner-stone of the building was laid 22d
of June, 1836, and the hospital opened for the reception of
patients January 1, 1841. The principal building and wings
present a front of 436 feet, three stories in height. The centre
building is 96 feet deep and 63 feet wide. It is built of cut
stone, and ornamented with a Doric portico. The wings run
north and south from the centre building. There are lodges
and other buildings for the purpose of separating the patients,
according to the nature of their disease. There is a workshop,
a library, a museum and a reading-room. The enclosure is
beautifully laid out as a pleasure-ground. The building
18* 0

210 HOSPITALS.

will accommodate two hundred and fifty patients, and when
originally constructed was intended for the use of male and
female patients. But the numbers increasing, another build-
ing was erected.

Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane (female department).
It is situate west of the former and fronts on Forty-ninth
street, and has accommodations for two hundred and fifty
patients. The buildings were commenced July, 1856, and
finished and opened for use in 1859. In size and general
appearance this building resembles the older one, but their
architectural difference the practiced eye will easily observe.
Access to both branches of the Insane Hospital by cars of
the Market street line, Haddington branch.

Philadelphia Hospital is conducted as a branch of the
Blockley Almshouse, and is, as we have said, the oldest hospital
in the country. The insane department connected with this
hospital is crowded beyond its capacity, and contains on the
average more than one thousand patients.

Wills Hospital for diseases of the eye, south side of Eace
street, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth. Building of New-
Jersey freestone, 80 feet long, 50 feet deep, with pavilion
wards 90 feet long. This institution is devoted to the treat-
ment of eye diseases not only among the patients who remain
within its walls, but by clinical assistance to all who may
choose to repair to it. There is a large and skilful corps of
surgeons, who operate daily free of charge.

This institution owes its foundation to the benevolence of James
Wills, a grocer, who died in 1825, and by his last will bequeathed to
the city of Philadelphia a sum of money which at the completion
of the building had accumulated to $122,548. Several other legacies
have been added to the fund, which is under control of the Board
of Public Trusts. The corner-stone was laid April 2, 1832, and the
hospital opened March 3, 1834. The pavilions were dedicated Octo-
ber 11, 1875.

Friends' Asylum, for the treatment of persons deprived of
their reason, Adams street, west of Frankford village. The
institution was founded 1811 by members of the Society of

HOSPITALS. 211

Friends, and a constitution adopted June, 1813. It occupies a
large tract of ground handsomely laid out and well cultivated.
The buildings are 308 feet front, three stories high. There is
a central building and wings, which are plain but well suited
to the object intended. They were finished and occupied on
the 15th of June, 1817. There are accommodations for about
seventy-five patients, also a reading-room and a library. This
institution was one of the first for the separate treatment of
the insane established in the United States.

Preston Retreat, Hamilton street, from Twentieth to Twenty-
first street, A very handsome marble building, with portico
in firont, wings and central dome. The building is back from
the street on an eminence, and presents a very fine appearance.
It is a lying-in hospital, charitably devoted to the use of
"indigent married women of good moral character, residents
of the city and county of Philadelphia and the county of
Delaware."

Doctor Jonas Preston of Philadelphia, who died in 1836, was a
member of the Society of Friends. By his will he bequeathed
$250,000 for the support of this charitable institution. Unfortunately,
in the succeeding year the suspension of specie payments by the
banks, and the failure of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, in
which Doctor Preston was largely interested, crippled the estate to
such a degree that there were not sufficient funds to justify the
opening of the building. It remained for eighteen years after it
was finished unused for the purposes of its foundation ; but for a
long time it was leased to the Foster Home, a charitable institution.
By judicious means the managers increased the fund that remained
until it became available, and on the 1st of May, 1866, the building
was opened for the purposes which were intended by the founder.

Municipal Hospital, Hart lane near Twenty-first street.
Main building and wings of brownstone, with a fi-ont of
280 feet, two stories in height, with Mansard roof. This in-
stitution belongs to the city of Philadelphia, and is specially
intended for the use of persons " laboring under infectious
diseases." Cases of small-pox, yellow fever, typhus fever
and cholera are here treated. There is a resident physician,
appointed by the Board of Health. Poor patients are re-

212 HOSPITALS.

ceived without charge. Those able to pay are expected to

do so.

This institution succeeds the City Hospital, which was erected by
the corporation of the city of Philadelphia under authority of an
act of assembly passed January 17, 1818. It occupied a lot of groun<l
on the south side of Fairmount avenue, extending from Schuylkill
Third to Fourth, now Twentieth and Nineteenth streets. The
building was of brick, with wings, and well calculated for the pur-
pose intended. The ground becoming too valuable and the institu-
tion objectionable to the neighborhood, the present hospital was
built, and opened for use on the 27th of April, 1865.

St. Joseph's Hospital, south side of Girard avenue from
Sixteenth to Seventeenth street, occupies a large four-story
brick building, consisting of a centre building and one wing.
This institution was founded in 1849, and is under the care
of the Sisters of Charity of the Eoman Catholic Church.
The management is not sectarian ; the patients are received
and treated without reference to religious belief. The capa-
city is about 250 beds. Patients are received in charity.
There are also private rooms and accommodations which can
be engaged for pay.

Access by Girard avenue (Fourth and Eighth streets) and
Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets passenger railway cars.

Charity Hospital, 1832 Hamilton street. Chartered 1858.

.Is supported by private subscriptions. Daily clinics are

given, with advice and medicines, to the worthy poor. The

capacity of this institution is not great, but it assists from

4000 to 5000 patients yearly.

Access by Spring Garden and by Nineteenth street cars.
Hospital of Protestant Episcopal Church, south-east corner
of Lehigh avenue and Front street, occupying a square of
ground. This splendid establishment is in the Norman style
of architecture, and is built of brownstone. It has a central
building and three wings. The chapel adjoins the central
building, and occupies the whole of that wing or pavilion.
The depth of the centre building, with the chapel, is 256 feet;
the depth of the wings is 200 feet; the whole front, including
the centre building, wings and corridors, is 258 feet. The

214 HOSPITALS.

buildings are two and three stories in height. There are
towers on the angles of each of the two wings, and the gen-
eral style is imposing and handsome. The hospital, although
under management of the Episcopal Church, is not sectarian.
Its doors are open to patients of all creeds, nationalities and
colors. Its capacity is 300 beds. The building is situate in
a part of the city which is largely deyoted to manufactures, in
which severe accidents are very frequent, and its services are
important to the sick and suffering.

Access by Powell street and Lehigh avenue branch of Fifth
and Sixth streets passenger railway.

This hospital originated in a raeeting of clergy and laity held in
St. Andrew's chnrch, nnder the auspices of Dr. Alonzo Potter, March
15, 1851. It was resolved to establish a hospital, and contributions
were asked for. The daughters of Mrs. Elizabeth Leamy, in 1852,
presented to the hospital corporation the lot of ground, containing
five acres and a half, upon which the present buildings were erected.
The old mansion upon the ground was immediately put in use for
the purposes of the institution, and the hospital was opened there
December 11, 1852. In the next year an addition was made to the
property by the purchase of ground adjoining that presented to the
institution. The corner-stone of the present building was laid May
24, 1860. The chapel was consecrated May 28, 1862. The hospital
was first used on the 31st of July of the same year, the patients be-
ing 200 wounded soldiers from the army. The building was fully
completed according to the original plan, and occupied 1874.

German Hospital, south-west corner of Girard and Corinth-
ian avenues, is open for the reception of the sick and mis-
erable, without distinction of nationality, religious creed or
color. The German language is spoken in the institution,
and the English also. Physicians and nurses are able to
speak both. Building of brick, 121 feet in length by 70 and
100 in width.

Access by Girard avenue passenger railway cars (Fourth
and Eighth streets).

This institution was founded principally by the efforts of citizens
of German birth and descent, in the year 1860. Contributions were
sought, and in 1862 a sufficient amount was on hand to justify the
purchase of a lot. A piece of ground with an old mansion upon it

HOSPITALS. 215

was obtained at Twentieth and Norris streets, and preparations were
made to open a hospital. Before they were completed the United
States government leased the premises and converted them into a
hospital, which was occupied by soldiers during the war. Afterward
the managers of the German Hospital resumed possession of the
property, and occupied it for hospital purposes. It was opened 1866.
In 1873 the mansion and lot of ground where the present building
is were bought. A large wing was constructed; the corner-stone
was laid June 3, 1874, and the addition dedicated October 13, 1875.

St. Mary's Hospital, corner of Frankford road and Palmer
street, occupies a large four-story brick building. It is under
care of the Franciscan Sisters of the Roman Catholic Church,
and is entirely supported by voluntary contributions. It was
founded in 1866. Contains 85 beds. Eeceives both medical
and surgical cases. A dispensary and clinic are attached.

Access by the Second and Third streets (Frankford branch)
cars.

Jewish Hospital, Olney road near York pike, founded 1866,
admits all sufferers from bodily disease, regardless of religious
belief, but as far as regards Jewish patients in such manner
as will conform with the regulations of their religion.

This institution occupied for many years buildings at Westmin-
ster avenue and Haverford road. The lot of ground now occu-
pied was purchased in 1872, and the corner-stone of a hospital
building laid October 9 of that year. It went into use about the
beginning of 1874.

Orthopeedic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases,
north-east corner of Seventeenth and Summer streets. Estab-
lished for the relief of persons suffering from deformities,
palsies, convulsions, neuralgia and disorders of the organs of
locomotion. It maintains a medical staff", and has been very
successfiil.

Access by Seventeenth street, Eace and Vine streets cars.

This institution was organized October, 1867, and was at the time
the only one of the kind in America. Gratuitous treatment is given
to the poor, with such surgical and mechanical appliances as science
and modern ingenuity have originated. There is a daily clinical
service. The cases treated yearly number about 600. The hospital

216 HOSPITALS.

was originally established on South Ninth street. The new building
was purchased in 1872.

Presbyterian Hospital, corner of Thirty-ninth and Filbert
streets. This institution is open to all classes of people, with-
out distinction of race, color or religion. There are accom-
modations for about 100 patients.

Access by Eace and Vine streets cars to Thirty-ninth street
and Lancaster avenue.

This institution owes its foundation to the appointment of a Com-
mittee on Hospitals by the Presbyterian Alliance in 1870. At that
time Professor Courtland Saunders oflfered to the institution, if it
should be formed, an entire square of ground upon which were his
mansion and the Courtland Saunders Institute. The gift was not
absolute, but the terms were so easy and liberal that a valuable
property, worth at least $50,000, came into the possession of the
managers of the hospital for a slight expenditure of money. Soon
after obtaining the charter John A. Brown of Philadelphia made a
gift of $300,000 to the hospital, the interest to be applied to its sup-
port. The institution occupies the buildings which were upon the
ground at the time of donation. They were formally opened July
1, 1872. A temporary pavilion ward was finished in 1875. A com-
plete and well-appointed hospital is to be built hereafter.

Germantown Hospital, Shoemaker lane near Chew street,
Germantown, was opened in 1870, and is supported by resi-
dents of the neighborhood. Access by Germantown passenger
railway cars.

Children's Hospital, Twenty-second street below Walnut,
occupies a brick building specially erected for its purpose.
Children under the age of twelve years are received. There
are accommodations for about fifty in-door patients. The
institution is supported by voluntary contributions. The
Children's Sea-shore Hospital at Atlantic City may be con-
sidered as a branch of this institution, and was built for the
purpose of receiving the little sufferers during the hot seasons
of the year. Access by cars of Walnut, Spruce and Pine
streets (Fairmount branch), going south.

Homoeopathic Hospital, Cuthbert street, west of Eleventh,
is under the control of the Hahnemann Medical College.
Access by Eleventh, Twelfth, Arch and Market streets cars.

HOSPITALS.

217

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, south side of
Spruce street, between Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth, occu-
pies a lot of ground 700 feet on Spruce and Pine streets, and
320 feet on Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth streets. It is
directly south of the collegiate building of the university.
The style of architecture is in harmony with that of the
other university buildings in the neighborhood, and is of the
modern collegiate Gothic. The exterior walls are of green
serpentine, with stone of other colors. The entire building,

HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

according to the original design, consists of a central building
three stories high, with Mansard roof and two pavilions, each
198 feet deep. The front will be 250 feet 6 inches in width.
The central building and the western building are already
erected. The wards are in the wings, with space between the
buildings for ample ventilation and light. The hospital is
entirely free to all patients needing its services who are resi-
dents of Pennsylvania. There is a large medical and surgical
staff, and the best advice is given. Access by Chestnut and
Walnut streets (Darby or Mount Moriah branch) cars.

This institution was formed at a meeting of the University of
Pennsylvania on the 12th of June, 1871. On the 3d of April, 1872,
the legislature appropriated $100,000 for the purpose of constructing
19

218 HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES.

the hospital, on condition that $250,000 should be raised by subscrip-
tion, and that two hundred free beds should be for ever maintained.
The prescribed amount was raised; and on April 9, 1873, $100,000
more was appropriated, on condition that the university would give
$100,000 and support two hundred more free beds. This amount
was also raised ; and with $200,000 from the State and $300,000 from
subscriptions, measures were taken to commence the building. In
May, 1872, City Councils granted a lot of ground for the site of the
hospital buildings. Work was soon afterward commenced ; and on
the 4th of June, 1874, the main building and west pavilion, capable
of accommodating one hundred and forty-six patients, were com-
pleted and formally dedicated.

Woman's Hospital, corner of North College avenue and
Twenty-second street. This institution is for the reception
of women and children only, and is under the management
of women for surgical and medical purposes. It was estab-
lished in 1861, in connection with the Woman's Medical
College, and for the purpose of affording clinical facilities to
students of the latter institution. It occupied until 1874 a
portion of the college building, but since the erection of the
new building for the latter the premises formerly occupied
by the college have been assigned to the hospital. Access by
Eidge avenue cars.

Lying-in Department of the Northern Dispensary, 608

Fairmount avenue.

State Hospital for Women and Infants, 1718 Filbert street.

Mission Hospital, for the relief of women and children,
corner of Eighth and St. Mary streets. Opened January 14,

1876.

DISPENSARIES.

These institutions supply an important department of
charity. They are intended to supply drugs and medicines
to the poor without cost. But they do much more. Clinical
operations are conducted under their auspices, and physicians
enrolled in their service give gratuitous medical attendance
to the poor at their homes.

Philadelphia Dispensary, established 1786, occupies a neat
and commodious building in Fifth street, between Library
and Walnut streets, which was erected in 1801.

DISPENSARIES. 219

Eye and Ear Institute of the Philadelphia Dispensary, south-
east corner of Thirteenth and Chestnut streets.

Northern Dispensary, 608 Fairmount avenue.

North-eastern Dispensary, established 1872, south-west
corner of Tulip and Fox streets.

North-eastern (Homceopathic), 1520 North Fourth street.

Southern, established 1817, 318 Bainbridge street.

Howard Hospital, 1518 and 1520 Lombard street; gives dis-
pensary relief only.

Germantown Dispensary, connected with Germantown Hos-
pital.

Infirmary for Diseases of the Ear, 419 Wetherill street, above
Broad and below Pine street.

Moyamensing, at House of Industry, Catherine street above
Seventh.

Dispensary for Skin-disease, Eleventh street above Locust.

Church Dispensary of Southwark, 1017 Morris street.

Philadelphia Lying-in and Nurse Charity, 126 North Elev-
enth street. The patients are attended at their homes.

CHAPTER XVI.

ASYLUMS AND HOMES.

ASYLUMS FOR CHILDREN.

Asylum of Philadelphia Orphan Society, Haddington, West
Philadelphia. A fine building, erected upon an elevation and
commanding a handsome view.

Access by Market street railway (Haddington branch).

This society was instituted by ladies, in the year 1814, " to provide
for the education and support of poor children deprived of their
parents." A lot of ground was presented to them at the north-east
corner of Cherry and Schuylkill Fifth, now Eighteenth street. The
asylum building was finished 1817, totally destroyed by fire Janu-
ary 24, 1822, by which disaster twenty -three of the children perished.
Another building was erected on the same lot shortly afterward.
This was sold about 1872, when the present building was erected.

St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum (Eoman Catholic),
south-west corner of Seventh and Spruce streets. Incorpo-
rated 1807. Occupies a large building of brick, and is under
care of Sisters of Charity.

Access by cars. Spruce street, and Union going south.

St. John's Orphan Asylum (Eoman Catholic), Westminster
avenue near Forty -ninth street, a very large building appro-
priated to the use of male orphans. The architecture is of
the Tudor-Gothic style. Front, 230 feet. The central building
has wings, turrets and cross, and accommodates about 250
orphans.

Access by Eace and Vine streets passenger railway (Hes-
tonville branch) cars.

Colored Orphans' Shelter, under charge of Society of
Friends, occupies a brick building corner of Forty-fourth
and Haverford streets.

ly^^ 221

222 ASYLUMS FOR CHILDREN.

Catholic Home for Destitute Orphan Girls, 1720 Eace street,
under care of religious women.

Church Home for Children, Angora station, on West Ches-
ter Eailroad, occupies a fine stone building, the corner-stone
of which was laid October 29, 1871. The building was dedi-
cated May 15, 1873. None but destitute white orphan chil-
dren are admitted. Boys not less than 4 nor more than 8
years of age; girls not less than 4 nor more than 9. Boys are
retained until 12, girls until 16. The institution was incor-
porated 1857, and for more than 15 years occupied a building
at Twenty-second and Pine streets.

Lincoln Institute for Boys, 308 South Eleventh street; brick
building; was organized in 1866 for the reception of soldiers'
orphan boys between the ages of 12 and 21 years. The plan
has been so far modified as to admit children placed there by
their parents or guardians.

Educational Home for Boys, Greenway avenue near Forty-
ninth street, West Philadelphia. Stone building. The ground,
six acres, was given by Mary Gibson. White boys of all
creeds, from 3 to 12 years of age, are received. This estab-
lishment is used to a certain degree in connection with the
Lincoln Institute. The corner-stone was laid June 3, 1872,
and the building was finished in 1873.

Access by cars of Chestnut and Walnut streets passenger
railway (Darby branch).

Industrial Home for Girls, Twelfth street below Spruce.
Organized 1857. Occupied house Twelfth street below Pine
for eighteen months ; removed in 1859 to its present location.
Northern Home for Friendless Children occupies a lot of
ground from Twenty-second to Twenty-third and from Brown
to Parrish streets. Adjoining is a soldiers' orphans' home for
maintaining the soldiers' orphans in charge of the Common-
wealth. There is a very large, fine brick building erected
upon the lot for the purposes of the institution. The object
of the society is the care of destitute and neglected children,
ignorant or forsaken little boys and girls under 12 years of
age. It is not necessary that they should be orphans. Chil-

ASYLUMS FOR CHILDREN. Z23

dren whose parents are living are received, if the latter should
be vicious or too poor to maintain them. The society was
chartered by act of assembly, January 26, 1854, and the pres-
ent building opened in the succeeding year.

Access by Union passenger railway (Fairmount branch).

Burd Orphan Asylum of St. Stephen's church, on Market
street at Delaware county line, 3^^ miles west of Market
street bridge. The buildings, of graystone in the plain Eng-
lish-Gothic style, 260 feet front, dressed with Leiperville stone,
are situate upon a tract of 45 acres. The institution is for
the support of white female orphans not less than 4 years nor
more than 8 who shall have been baptized in the Protestant
Episcopal Church of Philadelphia or Pennsylvania.

This institution was founded by Mrs. Eliza Howard Burd,
widow of Edward Shippen Burd, who in 1848 established a small
orphans' asylum in George street above Ninth, and at her death left
two-tenths of her late husband's estate and the residue of her property
for the purpose of this asylum. The present building was com-
menced in 1861 and completed for the reception of orphans in 1863.

Day Nursery for Children, 410 Blight street, receives and
cares for, during the daytime, young children of poor, indus-
trious working-women whose employments call them from
their homes.

Home for Destitute Colored Children, Maylandville, Darby
road near Forty -sixth street, occupies buildings sufficient to
accommodate 40 children. It was incorporated January 27,
1854.

Foster Home Association, Poplar street near Twenty-fourth.
Chartered January 14, 1839, "to extend aid to respectable
widowed parents who from adversity are obliged to part with
their children for a time, but desire to have them finally re-
stored." There are accommodations for 100 children.

St. Vincent's Home (Roman Catholic) occupies large brick
buildings north-west corner of Eighteenth and Wood streets.
It is an asylum for orphans and destitute infants and children
under five years. The home will accommodate 150 children,
and is under charge of Sisters of Charity.

224 ASYLUMS FOR CHILDREN.

St. Vincent's Orphans' Asylum (Roman Catholic), at Tacony,
for the care of Catholic orphan children.

Union School and Children's Home, south-east corner of
Twelfth and Fitzwater streets. Incorporated 1851. The in-
stitution was established in 1849 under the title of "Moya-
mensing Union School and Orphans' Asylum." It has a
capacity to feed, clothe and educate 150 children.

Union Temporary Home for Children, north-west corner
of Sixteenth and Poplar streets. Incorporated 1857. It can
accommodate 75 children.

Western Provident Society and Children's Home, Forty-
first and Venango streets, provides a home, with food, clothing
and schooling, for destitute children, with or without charge.
Incorporated 1858.

Orphans' Home of Evangelical Lutheran Church and Asy-
lum for Aged and Infirm, 5582 Germantown avenue, takes
charge of destitute orphan children, without distinction of
creed or country.

Jewish Foster Home, 1431 North Fifteenth street, for the
care of children of Hebrew parentage.

HOMES FOR THE AGED.
Christ Church Hospital, west of Belmont road, between York
and Huntingdon and Forty-ninth and Fiftieth streets. Brown-
stone building of fine architectural design, 175 feet front
by 55 feet deep. This institution is not a hospital according
to the modern acceptation of the meaning of that word, w^hich
is applied almost without exception to an establishment for
the surgical or medical relief of the sick. The word " hos-
pital" formerly meant "a home for the entertainment of the
poor, a place for the relieving of the wants of strangers."
Such was the meaning of this word in the mind of Dr. John
Kearsley, the founder of the institution, who in his will, proved
in 1772, left a portion of his estate "for the support of ten or
more poor or distressed women of the Church of England, or
such as the said corporation or their successors shall deem
such, preferring clergymen's widows before others, and sup-

HOMES FOR THE AGED. 225

plying them with meat, drink and lodging, and the assistance
of persons practicing physic and surgery." These directions
have been faithfully obeyed; and the inmates of the hospital
find therein all the comforts of a home during their declining
days. The building accommodates 100 inmates. It is situate
a short distance from Fairmount Park, and commands a
beautiful view. It is under the management of Christ church,
Protestant Episcopal.

Access to the building may be had by cars to Belmont and
Elm avenues, about a mile from the building. A shorter
route would be by Eeading Railroad (Park Accommodation)
to Belmont Glen, thence walk to Belmont mansion, and north-
east to Belmont gate. Distance not more than half a mile.

Under Dr. Kearsley's will this institution was first opened, shortly
after his death, in a two-story house, 111 Arch street, which accom-
modated only eight persons. This was pulled down in 1785, and
another building, three stories high, erected on the same spot. In
1818 a much larger edifice was erected, on the south side of Cherry
street west of Third, which was opened in March of the succeeding
year. The corner-stone of the present hospital was laid November
18, 1856, and the building finished and opened in 1857. In 1804
Joseph Dobbins of South Carolina bequeathed to the hospital real
and personal estate, bank stocks, etc., amounting to a large sum at
that time. The ground afterward became immensely valuable, and
furnished the means for the construction of the new building and
the support of the inmates.

Friends' Almshouse, upon the interior portion of a lot front-
ing on the south side of Walnut street, between Third and
Fourth. The entrance is by a gateway immediately east of
the passage-way leading to St. Joseph's Roman Catholic
church. This institution was originally a community estab-
lished by the Society of Friends for the relief of its own poor.
A room for each inmate and houses for others were built. The
main building, fronting on Walnut street, was of peculiar
architecture. In time it was found that the number of poor
persons belonging to the sect was so few that the greater
portion of the building was unoccupied. The front of the
lot was therefore sold, and the almshouse confined to the two

226 HOMES FOR THE AGED.

or three houses which still exist as relics of the old estab-
lishment.

The ground upon which this almshouse was built was owned by
John Martin, who was a poor man notwithstanding his landed pos-
sessions. In 1713 he gave the lot to the Society of Friends upon con-
dition that they would build an almshouse upon the premises and take
care of him for the remainder of his days. Several small houses were
built for this purpose in 1713, and the quaint little front buildmg m
1729 The ground upon the front was sold in 1841. A few aged m-
mates occupy the old buildings, but of late years the Society of
Friends has preferred to pay for the maintenance ot its poor m
boarding-houses and families.

Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Asylum, Cherry
street near Eighteenth, occupies a substantial brick building
with accommodations for 60 inmates. This institution is un-
der the management of a society of ladies which was estab-
lished in 1819. Visitors are admitted at all times, and there
is much interest in the institution and the inmates. The
building was finished about 1820. A certain amount of
money is required to be paid on behalf of the applicants upon
admission, after which they are maintained without further
charge until their death.

Penn Widows' Asylum, Wood and West streets, Kensington,
occupies brick buildings which will accommodate 50 or 60 in-
mates. The general plan of administration is the same as
that of the Widows' Asylum. The present building was dedi-
cated October, 1857.

St. Ann's Widows' Asylum, Moyamensing avenue below
Christian street, is under charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph.
The building is of brick, and was originally constructed for
use as a church. The inmates number about 40.

Temporary Home Association, 505 North Sixth street, estab-
lished for the benefit of "respectable women out of employ-
ment, where those with means can be accommodated for a
moderate price, and those without succored until situations
can be procured for them. Also where destitute children shall
be taken care of until suitable homes are provided."

St. Luke's Church Home for Aged Women, 1317 Pine street

HOMES FOR THE AGED. 227

under charge of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal churcli. The
needy members of St. Luke's church are received without
charge; to others board at $3 a week is furnished. The insti-
tution was established 1853, and will accommodate about 50
persons.

Home for the Homeless, 708 Lombard street, under control
of the Protestant Episcopal church of the Crucifixion, "to
furnish a temporary home for destitute females until they can
be provided elsewhere, and to furnish dinners to invalids."

Presbyterian Home for Widows and Single Women, Fifty-
eighth street and Greenway avenue, has accommodations for
about 150 persons. The building is of stone, and large and
commodious. The corner-stone was laid October 15, 1872,
and the edifice dedicated October 29, 1874.

Baptist Home for Women, corner of Seventeenth and Nor-
ris streets. Fine stone building of striking appearance. It
was commenced in 1873 and dedicated November 6, 1874.

Access by Nineteenth street cars (going north) or Thir-
teenth and Fifteenth streets cars (Broad street branch) to
Norris street.

Home for the Aged and Infirm Members of the M. E. Church,
Lehigh avenue between Thirteenth and Broad streets. A
solid, plain stone building, having accommodations for 100
inmates. It is devoted as a shelter to men and women. The
building was dedicated June 15, 1871.

Asylum for the Aged and Infirm of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church, 5582 Germantown avenue, affords a home for the
aged, both men and women, of that persuasion. A portion
of the building is devoted to the care of orphans.

Asylum of Little Sisters of the Poor (Eoman Catholic),
Eighteenth street above Jefferson, receives and shelters poor
persons without regard to sex or creed. The buildings are of
brick, very lofty and spacious. There is a chapel attached.

Old Men's Home, Thirty-ninth street and Powelton avenue.
The building is of stone, handsomely situated. The inmates
are about fifty. The corner-stone of the edifice was laid
June, 1872, and the building dedicated June 12, 1873.

228 HOMES FOR THE AGED, ETC.

Mapother Home, Harrowgate lane, west of Kensington
avenue, occupies an old country-seat, with fine grounds
attached.

Old Ladies' Home, Clearfield street and Frankford road, is
intended to shelter indigent widows and single women.

Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Men and Women, Bel-
mont and Girard avenues. Building of stone, spacious and
comfortable. The institution is principally under charge of
the Society of Friends. There are accommodations for 60
persons.

Boarding-house for Young Women, 1433 Lombard street,
to provide a comfortable Christian home for young women
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It is supported by
contribution.

Boarding-house of Women's Christian Association, 1605

Filbert street.

Bedford Street Mission, 619 Alaska street, furnishes free
lodgings and baths to the poor of that neighborhood.

Boarding Home, 915 Clinton street, is intended for working-
girls, there being accommodations for thirty-one.

ASYLUMS FOR THE UNFORTUNATE.

Pennsylvania Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, occupying lot
north-west corner of Broad and Pine streets, extending to
Fifteenth street. Has a granite building on Broad street with
wings. The centre building is 50 feet front, has a portico
supported by Ionic pillars, with two wings. Whole front 96
feet, and depth 235 feet. Extensive new structures of brick
have been erected on Pine and Fifteenth streets, which give
great capacity to the institution. The buildings include
dining-rooms, sitting-rooms, parlors, offices, school-rooms,
dormitories, work-shops, etc. Visitors are admitted on week-
days upon application. The object of the institution is the
education of deaf mutes. The system of instruction is that
of the abbfe de L'Epee and of Sicard, together with many im-
provements which have been introduced by modern science,
among the most wonderful of which is the instruction of

ASYLUMS FOR THE UNFORTUNATE, ETC. 229

pupils in the art of speaking audibly and clearly words which
they cannot hear.

This institution was founded in 1820 by the benevolent efforts of
D. G. Seixas, an Israelite. He set up a school in Market street, west
of Broad, which, attracting much attention, interested others in the
project, and led to the formation of the society. It was incorporated
in 1821. The corner-stone was laid in May, 1824, and the building
finished and occupied in 1825. Many appropriations have been
made to the asylum by the State of Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, north-west corner of '
Twentieth and Eace streets, occupies a spacious range of four-
story buildings of brick, rough-cast, 150 feet front by 60 feet
deep. The blind are instructed here in the plain branches of
an English education, according to their capacity, and also in
music. They are very proficient performers. Concerts are
given at the institution on Wednesday afternoons, to which
there is a small price of admission, and which are usually
crowded. Workshops are provided, in which various indus-
tries are carried on.

This charity was founded in the year 1833, principally through the
exertions of Julius E. Freidlander, who took great interest in it,
opening a school before the association was formed. The latter was
founded 1833, and liberally assisted by the State. The greater por-
tion of the pupils are supported by the State of Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men, 3518 Lancaster
avenue, is established for the purpose of giving shelter and
employment to the blind, who produce various articles for
personal use, as baskets, brushes, etc.

Pennsylvania Industrial Home for Blind Women, 2931 Lo-
cust street, is similar in object to the Blind Men's Home,
except that the inmates produce many articles which usually
are only made by women, such as stockings, mittens, shawls
and knitted and sewed work generally.

REFORMATORY HOMES.

Asylum of Magdalen Society, for the reformation of fallen
women. Large four-story brick building, with spacious
20

230 REFORMATORY HOMES.

grounds, north-east corner of Twenty-first and Race streets.
This institution was formed in the year 1800 "to aid in
restoring to the paths of virtue women who have been robbed
of their innocence, and who are desirous of returning to a
life of rectitude." The operations of this institution are
quiet, but useful. The building will accommodate about
thirty inmates.

House of the Good Shepherd, for the reformation of un-
fortunate females, without respect to creed, Twenty-second
*street above Walnut, is under charge of the Sisters of the
order of the Good Shepherd of the Roman Catholic Church.
It will accommmodate one hundred and fifty inmates.

Asylum of the Rosine Association, Germantown avenue
below Rising Sun lane, "to rescue from vice and degradation
that class of women who have forfeited their claims to the
respect of the virtuous." The inmates number about thirty.

Howard Institution, 1612 Poplar street, under care of an
association of women Friends, " for furnishing shelter, food
and clothing to poor outcast women." Number of inmates,
forty.

Midnight Mission, 911 Locust street, "for the reception and
care of females found on the streets at night, so as to aid in
their reformation and their restoration to home and friends."

Franklin Reformatory (home for inebriates), 913 Locust
street, receives patients addicted to the immoderate use of
liquor, and seeks to withdraw them from the temptations of
vice. "'

House of Industry, Catharine street above Seventh, fiirnishes
employment, education and the means of reformation to the
poor.

CHAPTER XVII.

BELIEF SOCIETIES.

NATIONAL SOCIETIES.
German Society. Hall, 24 South Seventh street. Brick
building, occupied in the first story as the office of the Gas
Trust. The institution uses the second story, in which there
are offices for its accommodation. The association was insti-
tuted in the year 1764, " to supply poor, sick and distr^sed
Germans, brought to the city of Philadelphia, with relief.
The same object is still attended to. Protection and assist-
ance to German emigrants and their families are offered in all
worthy cases. The society has a library of 10,000 volumes, of
which the members have the use.

About 1775 it was determined to erect a hall for the use of the
association, the lot being purchased on Seventh street. Materials for
the building were obtained and stored upon the ground; but the
Eevolution breaking out, operations were suspended, and the mate-
rials stored on the ground were appropriated by the military authori-
ties. In 1809 the hall was finished. It was a plain brick building
which stood back from the street, and is a portion of the present
edifice.

Hall of the Society of Sons of St. George, south-west cor-
ner of Thirteenth and Arch streets, occupies a handsome and
spacious white marble building, in which there are offices,
meeting-rooms, etc. Over the pediment on Arch street is to
be placed a fine equestrian group, in bronze, representing St.
George and the dragon. This piece of statuary will be large
and very attractive. In the second story the Society Hall,
spacious and lofty, will have accommodations for seating one
thousand persons. The first story will be fitted up for the
purposes of a savings bank, and also for an insurance office.

231

232 NATIONAL SOCIETIES, ETC.

Capacious kitchen arrangements have been provided, so that
the annual banquet on St. George's day may be prepared and
served in the grand hall. The association now numbers over
six hundred members, and has hitherto been embarrassed for
room. It will be fully able under the new arrangements to
accommodate the growing membership, and offer to all con-
nected with the society a commodious place, not only for busi-
ness purposes, but for social reunions. A reading-room, in
which the leading English papers and magazines are to be
collected, will add to the facilities and attractions of the build-
ing. The grand hall will also be available, when not in use
for the purposes of the society, for concerts, lectures and
other entertainments.

The Society of the Sons of St. George, for advice and assistance
to Englishmen in distress, was formed on the 23d of April, 1772.
Among the founders were the Rev, Richard Peters, Robert Morris,
Dr. John Kearsley, Drs. Thomas and Phineas Bond and others of
respectability and influence. During the greater part of the Revo-
lution the society did not meet. It was called together after the
close of the contest, and has been in active operation ever since. It
has been the means of assistance to many thousand persons. Up to
1875 the society had no permanent place of meeting. In its early days
it met at taverns, and a supper was the usual conclusion of the busi-
ness proceedings. At a later period this practice was given up, and an
annual dinner on St. George's day substituted. For some years the
society had a room in the Merchants' Exchange. In 1875 it was deter-
mined to extend its means of usefulness. The Newkirk property,
south-west corner of Thirteenth and Arch streets, was purchased. It
was a handsome marble building, constructed for and occupied as a
mansion-house by Matthew Newkirk, Sr., and afterward by his son.
The building has been greatly enlarged and altered in the interior,
and St. George's Hall is the finest building appropriated to the use
of a national society.

OTHER NATIONAL SOCIETIES.
In addition to the above there are other societies in the
city for the assistance of foreigners, which do not occupy
buildings of their own, but have apartments and offices to
which persons interested may repair. They are the St. An-
drew's society for the assistance of Scotchmen, founded 1749.

■IIIM^^^^^^^^^^^^^

234 SOUP SOCIETIES, ETC.

OflSce, 508 Walnut street. Societe Francals de Bienfaisance
(French Benevolent Society), a successor of a society founded
in 1793. The present association was incorporated 1805.
OflSce, 231 Dock street. Welsh Society. Incorporated 1798.
Office, 133 South Fifth street. Hibernian Society. Incorpo-
rated April 27, 1792. Successor to the "Society of the
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick," established 1771. Office,
138 South Front street. Swiss Benevolent Society. Char-
tered December 4, 1865. Office, south-west corner of Fourth
and Wood streets. Italian Society, lately instituted.

SOUP SOCIETIES.
There are several associations in the city for supplying the
poor with soup and food, which are generally in operation
during the winter months. They are conducted economically,
and supply many poor people with palatable and nutritious
soup, bread, meat, potatoes, etc. They are located in the fol-
lowing places: Philadelphia, incorporated 1841, 338 Griscom
street; Southwark, incorporated 1842, Sutherland street near
Queen; Spring Garden, incorporated 1852, 1329 Buttonwood
street; Northern, established 1817, incorporated 1839,817 North
Fourth street; North-eastern, 2052 North Front street ; North-
western, corner of Nineteenth and Thompson streets; Ken-
sington, incorporated 1853, 1936 Crease street; Central Soup-
and Bath-house, 709 and 711 Cherry street; Moyamensing,
incorporated 1835, corner of Eighth and Marriott streets;
Western, 1615 South street.

INDUSTRIAL AID SOCIETIES.
These associations are intended to extend assistance to the
poor, not by the giving of alms, but by supplying them with
work by which they can secure honest wages and maintain a
spirit of independence. They have been of great importance
and benefit. They are as follows: Female Society of Phila-
delphia for the Relief and Employment of the Poor, instituted
1793, incorporated 1815, building, 112 North Seventh street,
maintains a work-room, nursery and dining-room; Western
Association of Ladies for the Relief of the Poor, incorporated

INDUSTRIAL AID SOCIETIES, ETC. 235

1856, Seventeenth street between Chestnut and Market, occu-
pies a fine and large brick building; Northern Association of
the City and County of Philadelphia for the Relief of Poor
Women, 702 Green street; Western Provident Society and
Children's Home, incorporated April 8, 1858, Forty-first and
Venango streets, West Philadelphia, maintains a house of
industry and home for children; Ladies' Depository, 124
South Eleventh street; Philadelphia Society for the Employ-
ment and Instruction of the Poor, at House of Industry, 718
Catharine street. The Grandom Institution, office, 713 Walnut
street, extends aid to young men who need assistance to com-
mence business, but whose parents are unable or unwilling to
assist them. Capital, $200,000. To this may also be added
the Franklin Fund to assist young married artificers under the
age of twenty-five years who have served apprenticeships in
setting up their business. The trust is under the will of
Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and is administered by the Board of
Public Trusts. Office in the Girard building. Fifth street
above Chestnut. The fund is lent out in certain sums upon
security. The Penn Sewing-school, in Friends' meeting-
house. Race street near Fifteenth, is established to teach girls
and women how to sew and furnish them with work. Union
Benevolent Association, north-west corner of Seventh and
Sansom streets, for the encouragement of industry, suppres-
sion of pauperism and relief of sufiering among the worthy
poor. Home Missionary Society, for the relief of the worthy
poor and to permanently relieve them from penury and want,
and to elevate them above a condition of beggary. Incor-
porated 1845. Office, 533 Arch street.

FUEL ASSOCIATIONS.

Fuel Saving Society of the City and Liberties of Philadel-
phia, office, 731 Walnut street, to encourage and assist the poor
by receiving their funds in summer and returning them fuel
in winter at less than the wholesale price. Friends' Chari-
table Fuel Association. Office at the meeting-house, Eace

236 ASSISTANCE SOCIETIES, ETC.

street near Fifteenth. Instituted for the same purpose as the
preceding. Also distributes fuel in charity.

ASSISTANCE SOCIETIES.
The Mercantile Beneficial Association, office, 118 South
Seventh street, devotes its funds to the assistance of decayed
merchants. Merchants' Fund Association, office, 505 Chestnut
street, was instituted for similar purposes. Pennsylvania Sea-
men's Friend Society maintains the "Sailors' Home," at 422
South Front street, for the reception and care of seamen while
in port. Female Seamen's Friends' Society adds its assistance
at the same place. The Seamen and Landsmen's Aid Society,
corner of Front and Union streets, is established for similar
purposes. Ship-Masters' Society, for the relief of captains of
vessels and their families, is a very old association, which pur-
■ i^h its objects without much public display. Society of
United Hebrew Charities, for the purpose of relieving the
wants of poor Hebrews. Office, 30 North Seventh street.

There are associations for the assistance of persons not resi-
dents of the city, among which may be mentioned Indian Aid
Association, office at the meeting-house, Kace street near Fif-
teenth; Indian Hope Association, office, 1122 Spruce street;
Pennsylvania Colonization Society, incorporated 1830, office,
609 Walnut street; Friends' Association for the aid and ele-
vation of the freedmen, office, 30 North Third street; Friends'
Association for the Relief of Colored Freedmen, office, 116
North Fourth street.

HUMANE SOCIETIES.

Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public
Prisons. Instituted before the Revolution. Office, 109 North
Tenth street. Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals, and Women's Branch of the same society,
1320 Chestnut street. Pennsylvania Peace Society, 701 Arch
street.

CHAPTER XVIII.

CHARITABLE ORDERS AND ASSOCIATIONS.

SECRET societies, for benevolent purposes, have increased
throughout the country within a few years to a very large
exteat. The citizens of Philadelphia are strongly represented
in these associations.

MASONIC ORDER.

The Masonic order in Philadelphia is very strong. Seventy-
two lodges meet in various parts of the city. Of these, sixty^^
have their meeting-rooms in the Masonic Temple, three in
Kensington, two in Frankford, two in Cermantown, two in
Manayunk and Falls of Schuylkill, one at Chestnut Hill and
two in West Philadelphia.

Masonic Temple, north-east corner of Broad and Filbert
streets. This magnificent building is the finest Masonic
structure in the world. It is in size 150 feet front by 245
feet deep, and rises 95 feet from the pavement. It has four
fronts, is built of granite, and is a perfect specimen of Nor-
man architecture, bold and elaborate, unlike anything else
in Philadelphia. The Broad street front displays two grand
towers^ the highest being 250 feet from the ground to the top
of the turret. The Norman porch is exceedingly elaborate,
and is made up of three pairs of receding pillars, arches,
mouldings and other decorations. The grand entrance is
through doors 17 feet high, 7 feet wide. The main hall is
laid in black and white tiles, with ornate borders. There is
a grand staircase of granite finished in the Corinthian style,
which rises from the front. The central staircase, approached
from the Juniper street front, is in the Doric style. The Grand
Lodge library, on the first floor, is finished in the Italian

237

238 MASONIC TEMPLE.

Renaissance order of architecture. The Grand Lodge room,
105 feet long, 61 feet wide and 50 feet high, is constructed and
decorated after the Corinthian style. The banquet-hall, also
105 feet long, 50 feet wide and 30 feet high, is of the Composite
order. The tables will seat five hundred persons. The subor-
dinate lodges occupy the Oriental Hall,, ornamented in the
richest style of Moorish architecture, the Ionic Hall and
the Egyptian Hall and the Norman Hall. The Renaissance
Hall, 90 feet long, 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, is vory richly
decorated, and is occupied by the Royal Arch chapters. The
Masonic Knights Templar occupy Gothic Hall for the purposes
of their asylum. The cost of the temple was $1,300,000. It is
open to visitors on Thursday of each week, except in stormy
weather, upon introduction of a member of the order. The
latter should accompany his guests.

Freemasonry was introduced into Philadelphia as early as 1730, and
perhaps before. The Pennsylvania Gazette of December 8, 1730, says :
" xiiere are several lodges of Freemasons in this province." In 1732
there was a Masonic procession through the city, and a banquet on
St. John's day, in June. The first known habitation of a lodge was
at the Tun Tavern, in Water street. The Grand Lodge and subordmate
lodges met in other places several years afterward, and built before
the Revolution a hall west of Second street, upon an alley extendmg
from what was then called Norris alley, now Gothic street, which
became a noted building. Doctor Benjamin Franklm and other dis-
tinguished men were then members of the lodges, but they belonged
to that division of the order known at the time as Modern Masons
The present Masonic order belongs to the Ancient York Masons, and
a lodge was established in this city of that branch of the order under
authority of the English Grand Lodge, June 20, 1764. In a few years
the York Masons superseded the Moderns, the lodges of which were
abandoned, so that in time the Grand Lodge building came to be
occupied by the Ancients. After the Revolution the Grand Lodge
room was for a time in the upper part of the State-house, and sub-
sequently in the upper part of the Free Quaker meeting-house at
Fifth and Arch streets. Since that time the Grand Lodge has occupied
the following buildings owned by the order : Hall, south side of Filbert
street above Eighth, three-story brick building; first occupied No-
vember, 1802. Chestnut street hall, Gothic order of architecture, 89
feet front, 62 feet wide, with a wooden steeple 180 feet high. Corner-

MASONIC TEMPLE.

240 MASONIC TEMPLE, ETC.

stone was laid April 17, 1809; dedicated June 24, 1811. Burned
March 9, 18191 Eebmlt and dedicated March 1, 1820. Abandoned
ISS5. Washington Hall, Third street above Spruce, purchased June,
1835; dedicated December 28th of that year. November 21, 1853, the
corner-stone was laid of the new hall on the site of the old Chestnut
street building,, which was torn down. Dedicated November 26,
1855. Temple on Broad street, comer-stone laid June 24, 1868;
dedicated September 26, 1873.

Kensington IVlasonic Hall, ISOEichmond street, Kensington.

Germantown IVlasonic Half, 3871 Glermantown avenue.

Frankford Masonic Hall, Frankford avenue below Green
street.

Chestnut Hill IVlasonic Hall, at Chestnut Hill.

Manayunk tV|asartic Hall, Main street, Manayunk.

West Philadelphia IVlasonic Hall, Market street, West Phila-
delphia.

There is an independent organization of colored men, con-
sisting of lodges working under English charters. They have
two halls ; one of them, a tall, solid building, is in Eleventh
street below Pine, and was finished in 1857 ; the other is in
Brown street above Fourth, and was dedicated June 24, 1859.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD PEL.LOT?^S.

There are one hundred and thirty-five lodges meeting in
Philadelphia, and thirty-two encampments of Patriarchs.

Odd Fellows' Hall, south-west corner of Sixth and Haines
streets, below Race. Four-story brick building, rough-cast,
62 feet front by 100 feet deep, imposing in appearance. Con-
tains the Grand Lodge room, six rooms for subordinate lodges
and the Grand Encampment room, in the fourth story, and
other apartments. The Odd Fellows' library of 8000 volumes
occupies a room in the first story.

Odd Fellowship was introduced into Philadelphia in 1821 by a
number of the English membei-s of the order, who formed a voluntary
lodge at the house of John Upton, 66 Dock street. On the 15th of
June, 1823, these brethren received a charter from the Grand Lodge
of the United States, held in Baltimore, for Lodge No. 1 of Pennsyl-
vania, and for a Grand Lodge of the State, composed of Past Grands

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. 241

of that lodge. Iii 1827 the order had its hall at the north-west cor-
ner of Seventh and Chestnut streets. In 1830 a hall was built for
the use of the order on Fifth street below Walnut, which was dedi-
cated May 18, 1830. The present hall on Sixth street was dedicated
September 17, 1846.

Odd Fellows' Hall, ISTorthern Liberties, north-west corner
of Third and Brown streets. A stately building of brick,
rough-cast, in the Egyptian style of architecture, built in
1847.

Odd Fellows' Hall, south-east corner of Broad and Spring
Garden streets. A building of brownstone and brick, rough-
cast, built in 1851.

Odd Fellows' Hall, south-west corner of Tenth and South
streets. Brick, rough-cast, built in 1851.

Odd Fellows' Hall, Southwark, Third street below German.
Large brick building.

Odd Fellows' Hall, West Philadelphia, corner of Thirty-
seventh, and Market streets.

Odd Fellows' Halls, Germantown, 4902 Germantown avenue;
on Wistar street; at corner of Germantown avenue and Willow
Grove Pike.-

Odd Fellows' Hall, Frankford, Frankford avenue above
Green street. Large four-story building, dedicated March
21, 1855.

Odd Fellows' Hall, Penn Township, brick building, 70 by
32 feet, corner of Twenty-third street and Eidge avenue.
Corner-stone laid November 15, 1858; building dedicated
November 26, 1859.

Colored Odd Fellows, Grand United Order of Odd Fellows.
Hall, 605 Spruce street, occupied by eleven lodges. There is
also a hall in Brown street, and one in West Philadelphia.

ORDER OP UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS.
This order has forty -four councils meeting in the city.
American Mechanics' Hall, north-east corner of Fourth and
George streets. A very large brick building, five stories high,
was finished 1857.

21 ' Q

242 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RED MEN, ETC.

The Councils of this order also meet at various places in
other parts of the city, in rented rooms.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RED MEN,
working in the German language, occupy a large and handsome
brick building at the south-west corner of Third and Brown
streets, the corner-stone of which was laid June 4, 1867, and
dedicated August 10, 1868. There are twenty-four "stamms "
or councils of this order in Philadelphia.

AMERICAN PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION,
has its hall on Locust street, between Broad and Fifteenth
streets, north side. It is a building of brownstone, 25 by 160
feet, finished in 1857.

OTHER ORDERS.
There are various other secret societies in the city, which
occupy apartments rented for the purpose of their organization.
Among these are the Grand Army of the Eepublic, with 16
Posts; military order of the Loyal Legion of the United
States ; Knights of Pythias, 104 lodges ; Sons of Temperance,
57 divisions ; Good Templars, 31 lodges ; Templars of Honor
and Temperance, 19 subordinate temples and 11 social temples;
Improved Order of Red Men, 54 tribes ; Patriotic Order of
Sons of America, 20 camps ; United Ancient Order of Druids,
instituted in Pennsylvania June 18, 1847, has numerous
groves in operation. There are several other orders of a
secret character, whose objects are known only to the initiated.
Among these may be mentioned the Harugari, Independent
Order of Good Fellows, Good Samaritans, order of the Seven
Wise Men and others.

CHAPTEE XIX.

MILITARY.

THE National Guard of Pennsylvania consists of twenty-
one divisions, each of which is commanded by a major-
general. Philadelphia constitutes one division of two bri-
gades. There are six regiments and several unattached and
independent companies.

ARMORIES.
The Armory First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, Twenty-
first street below Market, occupies a large lot of ground which
gives a fine space for the exercises of the company. The
building is 6Q feet front by 188 feet deep, and presents the
appearance in front of a fortress in style of the Middle Ages,
having a square tower and gateway, with loophole windows
and other peculiarities. It is built of sandstone, bluestone,
serpentine and brick. The front of the main building is
occupied in the upper stories by a spacious meeting-room,
offices, rooms for the storing of arms, accoutrements, etc.
The exercising-room is 150 feet deep, of the full width of the
building, capacious for drilling in dragoon exercises, and is
the largest cavalry-room in the country. The original building
was erected and dedicated February 22, 1864. Ten years after-
ward the troop greatly enlarged the armory by an addition,
the corner-stone being laid July 4, 1874, and the building
dedicated November 17, 1874.

This organization is the oldest cavalry company in the country,
and also the oldest military association instituted for the special pur-
pose of resistance against Great Britain. There are other companies
in some of the States, instituted in colonial times and loyal up to the
Bevolution. This association was specially formed for resistance

243

244 ARMORIES.

against Great Britain by twenty-eight gentlemen on the 17th of Novem-
ber, 1774, under the title of the " Light Horse of the City of Philadel-
phia." They equipped themselves at their own expense, chose their
own oflSeers, and offered their services to the Continental Congress.
In 1776 Captain Abraham Markoe presented the company with a flag
of light yellow silk handsomely painted, which bore in the union
thirteen stripes of white and blue, being the first known instance of
the employment of stripes to represent the colonies, and the undoubted
original of the stripes adopted as the national ensign. The main
device bore a shield charged with a knot of thirteen ribbons ; crest, a
horse's head ; supporters, an Indian with a liberty -pole and cap,
symbolizing Free America, and an angel blowing a trumpet, symbol-
izing Fame. Motto, " For these we strive." This flag was carried
during the Revolution, the troop serving in the battles of Trenton,
Princeton, Brandywine and Germantown, and receiving the special
thanks of Washington after the British retreat through New Jersey
in 1777 ; was in the war of 1812, and sent full ranks to Virginia in
1861, at the first call for troops by President Lincoln, and during the
remaining years of the war its members served as officers in the
regular and volunter regiments which Avere recruited in the city.

National Guards' Armory, south side of Eace street, be-
tween Fifth and Sixth. A tall and stately brick building, ex-
tending from Race to Cresson street. The hall is three stories
high, and the observatory is 85 feet from the ground. The
first story is appropriated to offices, the second story, spacious
and lofty, is reserved for the use of meetings, concerts and
balls. The drill-room is in the third story, a wide and deep
apartment.

The National Guards was instituted as a volunteer company about
1835. It was always a spirited organization, and popular among
the city volunteers. The present building was finished in 1857, and
about the same time the company was recruited to the standard of a
regiment. During the war of the rebellion the National Guards
regiment went into service with the Pennsylvania militia at the first
call of President Lincoln. After an honorable discharge upon the
expiration of the terra of service it volunteered under Colonel Peter
Lyle for the three years' service, and became the Ninetieth Regi-
ment P. V. It served the full term of enlistment, was in many
battles and brought back a small number of the survivors of the
original organization. It is now known as the Second Regiment
Pennsylvania National Guard, and occupies the hall.

AKMORTES. 245

City Armory, east side of Broad street below Race. A
large brick building, originally built as a market-house. It
is occupied by the First Regiment National Guards, ordinar-
ily called the " Gray Reserves."

This regiment was raised at the outbreak of the rebellion for home
defence. It served among the State troops during the Confederate
raids upon Pennsylvania, and during the grand invasion which cul-
minated at Gettysburg. The organization is strong and in a fine
state of discipline.

Armory of Artillery Corps, Washington Grays, is in the

second story of a large building in Lardner street, between
Broad and Fifteenth, adjoining Horticultural Hall. The
drill-room is broad and spacious, and offers every facility for
military exercise.

This company was instituted 1823, and first attracted attention
during the visit of Lafayette, in 1824, for its fine discipline. It has
always maintained a high reputation for its perfection in drill. Al-
though an artillery company, this organization has for some years
acted as an infantry company. It served three months in Virginia
during the late war, under Captain Thomas P. Parry. It furnished
to the United States army a large number of educated soldiers fitted
for command, who rose to the highest ranks in the military service,
some of whom fell in battle.

Armory of Keystone Battery, Broad street above Mt. Ver-
non. This battery has charge of a full set of guns, with cais-
sons, etxj., and upon parade makes a formidable appearance.
21*

CHAPTEE XX.

SOCIAL CLUBS.

Philadelphia Club, north-west corner of Thirteenth and
Walnut streets, occupies a very large and exceedingly plain
brick building, which is, however, spacious and suitable
for the purposes of the organization. There is a reading-
room, a library, conversation- and smoking-rooms, dining-
rooms, kitchens and every convenience for furnishing din-
ners and other meals, under charge of first-class cooks. The
rules of the club prohibit the admission of persons residing
in the city who are not members. Persons belonging else-
where may be admitted upon introduction of a member.

This club originated about the year 1834 among citizens of the
highest respectability. Its rooms were then at the Adelphi building,
Fifth street below Walnut. It afterward removed to a large house on
the west side of Ninth street below Locust, the entrance from a side
yard, called at the time " Potter's," and which was at one time occu-
pied by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain. About 1845 the club
removed to the Meade mansion, north side of Walnut street, between
Ninth and Tenth. About 1851 the building at Thirteenth and Wal-
nut streets was secured. About the same time a charter was pro-
cured under the name of the " Literary Association and Eeading-
room of Philadelphia," which was afterward changed to the old
name, Philadelphia Club.

The Union League House. This fine building, situate at
the south-west corner of Sansom and Broad streets, is the
most splendid club-house in the city. It occupies the greater
portion of a lot 100 feet front by 200 feet in depth, having a
spacious garden in the rear. The building is in the French
Renaissance style, and is of brick with brownstone trimmings.

247

248

UNION LEAGUE.

It is two stories in height, with a French Mansard roof and
tower, and presents an air of comfort and taste in its appear-

UNION LEAGUE HOUSE.

ance which is attractive to the stranger. The interior is fitted
up entirely for club uses, with parlors, smoking-room, reading-
rooms, dining- and banqueting-rooms and every convenience
which good taste may suggest as proper for a building of the
kind. Access to the League house is available to any stranger
in the city upon introduction by a member.

The Union League originated during the civil war in the United
States, and was founded by thirty-eight gentlemen as an association
loyal to the Union. They adopted the name of the Union Club, and
held their first meeting on the 21st of November, 1862. It was both
social and loyal at the beginning. The members met at each other's
houses in turn, the member who was visited giving an entertainment
to his associates. The association continued under this organization

TTNION LEAGUE, ETC. 249

during the winter of 1862-3. It was then resolved to continue its
sphere of usefulness, and to gather together among its members gen-
tlemen loyal to the Union, that spirit of patriotism being the only
requisite to admission. Permanent quarters were therefore needed ;
and on the 14th of February, 1863, the League moved into the Kuhn
mansion, south side of Chestnut street, between Eleventh and
Twelfth. This was a fine old-fashioned double house, with an exten-
sive garden, and was extremely well adapted to tlie uses of the club.
The membership increased rapidly, and the League soon took a
prominent part in politics upon the Republican side. On the 15th
of August, 1864, in consequence of the Kuhn mansion being sold, the
club was compelled to remove from that building. It went into a
house adjoining the Messchert mansion, 1216 Chestnut street, where it
remained until the elegant house on Broad street was completed.
As soon as the removal from the Kuhn mansion became a necessity
measures were taken to obtain a lot for the use of the League, and to
erect a building suitable for its purposes thereon. This was done by
the formation of a stock association by individual members of the
League and the issue of bonds. The house, lot and furniture cost
about $200,000. Work upon it was commenced 1st of March, 1864,
and it was finished for use May 4, 1865.

During the war of the rebellion the League was very active. It
was composed in a very large degree of men of wealth, and they
were exceedingly liberal in their subscriptions for patriotic purposes.
They stimulated the holding of public meetings whenever such
assistance was necessary ; they encouraged the recruiting of troops.
They fully equipped and put into the field nine regiments and one
battalion of infantry and five companies of cavalry, and they spent
for that purpose a very large sum of money, which was made up by
their own members. Since the close of the war of the rebellion the
League has taken small part in politics. It is still under the con-
trol of members holding the sentiments of the founders. It throws
its influence in favor of good candidates as far as precept may go,
but it cannot be considered a working political organization.

Reform Club occupies building with white marble front
1520 Chestnut street, formerly the Florance Mansion. This
club was formed at a meeting held April 2, 1872, of gentle-
men mostly composed of members of the Municipal Reform
Association, "who desire to unite in establishing a first-class
club-house, where citizens of different political opinions can
meet socially, and co-operate in the work of securing an
honest administration of municipal affairs, thereby exercising

250 REFOKM CLUB, ETC.

a most beneficial influence on the interests of the community."
The club had in 1875 nearly 1100 members. It was incor-
porated February 27, 1873. Visitors are admitted upon the
introduction of members. Strangers in the city may be ad-
mitted during their visit after having been introduced.
Eesidents of the city, not members of the club, may not be
introduced more than once. There is an exception to the
latter rule in the case of ladies, this club being conducted
upon the rather unusual principle of admitting ladies to its
parlors, dining-room and garden when under the escort of
members. During the summer the club give a series of gar-
den-concerts, which are exceedingly enjoyable.

Social Art Club, 1525 Chesnut street, maintains the general
features of a club-house, varied by occasional art receptions
and exhibitions of pictures, etc.

Penn Club, rooms south-east corner of Eighth and Locust
streets. Has a reading-room, library, conversation-rooms, etc.,
being an organization of literary men, artists and others.

Saturday Club. This association has no club-house. It is
composed of about seventy members. During the winter
season, from November to April, the club meets weekly at
the private residences of the members, each one holding the
meeting in his turn. Members have the right to invite to
these soirees strangers in the city, and the host of the evening
invites his own friends. Men of means and influence, scholars,
artists, merchants, business men and others, are brought to-
gether in social communion, the effects of which are always
pleasant and instructive. An entertainment concludes the
evening, and the party closes before twelve o'clock. The
club succeeds in objects and character the old Wistar parties,
originated by the late Doctor Caspar Wistar about the year
1800. These parties were weekly meetings of men of science,
statesmen, philosophers and authors, held at Doctor Wistar's
residence, and concluding by a moderate entertainment. In
time a Wistar club was formed, and the entertainments, in
general design, resembled those of the Saturday Club at the
present day.

CHAPTEE XXI.

SPORTING CLUBS.

THEKE are numerous associations in Philadelpliia and its
neighborhood which are devoted to fisliing, rowing, sail-
ing, cricket, base ball and other sports.

FISHING CLUBS.
The "State in Schuylkill." Castle on the banks of the
Schuylkill, at Eambo's Eock, below Gray's Ferry. Access
from Maiden lane, south of Gray's Ferry road. This ancient
institution is the oldest social organization in this country,
and probably in the world. It was instituted in the year 1732
as a fishing club, and has been kept up without intermission
ever since, except during the Eevolution, when the members
were serving their country. The grounds of the club are well
shaded. The buildings are fitted up with every convenience
for cooking and dining. The company consists of twenty-five
members and a certain number of probationary candidates for
membership, who are denominated " apprentices." The mem-
bers assemble at certain periods during the pleasant season
of the year. Each one is bound to work in the business of
the day, in cooking and preparing the food and refreshments.
There are no servants ; all the work is done by members, and
every convenience which gastronomical taste and culinary ex-
perience can devise is at their command. The rules prohibit
the frequent introduction of residents of the city. Strangers
may be introduced by members. The Castle contains many
ancient curiosities, prominent among which are two immense
pewter platters engraved with the coat-of-arms of the Penn
family, and presented by one of the Penns before the Eevo-
lution.

251

252 FISHING CLUBS.

This company, upon the pleasant assumption of independent
authority, adopted in 1732 the name of the " Colony in Schuylkill."
The oflScers were governor, councillors, assembly, sheriif, coroner,
etc. Up to the time of the Revolution and afterward the castle of
the colony was upon the Egglesfield property, Schuylkill River,
north of the site of the present Girard avenue bridge. At that time
the fishing, which was for rock and perch, was excellent. The ground
was leased from William Warner, owner of the estate, who received
the title of baron, and received annually for his rent the first three
fish caught at the beginning of the season, which were brought to
him with great ceremony. After the Revolution the company de-
clared itself independent, and changed the name to the " State in
Schuylkill," and was incorporated as the " Fishing Company of the
State in Schuylkill." At a later period the Fishing Company of
the Fort St. David, near the Falls of Schuylkill, was united with
the older society. The castle remained at Egglesfield until 1822,
when, the Fairmount dam being in course of construction, the old
building, made interesting by so many memories, was floated down
on the Schuylkill and landed at the new territory of the company,
Rambo's Rock, near Gray's Ferry. Many eminent persons have
partaken of its hospitality. Among them have been General La-
fayette in 1824, and others whose names have unfortunately not
been recorded. The company has had of late years but little oppor-
tunity to indulge in fishing, commerce and manufactures having
so polluted the waters of the Schuylkill that fine fish are no more
abundant.

Prospect Hill Fishing Company. House at the confluence
of Timber Creek and the Delaware, below Gloucester, New
Jersey. This club is composed of thirty-five members, who
hold semi-monthly gatherings during the summer season, and
conduct their business according to the plan of the " State in
Schuylkill." The fish-house was dedicated in 1839,

Tammany Pea-shore Fishing Company. House on the banks
of the Delaware at the Pea-shore, opposite Port Eichmond.

Tinicum Fishing Company, at Tinicum, Delaware county,
below the Lazaretto, has commodious buildings and handsome
grounds. Access by Chester branch Philadelphia and Bead-
ing Railroad.

Otter Point Fish-house Company, on the Elk Eiver, Mary-
land, consists of eight members. Has house fitted up with

YACHT CLUBS — BOAT CLUBS. 263

kitchen, dining-room, lodging-rooms, storehouse for boats, etc.,
so as to accommodate parties who go there for gunning or
fishing, and expect to stay several days.

YACHT CLUBS.
The Delaware Eiver affords so much advantage for pleasure-
sailing that the number of fine yachts built for speed has
greatly increased within a few years. The Philadelphia Yacht
Club gives several regattas during the summer season. The
Southwark Double End Yacht Club, a new organization,
promises a spirited future.

BOAT CLUBS.

The Schuylkill Eiver above Fairmount Park, being broad
and bordered by attractive scenery, and the current smooth,
is a favorite place for rowing-clubs. Between Fairmount and
the Falls of Schuylkill the stream offers every facility, not only
to those who row for exercise or pleasure, but for regattas
and other contests. The national course, one mile and a half,
extends from the Reading Eailroad bridge (Belmont) up to
the Eeading Eailroad (Port Eichmond branch) bridge, being a
clear and splendid sheet of water. Several regattas have taken
place on this course, and it will be the scene of the interna-
tional regatta of 1876.

The Commissioners of Fairmount Park have encouraged
the boat clubs to come upon the Schuylkill, and have granted
them valuable privileges. The shore north of old Fairmount
from the neighborhood of Lincoln monument to Turtle Eock
has been granted to the clubs, with authority to construct build-
ings there, and they have erected several which add much to
the beauty of the Park. Some of the clubs are united in the
Schuylkill navy, but there are others which do not belong to
it. The following barge clubs are upon the river: Quaker
City, founded October 20, 1858; Pennsylvania, founded June
4, 1861; Crescent, December 1, 1867; Bachelors', July 4, 1853;
University, April 25, 1854; Philadelphia, December 8, 1862;
Malta, February, 1860; Vesper, February 22, 1865; Undine,
22

254 BOATS — CRICKET — BASE BALL — SKATING.

May 9, 1856. These clubs own over sixty boats of various
sizes — six-oars, four-oars, double sculls and single sculls.

CRICKET.
Cricket is played in Philadelphia with great proficiency, our
clubs having on several occasions vanquished American clubs
and the club composed of Canadian and British officers. The
cricket-grounds are upon the line of the Philadelphia and
Germantown Eailroad, near Wayne station, and are very
spacious. They are occupied by the Germantown and Young
America clubs.

BASE BALL.

There are several base ball clubs organized in the city, some
of which are professional and others amateur. The principal
base ball ground is that of the Athletic Club, at Twenty-fifth
and Jefierson streets. It is spacious and well adapted for the
purpose. Upon this ground the championship games between
the Philadelphia and Athletic and the clubs of other cities
have been played for some years past.

SKATING.

The winters of the last fifteen or twenty years, either by
covering the ice with snow or rain or from other causes, have
not been favorable for skating, so that this sport, in a mea-
sure, has declined. It will be revived upon a favorable op-
portunity.

The Philadelphia Skating Club, incorporated 1861, is com-
posed of over 300 members. It owns a stone club-house,
built in the Italian style, on the banks of the Schuylkill, with-
in the Park, near Turtle Eock. It has reception- and retiring-
rooms, committee-rooms and other apartments. In the first
story are life-saving apparatus — ladders, hooks, axes, caution-
flags, life-lines, blankets, grapnels, drags and other means
to rescue persons who may break through the ice. Each
member when skating carries with him -a reel upon which is
wound a fine but strong cord, which may be run across the
ice a long distance, and which, when caught by a drowning

SKATING — SHOOTING — TROTTING. 255

man, will sustain him until more thorough assistance arrives.
The life-boats are small and light, weigh no more than 100
pounds and are available to be run over the ice or into the
water. Since this society has been in existence more than
260 lives have been saved through the instrumentality of the
members.

Philadelphia Skating Rink, corner of Twenty-third and
Chestnut streets, was built several years ago, in the expecta-
tion of annual use. Good fortune has not attended this en-
terprise, and the rink, although capable of being used for
skating in cold weather, is rarely put to this service.

SHOOTING.

Scheutzen Park, Indian Queen lane, north of Eidge avenue.
This enclosure is the property of the Philadelphia Eifle Asso-
ciation, a shooting club organized about 1855. For some
years its targets and galleries were at Washington Eetreat, so-
called, near Mt. Pleasant, and now included in the Park. The
necessity of leaving that situation led the association to pur-
chase the piece of ground where the Scheutzen Park now is.
It was opened for use August 15, 1870. It has every conveni-
ence for shooting, with galleries, pits and targets. There are
buildings for concerts, dancing and other amusements. The
place is a great resort of the German population.

Access by Eidge avenue cars to Indian Queen lane; by
Germantown Eailroad to the same lane, or by Schuylkill
boats to the Falls. The park is distant from Eidge avenue
about half a mile.

TROTTING.
Point Breeze Park, Penrose Ferry road, near the road lead-
ing to Point Breeze, is a large piece of ground laid out for a
trotting- and driving-park, and is the property of a joint-stock
association. There are fine large buildings, with parlors,
drawing-rooms, etc., for the accommodation of members and
their families, pavilions for viewing the races, stands, etc.
The track is well laid and solid. The association arranges

256 TROTTING GYMNASTICS.

^ series of matches in the spring and fall of each year, and
some of the finest trotters in the country have been put to
their speed upon these grounds. During the racing season
the public are admitted upon the payment of entrance money ;
at other times admission can be obtained through the introduc-
tion of a member of the company.

Access to Point Breeze by private conveyance.

Suffolk Park, Island road, between Seventy-ninth and
Eightieth avenues, in the south-western part of the city, on
the west side of the Schuylkill not far from Penrose Ferry
road, is under the management of private proprietors. Eaoes
usually take place there in the spring and fall of the year.

Access to Suffolk Park by Chester branch of Eeading Rail-
road.

Ambler Park, on the line of the North Pennsylvania Rail-
road, Montgomery county, just beyond the boundaries of the
city, is a new enterprise. It has commodious grounds, and
has been used for agricultural-fair purposes.

Access by North Pennsylvania Railroad.

Woodbury Park, at Woodbury, New Jersey. A new track,
which has been successfully tested.

Access by West Jersey Railroad, starting from Market
street wharf, Philadelphia.

Belmont Driving Park, Bryn Mawr road, half a mile from
Elm station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. This is a new
track just opened. It is one mile circular, has a grand stand
and saloon for ladies and gentlemen, and other conveniences,
with stabling, and is intended to be a first-class race-course.

GYMNASTICS.

Philadelphia Turn Verein, a German association devoted to
the cultivation of athletic exercises. Hall, North Third
street near Callowhill.

CHAPTER XXII.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.

OPERATIC.
American Academy of Music, south-west corner of Broad
and Locust streets. Building of brick and brownstone, 140
feet front on Broad street, 238 feet deep on Locust street.
The fayade is in the Byzantine style. The exterior of the
building gives no idea of the elegance of the interior. There
is ample space for comfort and convenience, with fine lob-
bies, retiring-rooms and a splendid foyer in the second story,
richly decorated in the Italian style, with 16 Ionic columns,
panelled ceilings and walls, grand chandeliers and other em-
bellishments. The stage is spacious. It is 90 feet wide at the
proscenium, over 120 feet between the walls, 72 feet 6 inches
deep and 70 feet high. The proscenium is sustained by 6 col-
umns of the Corinthian order, which rise 33 feet from the
stage, and are surmounted by stooping caryatides as if bend-
ing under the weight of the roof. The auditorium is arranged
in four tiers, the fronts of which are handsomely decorated
with emblematic carvings. The seats are cushioned in red
velvet and the interior walls are decorated with the same warm
color, the effect of which is to make a rich contrast with the
costumes of the audience. The seating capacity is for 2900
persons, and is so admirably arranged that a full view of the
stage is afforded from all parts of the house. The building is
dedicated to operatic performances, and the finest artists of
the period, Italian, German, French and English, have sung
in it. When not used for the opera, the building is in request
for theatrical representations, concerts, balls and public
meetings.

The first movement toward the erection of this building was in
May, 1852. The project gained so much strength that in October,
22* R 257

258 OPERATIC THEATRICAL.

1854, plans for a building were requested. Work was commenced
on the 18th of June, 1855, and the corner-stone laid on the 26th of
July of the same year. The building was opened by a ball on the
26th of January, 1857. The first operatic performance by an
Italian company was given February 25, 1857.

THEATRICAL.

Walnut Street Theatre, north-east corner of Ninth and
Walnut streets. Brick building, rough-cast, with an orna-
mental front on Walnut street. 96 feet, 6 inches front, by
140 feet deep. The first story is of marble, with a fa§ade of
marble columns of the Doric order. The auditorium has three
tiers. There are about 1500 seats. The stage is of sufficient
capacity for the display of show pieces. The theatre is usually
devoted to "star" performances. The most eminent actors and
actresses have appeared upon its boards.

The lot was originally taken up by Pepin & Breschard, equestrians,
who, in the year 1809, erected a circus upon the ground. The build-
ing was afterward fixed up so as to be suitable for theatrical perform-
ances, and was called the Olympic Theatre. It passed through the
hands of several managers. In 1828 the interior was entirely re-
modelled. A front was built, the side walls were enlarged, and a
new house rose under the old roof. The alterations were made for
Cowell, the manager, but he did not open the house. It was taken
by Inslee & Blake, and opened January 1, 1829, as the Walnut Street
Theatre. Since that time it has been in many hands, and has been
uniformly successful. The interior has been once or twice altered,
and the seating made more comfortable, according to the modern style
of first-class houses of entertainment.

Arch Street Theatre, north side of Arch street, west of Sixth
street. Front of marble, in the Italian style, decorated with a
statue of Apollo by N. Gevelot. The house is handsome and
appropriate in appearance. Interior of three tiers, comfortably
arranged and commodious. The theatre will seat 1500 persons.
Stage 67 by 37 feet, and 30 feet high. The centre of the dome
is 60 feet from floor to parquet.

The theatre was built by a joint stock company, and opened on
the 1st of October, 1828, by William B. Wood, who found the season
disastrous. It was afterward under the management of Jones, Duffy
and Forrest and William E. Burton and many others. Many emi nent

THEATRICAL — VARIETIES. 259

performers have made their first appearance here. The theatre was
for a long time a favorite one with the late Edwin Forrest. The
building was remodelled entirely, the front being changed, in 1863,
and reopened September 12th of that year.

Chestnut Street Theatre, north side of Chestnut street,
between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. Building of brick ;
front, in a handsome style of architecture. Size 66 feet front
by 150 feet deep. Width of the stage at the proscenium, 33 feet ;
depth, 40 feet, 6 inches; height of proscenium, 40 feet. There
are three tiers. The seating is comfortable, and the interior
handsome. There are seats for 1500 persons.

This theatre was opened under the management of William
Wheatley, 26th of January, 1863, Edwin Forrest being the principal
performer. The interior was rebuilt in 1874, and very considerably
changed and improved in 1875.

Amateurs' Drawing-room, Seventeenth street above Chesnut.
A small and neat theatre belonging to an association formed
during the war of the rebellion. It was opened in 1865 by
an amateur company. The building was originally an Epis-
copal church. Occasional dramatic performances are given
here. The auditorium is handsomely fitted up. The house
will hold about 700 persons.

Concordia Theatre, 417 Callowhill street, is occupied as a
German theatre. Performances are given there during the
theatrical seaso^i by operatic and dramatic companies.

The building was originally the Second Universalist Church. It
was purchased, altered and opened by Ashton & Co., under the title
of the " City Museum and Theatre," September 11, 1854. It was
burned November 25, 1868, and afterward rebuilt and opened as
Concordia Hall.

Wood's Museum, north-west corner of Ninth and Arch
streets. This building, besides the museum of curiosities and
a menagerie, has a regular theatrical department, in which
performances are given.

The building was finished and opened as the "American Museum "
by Simpson, Carncross & Dixey, November 23, 1870. Subsequently
it passed into the control of Colonel J. H. Wood.

260 MINSTRELSY— CONCERTS.

MINSTBELSY.
Eleventh Street Opera-house, south-east corner of Eleventh
street and Marble alley, below Market street, is handsomely,
even luxuriously, fitted up, and commands, at all times, audi-
ences of the highest respectability, the performances being
chaste and amusing, free from any offensive feature. The
number of seats is about 1100.

The building was originally a Reformed Presbyterian church, and
was opened December 7, 1854, by H. S. Cartee, under the title of the
" Lyceum." It has ever since been devoted to Ethiopian minstrel
performances.

Simmons &. Slocum's Opera-house, north side of Arch street,
between Tenth and Eleventh streets. Building specially erected
for the purpose. The interior is handsomely fitted up, agree-
able and convenient. There are seats for about 1100 persons.

This establishment was opened as the Arch Street Opera-house,
under Simmons & Slocum, August 20, 1870. It was burned March
20, 1872, and rebuilt and reopened August 26th of the same year.

CONCERTS.

Concert Hall, north side of Chestnut street, between Twelfth
and Thirteenth streets. The hall is large, and will seat 1200
people. It is in demand for concerts and lectures.

The building was erected by George W. Watson, partly for his own
business purposes. It was opened for musical performances by a
grand concert, in Avhich Madame Sontag and others participated, on
the 12th of February, 1853.

Assembly Buildings, south-west corner of Tenth and Chest-
nut streets, used for concerts, exhibitions and balls.

It was built and opened November, 1839, and burned March 18,
1851. Rebuilt and reopened 1852.

Mannerchor Hall, north-east corner of Franklin street and
Fairmount avenue, is under charge of the German Manner-
chor Musical Society.

Musical Fund, Horticultural and Handel and Haydn Halls,

all used for concert purposes, are fully described in other
parts of this work. See Index.

CHAPTEE XXIII.

CHURCHES.

THEEE were at the beginning of October, 1875, in Phila-
delphia, five hundred and twenty-six religious congrega-
tions, including the Israelites. A few of them, which were new-
ly formed societies, met in halls and meeting-rooms in various
portions of the city ; but over five hundred of them were the
owners of their own church-buildings. Some of these were
very plain, and some costly. Some had historical reminiscences
connected with them which were of great interest. It would
be unnecessary, and of no value to the stranger, to give a de-
tailed account of these churches. A few of the more prominent,
either upon historical account or by reason of the size and
elegance of the buildings occupied, will be mentioned, and
such may be worthy of attention.

BAPTIST.

This sect commenced worship in the city in the spring of
1695, under the ministry of Rev. John Watts of Pennypek
church, who preached in Philadelphia every other Sunday.
On the second Sunday of December, 1698, the first congrega-
tion was formed at the Barbadoes store, north-west corner of
Second and Chestnut streets, which, at alternate times, was
occupied by the Presbyterians. Some trouble occurred with
the latter, and the Baptists removed to Anthony Morris' brew-
house, "under the bank, and near the dock" — that is, in King
street, now Water street, near Dock Creek, now Dock street.
There are now seventy Baptist congregations in Philadelphia.

First, north-west corner of Broad and Arch streets. A very
fine building of brownstone, with steeple and spire of the

2fil

262

CHURCHES.

same material. Style of architecture, Norman-Gothic. Height
of steeple, 225 feet. Tower on the west end of the church,
surmounted by a cupola. The interior is richly fitted up and
decorated. The building was dedicated on the first Sunday

of May, 1857.

After having
worshipped at the
brew-house for
some years, the
First church, by an
arrangement with
the Keithians, who
had separated from
the Society of
Friends, removed
to the meeting-
house of the latter,
which was on the
west side of Second
street below Arch.
This transfer took
place on the 15th
of March, 1707.
The congregation
remained there for
many years. In
1731 the wooden
building erected by
the Keithians was
FIRST BAPTIST CHUECH. taken down, and a

neat brick structure erected of the size of 32 by 40 feet. In 1762
this building was replaced by another, much larger, which was
again enlarged in 1808 to the dimensions of 61 by 75 feet, and re-
mained until the new church at Broad and Arch streets was finished.
Eminent men in the Church have been pastors of this congregation.
Among them may be mentioned Eev. Morgan Edwards, a Baptist
historical writer; Rev. William Rogers, chaplain of the Continental
Congress, and subsequently professor in the University of Pennsyl-
vania ; Rev. Ebenezer Kinnersly, professor in the College of Phila-
delphia, and celebrated for his discoveries in electricity, in which
science he was a companion with Franklin ; Rev. Henry Holcombe,
Rev. William Staughton and others.

CHURCHES.

263

Fifth, north-west corner of Eighteenth and Spring Garden
streets. Decorated Gothic church of brownstone, with large
Sunday-school building adjoining. Spire, 156 feet high. The
building was completed in the spring of 1863.

This church was
founded January, 1811,
by ninety-one persons
who seceded from the
First church, and or-
ganized under the Rev.
William Staughton.
They built on the south
side of Sansom street,
between Eighth and
Ninth streets, a peculiar
church-edifice of a
circular form in the
interior, and 90 feet in
diameter. A dome rose
over the centre. The
building was novel in
the audience arrange-
ments, and for many
years attracted much
attention, Mr. Staugh-
ton was succeeded by
manj^ ministers of piety,
but in after years the
church did not hold its
popularity. The re-
moval to the upper part
of the city proved a
happy experiment. ^'""'^ baptist chubch.

The new edifice was opened for worship February 7, 1863.

Memorial, north-east corner of Broad and Master streets.
Building of greenstone, with light stone trimmings. Form
of the church on Master street, that of an amphitheatre.
Main wdndow on Broad street 40 feet high. A pinnacle
spire rises in the centre from the angles at which the roof
of the building meets. The corner-stone was laid August 5,
1874.

264

CHURCHES.

Tabernacle, north side of Chestnut street, between Seven-
teenth and Eighteenth streets. Building, 62 by 110 feet. The

front is formed by a semi-

circular portico of red sand-
stone pillars, which support
a steeple 213 feet 8 inches in
height. The building was
consecrated in May, 1853.

This church was organized
about 1848, and for many years
occupied a brick church-build-
ing in Seventeenth street above
Chestnut.

Fourth, north-west corner
of Fifth and Buttonwood
streets. Front supported by
semicircular portico, with
steeple 188 feet high. This
church was dedicated March
25, 1855.

Beth-Eden, north-west
corner of Broad and Spruce
streets. Church-building of
I serpentine and graystone,
varied with red and black
granite. Style, Gothic inclining toward Venetian. The tower
is unfinished, but when completed will be surmounted by a
spire over 200 feet high from the pavement. Size of building,
70 by 120 feet. Shape, cruciform. The chancel window, 19
feet broad and over 36 feet high, enriched with stone-tracery, is
filled with stained glass from the works at Munich, Germany.
The exterior and interior are very richly carved, and the church
is one of the finest in the city. It was built in 1868-9.

Gethsemane, corner of Eighteenth street and Columbia
avenue. Building of brownstone, in the Gothic style, with
square tower 116 feet high, topped with a Mansard roof. The
church was dedicated April 30, 1874.

TABERKAC1.E CHURCH.

CHURCHES. 265

First West Philadelphia, corner of Thirty-sixth and Chestnut
streets. Constructed of brownstone. Main building, 60 by
132 feet. Chapel, 42 by 82 feet. Finished in the spring of
1863.

Berean, Fortieth and Chestnut streets. Brownstone build-
ing. Spire, 160 feet high.

CONGREGATIONAL.

There are two Congregational churches in the city.

Central, north-west corner of Eighteenth and Green streets,
with chapel adjoining, creates a showy group of buildings.
Style, Gothic. Material, graystone trimmed with brownstone.
The interior is very large. The corner-stone of the chapel
was laid March 9, 1865, and that building occupied some years
by the congregation. The main church was dedicated June
2, 1872. It accommodates a much greater number of persons
than are usually provided for in religious edifices.

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (Orthodox)
have nine meeting-houses in the city, all of them exceedingly
plain both in exterior appearance and fitting up. The oldest
of these, situate on Arch street, between Third and Fourth
streets, is large, and being shaded by venerable trees retains
a quiet serenity amidst the surrounding bustle of the neigh-
borhood, which is in strong contrast. It stands in a lot 360
by 366 feet, and is surrounded by a high brick wall. The
building is divided into meeting-houses for men and for
women, and is probably 200 feet in front. The members of
the society resident in the neighborhood are so few that for
some years past services have not been held there on Sunday.
Meetings take place there on the fifth day (Thursday) of each
week.

William Penn gave the ground upon which this meeting-house
was erected for a burial-ground for the Society of Friends, and it
was used for that purpose for a century and a half by the original
meetings at Second and Market streets, and Front and Pine streets,
and was also used for the interment of persons to whom no other
ground was open. Thousands of bodies are buried in it, and the
23

266 CHUKCHES.

ground became so raised above the street that interments ceased
about 1840. The present meeting-house was erected in 1804; and the
meeting at Second and Market streets, occupying a meeting-house
which was built in 1712, removed to the new building. The old
meeting-house was torn down in 1810.

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (Hicksites).

The division of this society commonly known as Hicksites
has seven meeting-houses. The principal of these is in —

Race Street above Fifteenth. It occupies a very large lot
of ground running from Race to Cherry street, on which is
erected a solid, plain meeting-house divided so as to separate
the men and the women into two meetings. There are also
school-buildings attached.

This congregation, after the separation caused by the differences
among members of the society in relation to the doctrines of Elias
Hicks, purchased a lot and erected a building on the north side of
Cherry street, east of Fifth, where they remained for many years.
After the present meeting-house was opened, in February, 1857, the
old meeting-house was abandoned, and the building*turned to other
uses.

Girard Avenue Meeting-house, north-west corner of Seven-
teenth street and Girard avenue, is the only stone building
belonging to the society in the built-up parts of the city.
It is the latest structure erected by this sect ; and although the
old severity of style is generally adhered to, there are some
architectural departures, which shows that fashion can have
its influence even with the plainest.

HEBREW.

There are ten Jewish synagogues in the city.

Mikve Israel occupies a solid and commodious building of
brick, east side of Seventh street above Arch, which was
dedicated May 10, 1860.

This congregation is the oldest of the Jewish sect in the city, and
was organized, it is believed, as early as 1747. They worshipped in
a small house in Sterling alley. In the year 1782 a lot of ground was
purchased on the north side of Cherry street, west of Third, upon
which a synagogue building was erected. About the year 1820 a
much handsomer building was put up on the same spot, 40 feet front

CHURCHES.

267

by 70 feet in depth, constructed of stone, the front and interior being
decorated in the Egyptian style.

Rodef Sholem, south-east corner of Broad and Mount
Vernon streets. This is a very large building of striking ar-
chitectural appearance, in the Saracenic style, constructed of
sandstone decorated with stone of other colors. The interior
is handsomely finished, and the peculiarities of the style and
decorations invite much attention. The steeple on the corner
of Mount Vernon street is 125 feet high. The congregation
is of German origin, and was the second of the Hebrew per-
suasion formed in the city. The corner-stone was laid July
20, 1869, and the building dedicated September 10, 1870.

LUTHERAN.

All together, there are thirty-two Lutheran churches in
Philadelphia, of which seventeen are English, eleven Ger-
man, one Scandinavian, one Swedish, and two under different
ecclesiastic control from the others.

Zion, Franklin street above Eace, brownstone building.
Steeple, 186 feet high. The interior is handsomely furnished.
The corner-stone was laid May 10, 1869, and the building was
dedicated September 11, 1870. Services are in the German
language.

Lutheranism was introduced into the settlements on the Delaware
by the Swedes as early as 1638. The Swedish church at Weccacoe
was built before Penn's arrival, and the church Gloria Dei was built
and finished in 1700. Until the coming of Henry Melchior Muhlen-
berg, in 1742, German Lutheranism may be said to have been in a
state of formation. He first preached December 5, 1742, in a frame
barn building in Arch street near Fifth, which was occupied at the
same time by the German Reformed congregation. On the 5th of
April, 174B, the corner-stone of St. Michael's Lutheran church, Fifth
street above Arch, was laid, and the building dedicated August 14,
1748. Zion church was an ofl'shoot of St. Michael's. The original
church at the corner of Fourth and Cherry streets, 101 feet long by
70 feet broad, was built in 1766, burned December 26, 1794, and re-
built in 1796. It was a massive edifice and venerable in its ap-
pearance. There Congress assembled to give thanks after the sur-
render of Cornwallis at Yorktowu, and there were celebrated the

268 CHURCHES.

funeral services in memory of the death of Washington, commonly
known as " Washington's Sham Funeral." Many other memorable
services took place in the building, which was torn down after the
present structure was completed.

St. Mark's, south side of Spring Garden street, west of
Thirteenth. Building, brownstone front, with a steeple 225
feet high. This is a remarkably fine structure. It was com-
menced in 1850, and finished about 1852. Services in Eng-
lish.

St. John's, English Lutheran, north side of Eace street, be-
tween Fifth and Sixth. Building of brick, solid and elegant
in appearance. When first erected, it was pronounced by good
judges " the handsomest church in Philadelphia." The build-
ing is 67 feet by 100, and was finished in 1808. It stands in
the centre of an enclosure used for a graveyard, in which are
tombstones and monuments dating from the time when the
church was erected.

Rev. Philip F. Mayer, D. D., was the original pastor of this con-
gregation, and served it for more than fifty years. This church was
organized by portions of the congregations of Zion and St. Michael's,
in which services in the German language were kept up. The
younger members— children of German parents, educated in the
English language and surrounded by an English-speaking people-
desired that there should be occasional services in English. The
German members stoutly resisted, and after considerable dissension
the English party broke away and established St. John's church.

Holy Communion, English Lutheran, south-west corner of
Broad and Arch streets, will be, when completed, one of the
finest churches in the city. The prevailing material is green-
stone variegated with light sandstone and stone of other col-
ors. The style is castellated rather than ecclesiological. The
design of the building carries out the idea of Luther, "Ein
feste Bourg ist unser Gott"— "Our Lord is a strong castle."
The square tower at the north-east corner rises from the pave-
ment in the castellated style to the height of 92 feet. At the
corners are to be circular turrets with pinnacles. Above all
will rise a slated Mansard roof with louvre windows, making

CHURCHES.

269

CHURCH OF THE HOLY COMMUNION (WITH TOWER COMPLETED).

the total height 147 feet. There is to be an ornamental railing
on the peak. The main audience-room is 112 by 70 feet. The
building is 75 feet on Arch street by 139 feet deep. The style
will remind the traveller of the castellated structures on the
Ehine and throughout Germany. It is Florid German-Gothic.
On the Arch street front the main building is relieved by a
covered arcade, the arches being supported on polished stone
pillars. The interior is richly fitted up, and the cost of the
23*

270 CHURCHES.

building was over $200,000. This church was dedicated in

1875.

Emanuel, German Lutheran, corner of Fourth and Carpen-
ter streets, is a fine large church, with a lofty steeple.

St. Johannes, German, corner of Fifteenth and Ogden

streets. Church edifice of brick, in the Gothic style. Steeple

165 feet high.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL.

There are ninety-three churches of the Methodist Episcopal
persuasion in Philadelphia, six Methodist African, one Zion
African and one Free Methodist; total, one hundred and one.
Nearly all the congregations occupy very plain brick buildings,
approaching nearer to the Quaker style of meeting-house
than is adopted by any other sect.

St. George's, east side of Fourth street below New, brick
building, rough-cast, 60 feet front and 85 deep, is the oldest
Methodist church in the city, and the first established after
the introduction of the sect.

This building was originally intended for the use of a German
Reformed congregation, which adopted the name of St. George in
1763. The effort to form the church was unsuccessful. The build-
ing was partly finished, and stood in that condition until 1770, when
the ground and walls were purchased by the Methodists, this being
the first church occupied by them in the city. During the Revolu-
tionary war the British army took possession of the church, tore out
the interior and put the building in use as a riding-school. Under
the itinerant system, a large number of clergymen connected with
the Methodist Church have preached within these walls, including
Pillmore, Asbury, Coke, Whatcoat and many others, bishops and
clergymen. The interior of this building has been changed according
to the modern church fashions. It was exceedingly primitive, and
uncomfortable in regard to seating, heating and lighting under the
original Methodist usage. The front is the same as of the original
church, except that the fashion of the doorways has been altered
and the old bricks have been covered by rough-casting. The build-
ing was remodelled in 1837.

Spring Garden, north-west corner of Twentieth and Spring
Garden streets. Building of brownstone, with tower at the
south-east corner. Style, plain Early English-Gothic, without

CHURCHES. 271

buttresses or usual accessories. The church was dedicated
1865.

Arch Street, south-east comer of Arch and Broad streets.
Building, with Sunday-school and lecture-room adjoining, of
white marble, in the decorated Gothic style, exceedingly strik-
ing in appearance, it being one of the finest churches in the
city. The spire rises to the height of 233 feet.

Grace, north-west corner of Broad and Master streets, is in-
tended to be in style and cost fully equal to the Arch street
church. At present a chapel of white marble upon the west
end of the lot serves the purposes of the congregation. It is
of the Gothic style, richly decorated and costly, and although
to be eventually superseded by a principal church-building is
larger and finer than many handsome structures used by
other sects.

This congregation was formed in 1873, and the first chapel, a
wooden building, was dedicated May 4th of that year. The present
stone chapel was finished in 1875.

MENNONITES.

Never a strong sect, the Mennonites have three churches, all
of which are plain in appearance. The oldest of these, quaint
and interesting, is of stone, situated in Germantown, upon
Main street near Tulpehocken. It was built in 1770. There
is a graveyard in the rear, in w^hich are many interesting
monuments and tombstones. The church-building is at pres-
ent occupied by the Eeformed Episcopal church of German-
town.

MORAVIANS.

The Moravians have four churches, all of which are con-
structed in good taste, but are not of striking architectural
appearance.

The First Church, corner of Franklin and Wood streets, is
of brick, rough-cast, in the Gothic style, and adjoins the little
graveyard of this sect, extending to Vine street, which is
noticeable from the fact that the gravestones are small and
laid flat on the graves, in accordance with the Moravian
custom. This church was consecrated January 27, 1856.

272 CHURCHES.

The history of the Moravian Church is of interest from the fact
that the principles of the sect were introduced into the city by Count
Nicholas Lewis von Zinzendorf in person. He came to America
in 1741 as bishop and representative, with full powers from the
Bohemian and Moravian brethren adhering to the Augsburg Con-
fession. He was for a season located in Germantown and in and
about Philadelphia, acting as pastor for the Lutherans, but in con-
sequence of differences of opinion withdrew from the latter, and
thirty-four of his adherents formed the Moravian Society according
to the original tenets. From this foundation rose the Moravian
Church in America. A lot was purchased at the south-east corner of
Bread and Race streets in 1742. A very peculiar and odd-looking
church was put up, the corner-stone being laid September 10 of
that year. The dedication took place November 25 following. This
building was afterward enlarged, was torn down in 1819, and the
corner-stone of a larger structure was laid May 10 of that year. In
1856 the church at Franklin and AVood streets was finished and the
old one abandoned.

The Second Church, corner of Franklin and Thompson
streets, occupies a stone building, comfortable and convenient.

NEW CHURCH.
The disciples of Emanuel Swedenborg have three congrega-
tions in the city. The principal one is on the east side
of Broad street, above Spring Garden, commodious and taste-
ful in appearance. It was completed in 1855.

This sect, sometimes called the New Jerusalem Church, had its
origin in Philadelphia by the preaching of Rev. Manning B. Roche.
A congregation was formed, and a church 40 by 60 feet built on
Fourth street, between German and Catharine, in 1829. The Second
congregation of the New Church occupies a building on Cherry
street near Twenty-fiirst, which was dedicated September 20, 1857.

PRESBYTERIAN.

There are seventy-five churches of the Presbyterian per-
suasion in the city, eleven United Presbyterian, eight Pres-
byterian General Synod, three Presbyterian Synod and one
Presbyterian Eeformed; total, ninety-eight— all of various
shades of Presbyterian doctrine.

First, south-east corner of Seventh and Locust streets.

CHURCHES. 273

Building of brick, rough-cast, 75 feet front by 140 feet deep,
with a fine portico, in the Ionic style, fronting on Locust street.
The building was finished in 1822. The main audience-room
will seat 1300 persons. The cupola is 106 feet high.

This congregation, the first organized in Pennsylvania, dates its
formation from 1698, when the Rev. Jedediah Andrews came from
New England to Philadelphia, and ofiiciated for the Independents,
as the Presbyterians were then called, in the Barbadoes store, north-
west corner of Second and Chestnut streets. In 1704 this congregation
built its first house of worship on Market street, at the south-east
corner of White Horse alley, since called Bank street. The building
was enlarged in 1729, torn down and rebuilt with a handsome Ionic
front in 1793. It was abandoned and demolished after the present
church-building was constructed. This is the parent Presbyterian
church, and has been under the care of eminent ministers of that
denomination. Mr. Andrews preached there more than half a cen-
tury. Among the pastors were Rev. Francis Allison, vice-provost,
and Rev. John Ewing, provost, of the University of Pennsylvania.
Rev. James Patriot Wilson was minister of the First church for
twenty-six years. He was succeeded by Rev. Albert Barnes, whose
fame as a theologian and biblical scholar is world-wide. He filled the
pulpit for thirty-eight years.

Second, south-east corner of Twenty-first and Walnut streets.
Building, 58 feet wide by 119 feet deep, of stone of various
colors, including granite, brownstone, redstone, bluestone,
green serpentine and drab-colored sandstone. The interior
walls are finished with English brick. The ceiling is 60 feet
high. The carvings of the interior and exterior are very rich
with tracery, arabesques, texts and mottoes. The pulpit, of
stone, presents the figure of a kneeling angel supporting the
reading-desk. There is a magnificent organ, which cost nearly
$20,000. At the north-west corner is a tower, yet unfinished,
which is intended to be surmounted by a spire rising to the
height of 202 feet.

This congregation was originally formed in 1743 by seceders from
the First church, who were stimulated by the preaching of the
celebrated itinerant George Whitefield. They worshipped in a
building constructed for Whitefield, on Fourth street, south of Arch
street, which eventually became the college and university. Their

274

OHUEOHES.

first church-building, at the north-west corner of Third and Arch
streets, was commenced on the 17th of May, 1750, and opened in the
same year. It was enlarged in 1809, abandoned in 1837, when a new
cliurch-building of marble, on the east side of Seventh street below
Arch, was dedicated. The present edifice was commenced in 1809,
and dedicated October 13, 1872. Among the pastors have been Revs.
George Whitefield, Gilbert Tennent, Ashbel Green, J. J. Janeway,
C. C. Cuyler and C. W. Shields.

OLD PINE STREET CHUKOi.

Third, commonly called " Old Pine Street Church/' south-
west corner of Fourth and Pine streets. Building of brick,
rough-cast, with portico of four Corinthian pillars. It stands
in the midst of a graveyard. The western portion of this
enclosure belong;s to the congregation of the First church, and

tkU \^^^iLu-.^^x ^r_9

SECOND PBESBYTEBIAN CHUECH (WITH THE STEEPLE COMPEETED).

276 CHURCHES.

in it are many ancient graves and headstones, David Rit-
tenhouse, the astronomer, is buried here. A monument
to Captain Charles Ross of the First City Troop, erected by
that organization after the death of Captain Ross, October 8,
1817, is surmounted by bronze military trophies, and will
attract the attention of the stranger. Some of the head-
stones affixed to the southern wall are very old, and were
removed from the ground of the First church on Market
street. The eastern portion of the enclosure, fronting on
Fourth street, belongs to the Third church, and is the resting-
place of many noted citizens.

This congregation was established under the superintendence of
the First Presbyterian church, and with the approbation and assist-
ance of that congregation, on the 10th of August, 1761, The enter-
prise went on slowly. The house was finished so far in June, 1768,
that public worship was held in it for the first time. This congrega-
tion soon became involved in controversy with the First church, the
members of which, it was thought, were inclined to exercise too much
authority over the new congregation. These difficulties continued
for some years. During the Revolution the British army took pos-
session of the church, and used it as a hospital. Among the eminent
pastors of this church were Rev. George Duffield, 1771-1790 ; Rev. John
Blair Smith, 1791-1799; Rev. Archibald Alexander, 1806-1812 ; Rev.
Thomas Brainerd, 1837-1867. This building was erected in the general
style of the ante-Revolutionary times, of brick, and the walls yet re-
main ; but the fashion of the architecture has been greatly changed,
so that from appearance a stranger would never suspect that within
those walls prayer, praise and homilies have been heard for more
than a century.

Alexander, north-east corner of Nineteenth and Green
streets. A fine building of stone, in tlie Gothic style.
Steeple and spire, 200 feet high.

This congregation originated about 1858. The lecture-room, now
on the east side of the main building, was dedicated May 22, 1859.

West Arch Street, south-east corner of Eighteenth and
Arch streets. This is one of the finest church edifices in the
city. It is of the Corinthian order of architecture, with a
magnificent portico on Arch street, a central dome, 170 feet
high, and richly ornamented cupolas, each 115 feet high, in

CHURCHES. 277

the minaret style, at the corners of the front. The corner-
stone was laid. May, 1853, and the building finished and
opened in the succeeding year.

This congregation was originally known as the Eleventh Presby-
terian church. A building 50 by 70 feet was erected for their use,
on the south side of Vine street, between Twelfth and Thirteenth
streets, in 1830.

Fifth, south side of Arch street, west of Tenth street. Brick
building, Qo feet front by 85 feet deep, with wooden steeple
165 feet high. This spire is considered a handsome specimen
of architecture. It exhibits in one view, from the base to the
summit, the characteristics of the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
and Composite orders.

This church was erected in 1822 by a congregation which separated
from the Second church. The first pastor was Rev. Thomas H. Skin-
ner, a learned and eloquent divine, who served in the pulpit for many
years, and was very popular.

Calvary, south side of Locust street above Fifteenth.
Brownstone, Gothic, with two towers and steeples on the front,
each 135 feet high. The building was dedicated November,
1858.

West Spruce Street, south-west corner of Seventeenth and
Spruce streets. Massive building of brick, ornamentally laid
in the Gothic style. Steeple, 248 feet high, the most lofty in
the city. The corner-stone was laid April 26, 1855, and the
building dedicated January 4, 1857.

This congregation originated in a colony from the Tenth church,
Rev. Dr. H. A. Boardman, pastor, at the north-east corner of Twelfth
and Walnut streets.

Bethany, church and Sunday-school, south-east corner of
Twenty-second and Bainbridge streets. The church stands
east of Twenty-second street, fronting on Bainbridge street
112 feet, and running through to Pemberton street, making a
depth of 185 feet. It is built of Trenton brownstone, is
plainly but substantially finished, and can seat two thousand
persons. Its present communion is over eight hundred mem-
24

278

CHURCHES.

bers. But this building is not as large as the remarkablie
Sunday-school building which adjoins, and which has fronts
on Twenty-second, Bainbridge and Pemberton streets. It is

BETHANY CHURCH AND SUNDAY-SCHOOJ^.

138 feet front by 185 feet deep, and is built of brownstone, with
bluestone trimmings. Style, Gothic, of the Norwegian type,
resembling that adopted in the church-buildings of Norway
and Sweden, and presenting an appearance unusual in this

KOKTIl BROAD ST. CHUKCH.

280

CHURCHES.

country. The front is semicircular in form and composed of
six gables. There are two towers, the principal one of which,
with curiously-shaped spire, rises to the height of 105 feet, and
is furnished with a clock and bells. This building, devoted to
Sunday-school purposes, is the largest in the United States, and
has accommodations for twenty-eight hundred scholars. Over
twelve hundred children attend here every Sunday. The build-
ing is divided into class-rooms, lecture-rooms, chapels and other
apartments, and has seating capacity for three thousand per-
sons. It was finished June 4, 1874. The church congregation
was founded in 1865.

North Broad Street, north-east corner of Broad and Green
streets. Building of brownstone, in the Norman-Gothic style,
70 feet front on Broad street, 115 feet deep. Steeple, 222 feet
in height. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid June 9,
1862, and the building dedicated in the succeeding year.

Oxford, corner of Broad and Oxford streets. Building of
stone, in the Gothic style, spacious and elegant. Steeple,
182 feet high.

Tabernacle, south-east corner of Broad and Olive streets,
above Chestnut street. Brick, rough-cast, with a splendid
Corinthian portico of eight columns, approached by a flight
of thirteen steps. A fine specimen of the Grecian style of
architecture.

This congregation was organized in 1804 under the title of Inde-
pendent Tabernacle. The next year a building was erected for its
use in Kanstead court west of Fourth street, above Chestnut. Rev.
AVilliam Hey was the first pastor. In 1816 the Tabernacle was car-
ried over to the Reformed Dutch denomination. In 1819 the mem-
bers renounced that jurisdiction, and were received in the Presbytery
of Philadelphia as the Seventh Presbyterian church. Building,
Broad and Chestnut streets, dedicated December 31, 1842; opened
for divine service next day.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.

There are ninety -two churches of the Protestant Episcopal
denomination, and five Reformed Episcopal. In the costliness

CHURCHES. 281

of buildings and value of the church property this sect ex-
ceeds all others.

Christ Church, west side of Second street above Market.
Building of brick, 60 feet in width by 90 feet in length, con-
structed in the solid style of the early part of last century.
A wooden steeple rises from a brick tower at the west end of
the church. It is 1 90 feet high. In the tower will be found
the church library, which contains some rare books and trea-
tises upon polemical subjects.

This church occupies the site of a frame building which was built
in the year 1695, enlarged in 1711 and in 1720. The present struc-
ture may date from 1727, when the western end was commenced.
It Avas completed in 1731. The eastern end is believed to have been
commenced in 1735, but it Avas not finished completely until August,
1744, when the vestry voted thanks to Dr. John Kearsley, physician,
a member of the church, who drew the architectural plan and super-
intended the erection. The tower and steeple were built in 1753-4
and a chime *of bells procured, and the building has not been mate-
rially changed in appearance since that time. Upon the eastern end,
above the great arched window, at the time of the Revolution, was a
profile bust in relief of George III. carved in wood, and a crown.
These remained up until after peace was declared, when an excited
state of public feeling compelled their removal. They are now in pos-
session of the congregation and preserved in the vestry-room. The
spire was also surmounted with a crown, which was taken down after
the Rt. Eev. William White was elected bishop of Pennsylvania, and
replaced by a mitre. The steeple contains a ring of eight bells, which
were purchased in London in 1 754. These bells were taken out of the
steeple, with all other bells in the city, before the British army entered
Philadelphia during the Revolution, and were subsequently returned.
The interior of the church was also antique and venerable in its fit-
ting-up, but very uncomfortable. In 1834 the interior was altered by
the architect, Thomas U. Walter, in such manner as to be suitable to
modern ideas of convenience, preserving at the same time as far as pos-
sible the antique appearance of the olden period and all features of
venerable character. This church was the leading place of worship
under the proprietary government after the second visit of William
Penn. The lieutenant-governor and royal officers attended worship
there. There was a particular pew fitted up for the use of the gover-
nors, and during the time that Congress and the Federal government
were in Philadelphia a pew was retained for the use of the presidents
of Congress and the Presidents of the United States, Washington and
24 «

282

CHURCHES.

Adams. Franklin had a pew at Christ church for many years. Under
the floors and in the ground adjoining are buried several distinguished
persons, including some rectors of the church. The Hon. John Penn,

one of the former pro]n-ietanes of Pennsylvania, was buried there in
1795, and a tablet to his memory yet remains. His body was removed
to England, however, some years ago. The remains of Bishop William
White, for many years rector of this church-, and of Robert Morris, the
financier of the Revolution, lie in the crypt under the school-house on

CHUKCHES.

283

the north side of the church. The burying-ground belonging to the
congregation is situated at the south-east corner of Arch and Fifth
streets. Many eminent persons have been interred witliin that en-
closure. The remains of Dr. Benjamin Franklin and his wife, Debo-
rah, are under a flat stone, with proper inscriiDtion, close to the wall on
Arch street near to Fifth. A palisade railing is in front, so that the place

GKA\ t Ol IKAJSKLI^s.

may be seeu from the street. In the yard are monuments to Commo-
dore William Bainbridge, Commodore Richard Dale, General James
Irvine, Major William Jackson of the Revolution, General Jacob
Morgan, Dr. Philip Syng Physic, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Rev. Bird
Wilson ; Peyton Randolph, president of the First Continental Con-
gress, and Francis Hopkinson were buried here, but no monu-
ments mark the spots where they lie. The communion service of
this church contains som'e antique vessels, which were presented
by Queen Anne of England, in 1708. Colonel Robert Quarry, in
1712, contributed a silver basin for the baptismal font, with a flagon
and plates. Among the rectors and assistant ministers of Christ

284 CHURCHES.

church were many eminent men, among whom may be mentioned
the Rev. Richard Peters, Rev. Jacob Duche, Rt. Rev. Jackson
Kemper, afterward bishop of Michigan, Rt. Rev. William White,
first bishop of Pennsylvania, Rt. Rev. W. H. Delancey, bishop
of New York, and others,

St. Peter's, south-west corner of Third and Pine streets, 60
feet front by 90 in depth. The spire and tower are 218 feet
high. They were finished in September, 1842, and the chime
of eight bells which they contain were presented to the
church by Benjamin Wilcocks, and first rung November 8d of
the same year. In the burial-ground attached to the church
is the tomb of the Rev. Jacob Duch6, an inscription to whose
memory is on the eastern front of the building. The remains
of Commodore Stephen Decatur were removed here in 1844,
and the place where they rest is shoAvn by a fine tall Ionic
pillar of marble surmounted by an eagle.

This church-building was commenced September 21, 1758, and
finished and dedicated on the 4th of September, 1761. It was estab-
lished by the vestry and members of Christ church, and the govern-
ment was for a long time under the control of one vestry, which
directed the affairs of both churches, and the rector and assistant
minister preached in either church as occasion required. This
building, in its exterior appearance and interior arrangements,
retains many of its ancient architectural features, among which
may be particularly noticed the old style high-back pews, which
cannot be found in any other church in Philadelphia. The name
of the Rev. Jacob Duche, "who delivered the first prayer in Con-
gress," has been frequently associated with this church, and it
is probable that before the Revolution his principal services were
at St. Peter's. Duche's subsequent history, in consequence of his
defection from the American cause during the Revolution, is well
known. The union between Christ church and St. Peter's was severed
in 1832. Among the rectors after that time was Rev. William H.
Odenheimer, afterward bishop of New Jersey. General Washington
at one time, probably while attending the convention to form the
Constitution of the United States, resided near St. Peter's, and was
an attendant there.

St. Paul's, east side of Third street below^ Walnut. Build-
ing of brick, rough-cast, 90 feet long and 60 wide. The edifice
is the original one, but w^as greatly altered inside and out in

CHURCHES. 285

1832, so as to present a modern appearance. There are vaults
on each side of the church, in one of which are the remains
of Edwin Forrest, the tragedian. A small burying-ground in
the rear is filled up with graves. A tablet on the east wall
commemorates the virtues of Rev. Dr. Pillmore, formerly
rector.

The church -building was constructed in 1761, and opened on the
20th of December in that year. It was in some respects an inde-
pendent church, and erected in consequence of difKcubies among
the members of Christ church, caused by the refusal of the Jatter to
allow the Rev. William McClenachan, who had served for a time at
Christ church as assistant minister and become popular with some of
the congregation, to officiate further at that church. His adherents
withdrew and formed St. Paul's. For eleven years the bishop of
London refused to recognize the ministers serving at this church.
In 1772 the difficulty was removed, and St. Paul's congregation was
recognized as in communion with the Church of England. Among
the rectors subsequently were eminent men, among whom may be
mentioned the Rev. Samuel Magaw, Eev. Joseph Pillmore and
Stephen H. Tyng, since rector of St. George's, New York.

Gloria Dei (Old Swedes'), east side of Swanson street below
Christian, near the Delaware Eiver. This venerable church,
the oldest in the city, is of black and red brick, with a quaint
little belfry perched on the western end. It is 30 feet in width
by 60 deep. The interior has been very much altered of late
years. In 1846 a gallery was erected on three sides of the
church and windows cut in the walls. In the front of the
gallery are curious carvings of cherubim, also ancient.

This venerable edifice until 1843 was attached to the communion
of the Swedish Lutheran Church, and was for one hundred and
thirty years under the charge of ministers sent from Sweden. The
building occupies the site of a log church, which was also designed
to be made use of as a block-house for defence against Indians,
which was erected by the Swedes before the English came to Penn-
sylvania. That part of the city was called Wicaco, from the name
of an Indian village near by. The present brick church was begun
on the 28th of May, 1698, and the building was dedicated July 2,
1700, by the Rev. Eric Biork, who preached from 2 Samuel v. 29.
The church was Swedish Lutheran. By the cutting down of the
street alongside of it, the cellar has come to be above ground.

286

CHURCHES.

Porches were i)laced on the north and south sides of the building ia
1702, and the Jittle steeple and bell were subsequently added. An
antique font still in possession of the church is believed to have been
used at Tinieum or at the Wicaco block-house church before the
present church-building was erected. The tenets of the original
worshippers at this church were Lutheran. The pulpit was filled
by a succession of pastors sent out from Sweden. The last of these
was the Rev. Nicholas Collin, who was sent out during the Revolu-
tion, and who remained in charge of Gloria Dei until his death, in

OLD feWEDES' CHURCH (GLORIA DEI).

1831. He was a man of science and learning, a prominent member
of the Philosophical Society, and a leading citizen of Philadelphia
for fifty years. Before the death of Mr. Collin the services in the
Swedish language ceased entirely; and the majority of the congrega-
tion inclining to the mode of worship of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, the organization was carried over to that communion. The
graveyard connected with this church extended west beyond the line
of Second street, where a portion of it yet remains. In the ground
attached to the church are many old tombstones dating back long
before the Revolution. The remains of Alexander Wilson, the cele-

CHUPvCFrES. 287

brated naturalist and poet, wiiose works in description of tlie birds
of America are the most complete and wonderful of the essays upon
natural history ever written, lie buried in this ground, his tomb be-
ing near the western door of the church and in a conspicuous position.

Trinity, Oxford road near Fox Cliase, about two and a half
miles north-west of Frankford. Brick building, decorated wdth
black brick. Next to Gloria Dei, it is the oldest church in
Philadelphia.

The congregation was established in 1698, worshipped in a log
church until some time after 1709 and before 1714, when a brick
church was built, which is still standing, with additions, and is
venerable in its appearance. For many years this church was im-
perfectly supplied, having to rely upon the services of missionaries
sent out from England. Among its most eminent rectoi-s have been
the Eev. William Smith, provost of the Univei-sity of Pennsylvania,
and Rt. Eev. John Henry Hobart, afterward bishop of ]!sew York.

St. James', of Kingsessing (Swedish), south-eastern side of
Darby road, a short distance east of the Blue Bell Tavern.
Building of graystone, rustic work, pointed with white
mortar, in -which pebbles are embedded. It is a curious
specimen of the Pennsylvania style of building in the
middle of the last century. The graveyard attached contains
many tombstones, conspicuous among which is one to the
memory of General Josiah Harmer of Revolutionary fame.

This church was originally Swedish Lutheran, using the English
tongue, and vras united with the Gloria Dei. The members carried
the congregation to the Protestant Episcopal Church about the same
time that the former church joined that connection. The church
was built in 1762-3, but has been since enlarged by an addition which
doubles its size. The western portion is the original church.

St. James', north-west corner of Twenty-second and Walnut
streets. Building in the Gothic style, of stone of different
colors, having a fine Sunday-school hall attached. The in-
terior is richly decorated and arranged, and is shrouded with
a dim religious light.

This church was originally united with Christ church, and occu-
pied a plain brick building on Seventh street north of Market, which
was consecrated May 1, 1809. The corner-stone of the present build-
ing was laid May 9, 1870.

288

CHURCHES.

St. Stephen's, east side of Tenth street below Market.
Building of brick, rough-cast. The front is flanked with
octagonal towers 86 feet in height, comprising five stories,
with windows and offsets terminating in battle parapets.
These towers are connected by a screen 30 feet in width and

BURB MONUMENT IN ST. STEPHEN'S CHURCH.

60 feet high. The length of the building is 102 feet, breadth

61 feet. The interior is highly finished in the Gothic style,
and considered one of the most perfect specimens of that
architecture in the country. On the northern side a small
chapel opens, in which is the Burd monument, beautiful
figures of pure white marble, erected by Edward Shippen
Burd in memory of members of his family. A chime of
bells is in the tower.

CHURCHES. 289

The building was originally erected for the purposes of the Methodist
church of St. Thomas, and was for some j'^ears occupied by that sect.
The congregation failing, the church-building was sold, and was
bought by the Episcopalians, who changed the interior and exterior
and consecrated it as St. Stephen's church, Feb. 27, 1823.

St. Andrew's, west side of Eighth street, between Locust and
Spruce streets. Building of brick, rough-cast, 65 feet front
by 130 deep. A magnificent portico of six columns, in the
Corinthian style, fronts upon the street It is a copy of the
portico of the temple of Bacchus at Teos. The interior is
handsomely decorated in the Grecian style.

The corner-stone was laid September 5, 1822, and church dedicated
May 21, 1823, under the rectorship of Eey. G. T. Bedell, who re-
mained in charge until his death, in 1834. Several eminent clergy-
men have been in service of this church, among whom may be
mentioned Rev. Thomas March Clark, 1843-1847, afterward bishop
of Rhode Island; William Bacon Stevens, 1847-1862, afterward
bishop of Pennsylvania.

St. Mark's, north side of Locust street, between Sixteenth
and Seventeenth streets. Building of brownstone. Decorated
Gothic. It extends from east to west on Locust street, with a
front of 150 feet on the latter, and a depth of 91 feet. It is
constructed, in the interior and exterior, entirely of stone and
wood-work of solid oak. The tower forms the south porch
and principal place of entrance, by a richly moulded doorway,
ornamented with foliated shafts. The aisles are lighted by
windows divided by muUions of stone. The tower and spire
are of peculiar beauty, and rise to the height of 170 feet. The
interior is divided into chancel, nave and aisle. The windows
are decorated with stained glass. The altar is of stone. The
church is the finest specimen of Gothic architecture to be
found in the city. It was built in 1849, and dedicated Mav
21, 1850.

Holy Trinity, south-west corner of Walnut street and Eit-
tenhouse square. Building of brownstone, in the Gothic style,
with a fine Sunday-school building adjoining on the west.
Tower at the south-east corner, 150 feet high. The interior
is an imposing example of the effect which can be produced
25 T

290 CHURCHES.

by the Gotliic style of architecture. The pews and chancel
are handsomely furnished.

The corner-stone of this church was laid May 25, 1857, and the
building opened for v7orship March 27, 1859. The rectors have been
clergymen of great eminence as scholars and orators. Among them
were A. H. Vinton, Phillips Brooks and Thomas A. Jaggar, the latter
lately elected bishop of Southern Ohio,

Epiphany, north-west corner of Fifteenth and Chestnut
streets. Brick church, rough-cast, portico in front, of double
rows of Doric columns ; presents a rich and impressive appear-
ance. The church stands back from Chestnut sti-eet, so that
the view of the proportions of the building is unobstructed.
The interior is capacious, and will accommodate a larger
number of worshippers than is usual in other churches.

The congregation was formed among members of St. Paul's church,
and the rector of the latter, Eev. S. H. Tyng, accompanied them to
the new church, which was consecrated on the 11th of October, 1834.

St. Clement's, south-west corner of Twentieth and Cherry
streets. Building of brownstone, in the French-Gothic style.
The chancel of the church adjoins Twentieth sti-eet, and is in
the style of the cathedral of St. Denis near Paris. The entrance
is at the west end of the church from the south yard and from
Cherry street. A tower on the north-east corner of the church
is surmounted by a cross. There was formerly a spire above
the tower, which was taken down a few years ago in conse-
quence of being in a decayed and dangerous condition. This
church is strongly ritualistic in its ceremonies, and is notable
to strangers on that account.

The building was finished and first opened for worship in January,
1859, and was then under the rectorship of Rev. Henry S. Spack-
man.

St. Luke's, west side of Thirteenth street below Spruce.
Building of brick, rough-cast, with portico in the Corinthian
style, richly decorated. The interior is handsome.

This church has supplied to the House of Bishops Mark Anthony
DeWolf Howe, bishop of Central Pennsylvania, and W. H. Hare,
bishop of Niobrara.

CHURCHES. 291

Incarnation, corner of Broad and Jefferson streets. Build-
ing of brownstone, 100 feet wide by 160 deep, one of the
largest Episcopal churches in the city. The corner-stone was
laid December 15, 1858, and the building was occupied in
1860.

St. James the Less, Nicetown lane near Eidge avenue.
Building entirely of stone, in the Early English-Gothic style,
with a tower 80 feet high, stands in a churchyard in which
are several fine monuments. The interior is esteemed one of
the best specimens of Gothic architecture in the United
States.

REFORMED (GERMAN).

There are seventeen churches of the Eeformed denomina-
tion, formerly known as German Eeformed, but now strictly
called the Eeformed Church in the United States.

First, south side of Eace street below Fourth, occupies a
very plain brick building. It is the representative church of
the sect, although not so old as the church at Germantown,
established in 1728. Services in English.

This congregation was formed in 1732, by Eev. George Michael
Weiss, and was known as the German Eeformed. Services were held
together with the Lutherans, in 1734, in a barn in Arch street near
Fifth. Rev. Michael Schlatter succeeded Weiss, and under his min-
istration a church-building was erected on the site of the present
edifice, and opened for worship, although in an unfinished state, on
the 6th of December, 1747. The building was of stone, hexagonal
in shape, the roof running up to a point, surmounted by a small cupo-
la and a weather-cock. It was called in common parlance the " Six-
square Dutch Church " and the "Calvinistic Dutch Church." This
building was taken down in 1762, and a new one erected in shape
of a parallelogram, 65 by 90 feet. The present building is the third
which has stood upon this site. It was erected in 1837.

Christ, south side of Green street, between Fifteenth and
Sixteenth. Handsome building, with a slender steeple of
graceful form. Services in English.

Salem, north side of Fairmount avenue, east of Fourth
street. Building dedicated October 11, 1874. Steeple 150 feet
high, with clock and a ring of four bells. Services in German.

292 CHURCHES.

REFORMED (DUTCH).

There are three churches belonging to this sect, formerly
called the Reformed Dutch, now known as the Reformed
Church in America. Services are in the English language.

First, north-west corner of Seventh and Spring Garden
streets. Very handsome building, 71 by 115 feet, with a
noble Grecian portico on the main front. The corner-stone
was laid December 15, 1853. The building was dedicated
April 29, 1855.

This congregation was established in 1808, and the next year went
under the charge of Rev. Jaraes K. Burch, and was principally com-
posed of descendants of members of the German Reformed Church who
desired to have preaching in the English language. Refusal to allow
this favor led to a separation and the building of a church on the
west side of Crown street, north of Race, which was opened for wor
ship in 1810. Mr. Burch was followed in the ministry by Rev.
Joseph Broadhead, Rev. John Ludlow, for many years provost in
the University of Pennsylvania, G. R. Livingston, G. W. Bethune,
and others.

Second, east side of Seventh street above Brown. Build-
ing of brick, with fine Grecian portico.

ROMAN CATHOLIC.

There are forty-two churches of this persuasion in the city.
All the congregations are large, having several services daily,
so that one church will accommodate many worshippers.

St. Joseph's, north side of Willing's alley, between Third
and Fourth streets. Brick building, 40 feet in width by 100
in depth, which was consecrated in 1839.

This church occupies the site upon which was built old St. Jo-
seph's, the first Catholic church in Pennsylvania. It was built
under the direction of Father Joseph Greaton, a member of the
Society of Jesus, who was sent from Maryland to Pennsylvania for
that purpose in the year 1731-2. It is said that the original congre-
gation consisted of only eleven members. The church and the dwell-
ing-house of the priest were under one roof, and when enlarged some
years afterward occupied no greater space than 40 feet by 40. This
building served the purpose of its construction until 1821, when it
was enlarged. It was torn down in 1837.

CHURCHES. 293

St. Mary's, west side of Fourth street below Locust. Brick
building, of plain architecture, 71 feet front by 100 deep.
The burying-ground attached extends through to Fifth street.
The remains of Commodore John Barry of the Revolutionary
navy, and Thomas Fitzsimons, a member of the Continental
Congress and a merchant of influence, lie in the enclosure.

This church was the second building erected in Philadelphia for
use of worshippers of the Roman Catholic persuasion. The ground
was purchased in 1759-60, with the approbation and at the instance
of Father Robert Harding of St. Josei^h's. The money was coatrib-
uted almost entirely by members of St. Joseph's congregation. In
1763 the church-building was erected on the eastern part of the
ground, and the church was considered the property of the members
of the order of Jesus, and was an appendage of the church of St. Jo-
seph's. The ecclesiastical affairs of Pennsylvania were administered
after the Revolution as a part of the diocese of the province of
Baltimore by Archbishop Carrol. In 1810 the Rt. Rev. Michael
Egan was created the first bishop of Philadelphia, and St. Mary's
became the cathedral church, and was so considered for many years.
In the same year, 1810, the church was enlarged and altered. No
particular change has been made in its appearance since that time.

Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, east side of Eighteenth
street, between Race and Vine, 136 feet front, 216 feet in
length, 101 feet 6 inches high to the apex of the pediment.
The extreme height of the dome is 210 feet. The interior of
the building is cruciform, and designed in the most elaborate
Roman-Corinthian style. The nave is 50 feet wide by 182
long; the transepts are 50 feet wide by 128 long; the vaulted
ceiling is 80 feet high. The sanctuary or chancel is 50 feet
wide and 46 deep. The dome is at the base 51 feet in diame-
ter, and at its height 156 feet above the pavement. There are
chapels on each side of the church 22 feet wide and 39 long.
There are no side windows; light is received from above.
The pavement is of marble, laid on brick arches. Over the
grand altar is a painting of the Crucifixion, by Constantine
Brumidi. There are four figures in chiaro oscuro of the apos-
tles Peter, Paul, John and James. The dome is decorated with
the painting of the Assumption of the Virgin. The front is
of the Roman-Corinthian order, consisting of a portico of four
25 «

294 CHURCHES.

columns, 60 feet high and 6 feet in diameter, finished with
richly sculptured bases and capitals. On the frieze of the
pediment are engraved the words "Ad majorum Dei gloriam."
The main entrance is approached by a flight of 9 steps 48 feet
long. Wings on each side of the portico are decorated with
pilasters and niches for statues.

The corner-stone of this building was laid September 6, 1846, by
Bishop Kenrick. The work upon it was continued during his ad-
ministration of the episcopal office. It was under the care of Bishop
Neuman, and the work finished under Bishop Wood. Eeligious ser-
vices were first held in the cathedral on Easter Sunday of 1863, but
the building was still unfinished. It was dedicated November 20,
1864, by Eev. Bishop Wood, three archbishops, twelve bishops and
nearly four hundred priests.

St. John the Evangelist, east side of Thirteenth street, above
Chestnut. Large building, in the Gothic style, of brick, rough-
cast, with square towers in front. It was finished about 1832,
principally by the exertions of Eev. John Hughes, afterward
archbishop of New York. The building is large, and will seat
two thousand persons. The paintings are by fine artists. The
altar-piece, in fresco, by Nicholas Monachesi, was finished in
1832, and was the first piece of fresco painting ever executed
in America.

Holy Trinity (German), north-west corner of Sixth and
Spruce streets, was the third Catholic church erected in the
city. It is of black and red brick, old-fashioned and quaint
in style, 60 feet on Sixth by 100 on Spruce street. A small
burying-ground is attached. The church was dedicated for the
use of German Catholics in 1789. The body of Stephen Gi-
rard was for several years deposited in a vault belonging to
this church.

St. Augustine's, west side of Fourth street below Vine.
Building of brick, constructed under the directions of her-
mits of the order of St. Augustine. It is 62 feet front by 125
feet deep. The steeple is 188 feet high.

The corner-stone of the original church was laid by Rev. Dr.
Hurley, September, 1796, and the church dedicated June 7, 1801. In
the interior, over the altar, was Rush's great work, sculptured in

CATJIKDKAI. OF ST. PBTEB AND ST. PAUL.

296 CHURCHES.

wood, of the Crucifixion^ representlBg Christ on the cross. The front
of the church was improved in 1826, and a cupola erected which
contained a clock and bell, the latter being the old bell from the
State-house, which had belonged to Pennsylvania in colonial times.
This building was set on fire and totally destroyed during the Na-
tive American riots on the 8th of May, 1844. The present church-
building was finished in 1846;

Assumption, north side of Spring Garden street east of
Twelfth. Church of brownstone, Gothic, with two towers and
spires 160 feet each in height, handsomely decorated in the
interior. It is 75 feet in width by 116 in depth. The corner-
stone was laid in 1848, and the building dedicated in aSTovem-
ber, 1849.

St. Peter's, south-east comer of Fifth street and Girard
avenue. Building of brick, rough-cast, 78 feet wide in front,
170 feet deep. The style is of the Roman-Corinthian. The
massive tower in the centre is surmounted by a spire, which
rises to the height of 235 feet and contains a clock and bells.
There is a chapel in the first story which will accommodate
four hundred persons, and apartments for the use of the Sun-
day-schools. The ceiling of the main story is 44 feet above
the floor, and is supported by fluted Composite pilasters raised
on panelled pedestals 9 feet high. The sanctuary is 35 feet
deep. There are three altars, the principal one being of Ital-
ian marble. There is space enough in the main chamber of
the church to accommodate two thousand people seated.

This building belongs to the order of Redemptionists, who have
schools and monastic buildings adjoining. The church was com-
menced in 1843, and the interior completed in 1847.

Annurtcsatlon, Tenth street below Dickinson. Building of
brick. Steeple 200 feet high. The corner-stone was laid
April 19, 1860 ; the building was finished in the fall of 1862,
and dedicated April 19, 1863.

St. Bonifacius, Diamond street, between Front and Second
and Howard and Hancock, opposite Norris square. Church-
building of brownstone in the Decorated Gothic style, mass-
ive and striking in appearance. A splendid stone steeple and

CHURCHES. 297

spire rises from the front. The interior is fitted up in good
style and is capacious. The situation is well chosen and gives
opportunity for display of the elegance of the architecture.

UNITARIAN.

There are two churches of this denomination in Philadelphia.

First, north-east corner of Tenth and Locust streets. A
handsome building of brick, rough-cast, with marble front
and Grecian-Doric portico of marble, 61 feet front by 83 deep.

This society was formed by the celebrated Dr. Priestley shortly be-
fore the beginning of the present century. The members met for
many years in Chiirch alley. They purchased the lot upon which
their church stands in 1813, and built a small house, which was en-
larged to the size of the present building in 1829. For more than
fifty years Rev. William H. Furness was pastor of this congregation,
and has only recently retired.

UNIVERSALIST.

There are three Universalist churches in Philadelphia.
First, Lombard street west of Fourth. A plain brick
building.

The Universalists take their rise in the city from the preaching of
John Murray, who came from England in 1773, and had some follow-
ers. Rev. Elhanan Winchester of the Baptist Church preached the
doctrine of universal salvation in 1781 at the First Baptist church,
in Second street. This proceeding caused great excitement and a
withdrawal of a portion of the members, who adopted the title of the
" Society of Universal Baptists." The congregation was formed 4th
of January, 1782, in University Hall, North Fourth street. After-
ward they met in Free Masons' lodge in Lodge alley. The ground
in Lombard street was bought in 1793, and the building erected so as
to be used during the same year, but was not completely finished
u!itil many years afterward.

iVIessiah, north-east corner of Locust and Juniper streets.
Building of brick, rough-cast, in the collegiate Gothic style.

This congregation was formed in the early part of 1850, and met
for worship for some time in the Assembly Building, Tenth and
Chestnut streets. The session-room of the church was opened for
worship March, 1851, and dedicated November 19 of the same year.
Rev, Henry Bacon pastor,

298

CHURCHES.

CHURCH OF THK RESTORATION.

Restoration, south side of Master street, between Sixteenth
and Seventeenth. Building of brownstone. Dedicated April
8, 1872. Is in a finely built portion of the city, and presents
an attractive appearance.

<,^-^%^

.1 HI 'III

Young Men's Christian Association Building.

CHAPTEE XXIV.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS OBJECTS.

Hall of Young Men's Christian Association, south-east cor-
ner of Fifteenth and Chestnut streets. Building of sandstone,
72 feet in front by 230 feet in depth. Tower 153 feet high.
Building four stories in height, and of bold and imposing
architecture, a very conspicuous object. The interior is fitted
up with rooms for devotional meetings, lectures, and reading-
rooms, lyceum, library for reference and circulation and other
purposes.

This association was instituted June, 1854, and incorporated May,
1857. It is composed of members of various Protestant denomina-
tions who are associated for the improvement of the social, spiritual
and mental development of young men. The rooms of the society
are expected to be made sufficiently attractive to bring young men
to them, especially such as have come from other portions of the
country and have not the associations and influences of homes in
the city.

Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1334 and 1336 Chestnut
street, near Broad. Buildings in front of New Hampshire
granite, with columns of colored and polished Aberdeen gran-
ite. Style of architecture Gothic. The building is four sto-
ries in height, 44 feet front and 235 feet in depth to Sansom
street. The entire first floor is occupied by the bookstore, a
large, handsome and well-lighted assembly-room, and a library
in the second story of the Sansom street front. There are
committee-rooms, society-rooms, travellers' rooms, etc., etc.
The house cost $130,000 without the furniture.

The Presbyterian Board of Education (Old School branch) went
into operation in the year 1838 on Sansom street. It was incorpor-
ated February 14, 1837. A few years afterward it purchased a house
on Chestnut street above Eighth, which was destroyed by fire, but
rebuilt, the building being of sandstone. The Presbyterian Pubii-

299

300 ASSOCIATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS OBJECTS.

cation Committee (New School) was organized in 1852, and had its
publication house on a portion of the present site. Upon the re-
union of the Old and New School, in 1870, it was resolved to unite
the two boards and provide a larger house. The result was the
construction of the present large edifice in Chestnut street. It was
finished in 1873.

American Sunday-school Union, 1122 Chestnut street. Fine
building of granite. Style Norman-Gothic, with carvings and
ornamentation. It extends through to Sansom street.

The society was instituted in May, 1824, among members of Pro-
testant sects. It was a combination of several local associations, the
objects of which were the establishment of Sunday-schools in desti-
tute parts of the country, supplying them with needful books and
aiding in the improvement of Sunday-schools generally. This soci-
ety does not establish Sunday-schools, but encourages and assists
such schools wherever formed. For such purpose the Sunday-school
library is an efficient assistant; and from an early period the atten-
tion of the members was turned to the publication of books suitable
for use in Sunday-school libraries. Hundreds of thousands of vol-
umes have been printed and circulated by this association. In 1845
it was incorporated.

Baptist Publication House, south side of Chestnut street,
between Broad and Fifteenth streets. Building of white
marble, 46 feet front by 230 deep, extending to Sansom street.
Front four stories on Chestnut street, surmounted by a Man-
sard covered with slate, and having ornamental dormer win-
dows. The design of the edifice has an air of simple, quiet
elegance. The door- and window-openings are all arched,
and they are supported on round detached columns placed
either singly or in pairs. The arches are deeply recessed, and
the columns in front produce a very effective contrast in
light and shade. The first story is devoted to the purposes of
a book store, wholesale and retail. In the second story is the
assembly-room, to be used for convocations of ministers and
other purposes. It is 35 feet in length by 68 in depth, the
ceiling, 16 feet high, divided into panels by moulded beams
and frescoes. Oflaces, storage- and working-rooms occupy the
rest of the building. An elevator in the Chestnut street front
carries passengers to the upper floors. . -

The principal object of the American Snnday-School
Union is to establish Sunday-schools, and to aid such
schools wherever formed.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS OBJECTS. 301

Lutheran Publication Association, incorporated 1862, 117
North Sixth street.

Lutheran Publication Society, 42 North Ninth street.

Friends' Book Association (Hicksite), incorporated 1873,
706 Arch street.

Book Association of Friends (Orthodox), 109 North Tenth
street.

Reformed Church Publication Board, 907 Arch street.

Pennsylvania Bible Society, instituted 1808, incorporated
January 10, 1810. Occupies brick building at the north-west
corner of Seventh and Walnut streets, which is also occupied by
the Philadelphia Bible Society and the Female Bible Society.

This is the first association founded in America for the purpose
of diffusing the Scriptures among mankind at large. It was insti-
tuted in 1808, incorporated by the Legislature of Pennsylvania,
January 10, 1810, as the " Bible Society of Philadelphia." By sup-
plementary act, March 7, 1840, its title was changed to the Penn-
sylvania Bible Society. The sole design of the association is "to
publish and circulate the Holy Scriptures without note or comment."
The copies are in English, German and other languages. The
society circulates gratuitously and by sale from 75,000 to 100,000
copies yearly. Since its institution the society has distributed about
three millions of copies of the Bible.

Bible Association of Friends in America, 116 North Fourth

street.

TRACT SOCIETIES.

These institutions are devoted to the publication and dis-
tribution of tracts and small pamphlets of a religious charac-
ter. These are as follows : American Tract Society, of&ce
1408 Chestnut street ; Conference Tract Society (Methodist),
1018 Arch street; Episcopal Female Tract Society, 1316
Chestnut street ; Philadelphia Tract and Mission Society, 1224
Chestnut street; Tract Association of Friends, 304 Arch
street.

CLERGYMEN'S ANNUITY AND AID FUNDS.

The means of support of clergymen are so limited, and
the opportunities which most of them have of leaving their

302 ASSOCIATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS OBJECTS.

families comfortable are so few, that some methods of assur-
ing such relief were considered requisite at an early time.
The first to recognize this necessity were the Presbyterians.

Corporation for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyte-
rian Ministers, and of the Poor and Distressed Widows and Chil-
dren of Presbyterian Ministers. Office, 1334 Chestnut street.

This is the earliest association of that character formed in Amer-
ica, and is considered one of the oldest annuity companies in the
world. It originated May 24, 1754, in the Synod of Philadelphia, on
motion of Eev. Francis Allison, in the shape of a fund for the support
of ministers' widows. The members paid £2 or £3 annually, and it
was agreed that in consideration of £2 payment the widows or chil-
dren of deceased members should receive an annuity of £5, and for a
£3 subscription £7 10s. annually. The fund was managed by Presby-
terian ministers until the charter for the corporation was granted by
the Penns in May, 1760, when the amount in hand was £200 and £361
raised before the fund was projected.

Corporation for the Relief of Widows and Children of Clergy-
men in the Communion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Office, 708 Walnut street.

This association was instituted by ministers of the Church of Eng-
land, among whom were Rev. Drs. Auchmuty and Cooper of New
York, Cooke and Odell of New Jersey, and Peters and Smith of
Pennsylvania. Charters for this association were granted by Gover-
nor John Penn, February 7, 1769, by Governor Franklin of New Jer-
sey in May, and by Lieutenant-governor Colden of New York on the
29th of September, of the same year. In the three colonies the cor-
poration was united. Rev. Richard Peters of Philadelphia was the
first president. The first meeting was in Burlington, N. J., in Octo-
ber, 1769. It was attended by many eminent persons. The funds
were raised by donations and contributions. The plan was so suc-
cessful that in October, 1774, the united fund was £2572 105. lOd., of
which Pennsylvania's share was £1411 105. 6d. In 1814 a division
was made of the original corporation into three corporations, one for
each State. New rules were adopted in reference to benefits and the
management of the society. It now grants annuities, endowments
and makes investments of savings for the benefit of clergymen. The
fund is large, and the society has accomplished a great deal of good.

Preachers' Aid Society (M. E. Church). Office, 1018 Arch
street. For the assistance of ministers of that persuasion.

CHAPTER XXY.

CEMETERIES.

ACCORDING to European custom, the churches and
meeting-houses first established in the United States
were mostly placed in enclosures, which were devoted to the
purposes of burying-grounds. The practice arose with the
Roman Catholic Church; and the ground consecrated with
the ceremonies of the Church for purposes of sepulture was
considered blessed. It may be noted that in Philadelphia
the Society of Friends from the earliest period did not have
their burying-grounds attached to or near their meeting-
houses. The lot at Fourth and Arch streets used by that
sect for a burying-ground did not have a meeting-house built
upon it for more than a century after it was used for burial
purposes, and at that time interments had nearly ceased
in the enclosure. The first churches of the Presbyterians,
Baptists, Lutherans, German Reformed and of the Church of
England had graveyards attached. In time lots for the same
purposes were obtained in other places, but until within fifty
years a burying-ground was considered a necessary possession
by every religious congregation.

The first movement made in Philadelphia for the estab-
lishment of a cemetery not under clerical control took
place in the year 1825 by the Mutual Association, which pur-
chased a lot of ground on the south side of Prime street, now
called Washington avenue, between Ninth and Tenth streets.
The property was divided into small burial lots, which were ap-
portioned among the members. The ground was laid out very
plainly, without attempt at decoration. Between the years 1825
and 1827 five other companies were established on the associa-
tion principle — ^the Machpelah, occupying a lot on the north

303

304 CEMETERIES.

side of Washington avenue, from Tenth to Eleventh street ; the
Philanthropic, Passyunk avenue, below Cross street; the Phil-
adelphia, Passyunk avenue, between Twentieth and Twenty-
second streets ; the Union, South Sixth street, extending from
Washington avenue to Federal street; and the Lafayette,
from Ninth to Tenth and from Federal to Wharton streets.
These grounds are yet maintained and kept in excellent order.
The success of these efforts induced James Ronaldson, type-
founder, to undertake the establishment of a cemetery in 1827
which was to be more ornate in character and appearance, in
style of laying out and in the tombstones and monuments
than had yet been attempted.

It seems strange at the present time to note the fact, but it
is true, that when Mr. Ronaldson proposed his plan, about
1826-7, there was considerable opposition to it on the part of
the religious community, and it was alleged that his effort
was a design to advance infidelity by the encouragement of
burials in unconsecrated grounds. Mr. Ronaldson, however,
argued that, according to his plan, the sanctity of the grave
would be maintained, and that ground disposed of for burial
purposes would be free from seizure and resale for the same
purposes, and the mouldering dust of the original occupants
dug up and scattered, as had frequently been the case in
churchyard burying-grounds. The community sustained
Mr. Ronaldson ; and the cemetery, being laid out with taste
and handsomely decorated with trees, shrubbery and flowers,
was a means of calling attention to the necessity of a change
in cemetery customs. Since that time there have been few
churchyards established in Philadelphia. Scarcely any of
the churches since erected have burial-grounds of their own.
Members use for interment the advantages of the various
cemetery enclosures.

Ronaldson's Cemetery, situate on Tenth, Bainbridge and
Fitzwater. It contains handsome monuments and tomb-
stones, and although little used for burial purposes of late
years is kept in good order and is as attractive in appearance
as it is possible in a ground dedicated to solemn purposes.

CEMETERIES. 305

Laurel Hill Cemetery, situate on the east bank of the Schuyl-
kill Eiver, bounded on the west by Eidge avenue, and extend-
ing from Huntingdon street to Alleghany avenue. Access by
Eidge avenue cars and by steamboat on the Schuylkill.

The cemetery is divided into tliree portions — North, Cen-
tral and South Laurel Hill. ' The various sections were bought
at different times. The northernmost portion is the original
ground. It was purchased February, 1836, and the first inter-
ment took place the 19th of October of that year. The roman-
tic character of the scenery in the neighborhood of the Laurel
Hill estate, which belonged to an old-time mansion, com-
mended the project to general approval, and the number of
shareholders increased rapidly. It has been a favorite place
for the interment of persons of wealth and taste, and their
families in remembrance have seemed to outvie each other in
the erection of chaste and costly monuments. Some of these
memorials are very elaborate and designed in exquisite taste.
The grounds are crowded with cenotaphs and funereal struc-
tures, so that the stranger may wander here for hours and
continually meet with something new and interesting.

The entrance to North Laurel Hill is of brownstone, in the
Doric style of architecture, 216 feet front, which masks the
houses of superintendents and others. Immediately in front
of the main entrance, and under an ornamental Gothic lodge,
are the celebrated statues of Old Mortality and his pony and
of Sir Walter Scott, of life size, cut in brownstone by Thom,
a self-taught Scotch artist. These figures are fine specimens
of art, life-like and interesting. They attract admiration by
their appropriate character and appearance. North of the
main entrance and east of the main carriage-way is a monu-
ment to Thomas Godfrey, the inventor of the mariners' quad-
rant, and near by is another, to the memory of John Fitch,
the inventor of the steamboat.

St. John's Lutheran burying-ground occupies the north-
east corner of the ground. John Kennedy, judge of the
Supreme Court, is buried near the northern wall and west of
the Lutheran ground. A fine and chaste monument to Ezra
26* " U

306 CEMETERIES.

Holden, for many years editor of the Saturday Courier, is far-
ther west. Beyond that, yet farther west, is a fine monument
to the volunteer nurses who went from Philadelphia to Nor-
folk during the prevalence of the yellow fever in that city
some years ago, and died in the discharge of their duties.
Jacob Ridgway, next to Girard,' Philadelphia's most noted
millionaire, reposes in an altar-tomb farther on. South of it
is the Drayton monument, of fine marble, with handsome basso
relievo of the arms of South Carolina. Commodore Alexander
Murray, of the United States navy, is buried near the centre,
and Commodore Isaac Hull is commemorated by an altar-
tomb in the Roman style, rich and chaste, in the same
neighborhood. Thomas McKean, a signer of the Declaration
of Independence, president of Congress, chief-justice and
governor of Pennsylvania, rests beneath a plain altar-tomb.
The monument to General Hugh Mercer, of the Revolution,
is near the chapel and south of it. It is in the Roman style,
and was erected by the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia
upon the removal of Mercer's remains from Christ church.
The altar-tomb of Mary Barton Cook, near this, is rich with
basso relievos and other carvings, and is considered one of the
finest tombs in the grounds. The monument of Ferdinand
Rudolph Hassler, formerly of the United States Coast Survey
—a massive block of rough marble— is placed near the river,
surmounted by a chastely-designed pedestal and urn. The
Coleman monuments, near by, are in the Grecian style and
very elegant. Upon the terrace walks, near the shore, will be
found a monument to the memory of Charles Thomson, the
confidential secretary of the Continental Congress. It is a
plain obelisk of granite. Commodore Stephen Decatur Lava-
lette is interred not far from here, the monument being carved
with naval emblems. Upon a rough block of marble is a lyre,
urn and tablet to the memory of Joseph C. Neal, the original
humorist. Joseph S. Lewis is remembered by a magnificent
altar-tomb, south of the chapel, upon which is a fine basso re-
lievo view of the Fairmount Water- works, in the establishment
of which he had an official share. Monuments to William

308 CEMETERIES.

Young Burch and Julius R. Friedlander are near the southern
portion of the cemetery, east of the centre. They were
erected by their associates of the Pennsylvania Institute for
Instruction of the Blind. The daughters of John A. Brown
are commemorated, in the south-east portion of the ground,
by a large decorated ( lothic monument, temple shaped and
ornamented with rich carvings. The Evans monument, chaste
and beautiful in appearance, an altar-tomb, is near the centre
of the ground, and not far from the monument to the memory
of Frederick Graff, originator and designer of the Fairmount
water-works. A monument to the memory of General An-
drew M. Prevost, erected by Union Lodge, A. Y. M., is not
far from this, and near by are the tombs of Walter Colton and
of Major Levi Twiggs, U. S. A., killed at the storming of
Chapultepec in Mexico, and of his son, George Decatur
Twiggs, killed during the same war at National Bridge, near
Vera Cruz. A winding path down the hill leads to a tomb
cut out of the solid rock, the entrance to which is by a mas-
sive Egyptian granite doorway. Above it trees are growing
on the surface soil. This is the rock-tomb of the Kane fam-
ily. Within are mouldering the remains of Elisha Kent Kane,
the celebrated Arctic explorer, and of his father, John Kin-
tzing Kane, eminent as a lawyer, and for many years judge
of the United States District Court. On the brow of the hill
a statue monument in white marble represents a woman clasp-
ing two babes in her arms. It is a portrait group of the wife
and children of Henry Demchowski Saunders, a Polish sculp-
tor, who at one blow lost his whole family, and has thus com-
memorated his grief. Charles Ellet, architect and engineer,
constructor of the wire suspension-bridge at Fairmount, the
first bridge of that character in the country, lies not far from
this. He was famous during the war of the Rebellion as the
original constructor of the steam-ram fleet upon the Missis-
sippi. Two sons served with him ; one of them died while on
duty with the Mississippi fleet; the other afterward became
a brigadier-general. Near by is a very handsome family vault
standing above ground. It is of marble, and the property of

310 CEMETERIES.

L. A. Godey. Matthias W. Baldwin, well known as one of the
first builders and improvers of the locomotiye engine, and subse-
quently an extensive manufacturer of those machines, is buried
not far from this. There are numerous other monuments, some
of them exceedingly grand, in this portion of the ground.

Central Laurel Hill seems to be dedicated to monuments
of the largest and most imposing character. Here are to be
found several bronze statues^ effigies of the persons who
moulder below.

In South Laurel Hill the altar-tomb erected to the mem-
ory of Sarah Ann Harrison, and the Townsend monument,
elaborate ornamented Gothic^ and the Hayes monument,
are worthy of examination.

West Laurel Hill, situate on the west bank of the Schuylkill,
at Pencoyd station, on the Philadelphia and Eeading Eail-
road, is under the same control as Laurel Hill Cemetery, and
is but newly established. It occupies 110 acres. The com-
pany which has charge of it was formed in 1869. It occupies
a romantic position just outside of the city limits, but opposite
the lower part of Manayunk. There are some handsome
monuments in this ground, among which may be mentioned
the cenotaph which has been erected to the memory of Rob-
ert C. Grier, formerly judge of the United States District
Court. Tickets of admission can be procured at Philadelphia
Library and at Brown's drag store, north-east corner of Fifth
and Chestnut streets.

Monument Cemetery, west side of Broad street, between
Montgomery avenue and Diamond street, extending west
nearly to Seventeenth street. It was established in 1836-7
under the influence of Dr. John A. Elkinton, who gave it
the name of Pere La Chaise, which was subsequently altered,
with better taste, to the present name, which was chosen in
consequence of the determination of the managers to erect
in the centre of the ground a monument to the memory of
Washington and Lafayette. This design was not carried out
for more than thirty years. The monument was dedicated
May 29, 1869. It rises from a platform of thirteen steps,

CEMETERIES. 311

irpon which is a fluted pedestal and an obelisk shaft, which is
over 67 feet high. Upon tablets of bronze on the sides of the
shaft are inscriptions to the memory of Washington and
Lafayette. The entrance to the cemetery is through an arched
gateway in the centre of a brownstone and brick building
arranged for chapel purposes, and surmounted by a spire in
the centre. One of the finest monuments in this enclosure is
erected to the memory of William Delamater Caldwell. It is
lo%, and towers conspicuously among the memorials in the
ground. The cutting of streets through a portion of this
cemetery, although they invade no burial-lot, has already sep-
arated one portion of it from the other, and will eventually
divide it into blocks bounded by highways.

Mount Vernon, situate on the east side of Eidge avenue, at
the intersection of Nicetown Lane, and immediately opposite
Laurel Hill Cemetery. Entrance building of white marble,
lofty and imposing. The ground is laid out with much taste
and beautifully decorated. There are many handsome mon-
uments. The most elegant of these is the Gardel monument,
unique in design, decorated with statues of life size, and prob-
ably one of the finest monuments in the country.

Access to the cemetery by Eidge avenue cars.

Glenwood, north-east corner of Eidge avenue and Islington
lane, contains twenty-one acres. Entrance of brick. Within
the ground is the fine monument of the Scott Legion, formed
among the surviving soldiers of the war with Mexico after their
return to the United States. Access by Eidge avenue cars.

Woodlands, Darby Eoad west of the university, extends to
the river Schuylkill, and occupies a space of eighty acres.
The grounds originally belonged to William Hamilton, whose
mansion, known as the Woodlands and still standing, gives the
name to the enclosure. The natural character of the ground
is undulating. A stream runs through a portion of it, and
there are grand forest trees still growing. The front is of stone
in the Grecian style, and richly ornamented. There are fine
monuments, among which are particularly to be noted the
Drexel mausoleum, a magnificent building in the Grecian

312 CEMETERIES.

style, and the largest tomb structure yet erected in any ceme-
tery in the city. Not far from here is the tomb of Lieutenant
John T. Greble, an officer of the United States army, one of
the first victims of the late war, who was killed at the battle
of Great Bethel, Va. It is designed in exquisite taste. There
are also in this cemetery monuments and tombs of Admiral
Charles Stewart, Commodore David Porter, Major-general
Birney and Courtland Saunders, a young officer who died
during the late civil war. The monuments of William H.
Moore, of Gothic style, and Dr. David Jayne, attract atten-
tion. General Eufus Welsh, manager of a menagerie and
circus well known throughout the United States, is commem-
orated by a monument of marble erected by his friends.

Access by Chestnut and Walnut street cars (Darby branch).

Mount Moriah stands north-east of and at a short distance
from Darby Road, between Sixty -first and Sixty-fourth streets.
The cars of the Darby line run directly to the cemetery gate.
The entrance is of brown stone, surmounted by a statue of
Time with his scythe and hour-glass. It was finished about
the beginning of July, 1855. The enclosure is large, and ex-
tends to a branch of Cobb's Creek, which it crosses. The mon-
uments and tombstones are chaste and handsome, but not
generally of a very expensive character. The finest in the
enclosure are those of R. P. King, J. H. Jones, and those
erected by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, A Y. M., to
the memory of William B. Schneider, formerly Grand Tyler,
and by members of Keystone Chapter Royal Arch Masons to
the memory of their companions.

Old Oaks, Township Line road and Venango street, is
handsomely situate upon grounds on which are growing
numerous large forest trees. The cemetery is of recent estab-
lishment, handsomely laid out, and contains some fine mon-
uments. In this enclosure the volunteer firemen of Philadel-
phia have erected a handsome monument to the memory of
David M. Lyle, formerly chief engineer of the Fire Depart-
ment. It is surmounted by an elegant statue of that gentle-
man, in marble.

CEMETERIES. 313

Odd Fellows', Islington lane, north-east of Ridge avenue ;
lies adjacent to Glenwood, and contains about thirty-two
acres. It was opened for interment on the 5th of May, 1849.
The entrance buildings are of brownstone, in the Egyptian
style, surmounted by a tower eighty-one feet high. The mon-
uments and tombs are plain and appropriate, but not exceed-
ingly elaborate. There is a statue of Benjamin Franklin in
marble, of life size, upon the monument belonging to Frank-
lin Lodge, and a marble statue of a fireman, life size, upon
a monument erected on a lot belonging to a fire company.

Mechanics' Cemetery adjoins Odd Fellows' on the east, but
does not occupy so large a space.

Mount Peace Cemetery (Odd Fellows), Mcetown lane, near
Ridge avenue, adjoins Mount Vernon, and belongs to the
Order of Odd Fellows, being an addition in cemetery accom-
modations to the ground on Islington lane. In this enclo-
sure is a fine monument to the memory of William Curtis,
for many years secretary of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows.

Greenwood (Knights of Pythias), Adams street, near
Friends' Asylum for the Insane, Frankford, is under control
of the members of the Order.

Cedar Hill Cemetery is on Main street above Paul, Frank-
ford, and is a small enclosure. The cemetery company owns
a much finer property at North Cedar Hill. It is of triangu-
lar shape, and situate at the intersections of the Bristol and
Smithfield turnpike, Bristol road and Dark Run lane. The
ground is handsomely laid out and appropriately ornamented.
A soldiers' monument at the old cemetery, which is tasteful
and appropriate in appearance, commemorates the names of
citizens of Frankford and the neighborhood who entered the
service of the Union and fell upon the field of battle or died
in hospital or elsewhere from wounds received.

Leverington Cemetery, Ridge Road, Roxborough, is neatly
laid out. There is here a monument to the memory of Amer-
ican troopers massacred during the Revolution at Wood's
barn, near by.

Fairhill, Germantown, above Cambria, belongs to members

314 CEMETERIES.

of the Society of Friends (Hicksite). Under late regulations
the graves of members are allowed to be designated by low
head-stones of plain character without decoration and bear-
ing the name and date of death of the person who sleeps
below.

Cathedral (Roman Catholic), Lancaster avenue, between
Forty-eighth and Fifty-first streets. Occupies a large tract
of ground, which was consecrated about the year 1849. The
church of Our Mother of Sorrows, in the eastern portion of
the enclosure, is used as a chapel when necessary.

New Cathedral (Roman Catholic), corner of Second street
and Nicetown lane, has been lately opened.

Mount Sinai (Jewish), Bridesburg, under the control of
members of that persuasion. The entrance occupies a space
of 146 feet, and was finished in 1854.

Beth El Emeth, at the corner of Fisher's avenue and Mar-
ket street, West Philadelphia, is a new cemetery belonging to
the Jewish persuasion.

There is also a Hebrew cemetery at Market and Fifty -fifth streets,
and another cemetery is in the lower part of the city. The oldest
burial-ground of this persuasion is situate upon Spruce street be-
tween Eighth and Ninth, on the north side, and was the only burying-
ground used by the Jews for nearly a century. It was granted by
one of the Penns to Nathan Levy, as a burying-ground for himself
and his family, as early as 1738. Afterward it became the property
of the congregation Mikve Israel. Burials in this ground have
ceased.

There are various other cemeteries in other parts of the city
used by religious sects and for general burial purposes which
do not need particular description.

CHAPTER XXVI.
PLACES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST.

THE TREATY GROUND.

ACCORDING to a tradition which was long considered to
be of undoubted verity, William Penn, after he arrived
in Pennsylvania, assembled the Indians by their head chiefs,
and made with them a treaty of peace and friendship which,
it is assumed, was never broken, although the Penn family
during the last century authorized w^ar against the Indians
of the interior of Pennsylvania by actual proclamation. Ac-
cording to the tradition, the great treaty was negotiated at
Shackamaxon, nearly in front of the house of Thomas Fair-
man, an English surveyor, who was settled there before the
cession of the province to Penn. There is not a line of con-
temporary evidence to show that such a treaty was ever made.
No reference is made to it in any letter, statement or docu-
ment emanating from Penn, or from any resident of Pennsyl-
vania, or from any person living in 1682, the time when the
treaty is said to have been made, and historical scholars of
learning and research have expressed their disbelief of the
occurrence of any such amicable conference. There are rec-
ords of treaties with the Indians for purchase of lands, and
the names of the places where they negotiated are given.
But there is nothing to show that a treaty of friendship and
amity only was ever made. Nevertheless, poets, painters,
philosophers and historians have accepted the story of the
great treaty. West made it famous by his painting, and
many believe in its truth. A great elm tree was said to have
marked the spot where the treaty was held. During the
British occupation of the city General Simcoe, regarding the

315

316 THE treatV ground and monument.

legend, placed a military guard near the great elm tree to
prevent its being injured. The tree was blown down in the
year 1811. In the year 1827 an association called the Penn
Society, accepting the legend of the treaty, erected a small
monument upon or very near the site of the elm tree to
commemorate the supposed event. This memorial is now

The Treaty Monument.
in a small enclosure surrounded by a wooden fence on the
east side of Beach street, north of Hanover or Columbia
street.

Access to the monument and treaty ground may be had by
Second and Third Streets (Richmond) line (red cars). Going
south down Richmond street, get out at Hanover or Columbia
street, and a short walk eastward will bring you to the mon-
ument; coming north, same cars turn at Laurel and Beach
streets. The monument is about two squares and a half
northward on Beach street.

GERMANTOWN BATTLE-GROUND. 317

GERMANTOWN BATTLE-GROUND.
At the time of the attack upon the British army at Ger-
mantown, October 4, 1777, the British army lay across the
village nearly at right angles with it from the Limekiln road
on the east at Church lane, along the latter to the lane which
is now called Germantown avenue, and extending west of
that road or avenue along Schoolhouse lane to the Falls of
Schuylkill. Upon the main street of Germantown there were
some troops. The right wing was commanded by Major-
General Grant and Brigadier Matthews, and was east of the
Germantown road. The Queen's American Kangers occupied
the extreme .point of the right wing on the south side of the
intersection of the old York road and a short road which ran
across to the Limekiln road or Church lane. At the inter-
section of the Limekiln road and the cross road was the first
battalion of light infantry. Major-General Grant with the
guards was south of Schoolhouse lane, and still farther south,
at a little distance above Stenton and east of it, were six bat-
talions of guards and dragoons. The left wing lay west of the
main road and south of Schoolhouse lane, except chasseurs
and Hessians, who lay north of Schoolhouse lane and west
of the Wissahickon or Eidge road, extending their lines up
to the Wissahickon and Van Deering's mills, which were at
the mouth of that creek and the Schuylkill river. Upon
the main street of Germantown or the Skippack road there
was an advance post of British infantry below Mount Airy,
on the east side of the road. The Fortieth regiment lay on
the west side of the road, opposite Chew's house. There
seem to have been no other British troops between Chew's
house and the main body on Schoolhouse lane and Church
lane. ,

Washington's plan of attack was by four columns. Small-
wood and Forman, with the Maryland and New Jersey mili-
tia, were to march down a road leading into the old York
road, and attack the queen's rangers. Green, and Stephens'
and McDougall's brigades, were to march down the Lime-
kiln road until they reached Picke's or Bickham's lane, the

318 GERMANTOWN BATTLE-GROUND.

eighth lane then open north of Church lane, which they were
to follow until they came to Germantown at the market-place,
where they were to turn south and attack the right wing by
the main road. Wayne, Sullivan and Conway were to march
down the main road, and attacking the outposts at Mount
Airy and opposite Chew's house join Green and Stephens at
the market-house and add to the weight of the attack on the
enemy's centre. Upon the extreme left, on the Eidge road,
General Armstrong with the militia was ordered to march
down and attack the Hessians and chasseurs at Van Deer-
ing's mills, occupy their attention and prevent them from re-
inforcing the main body at Germantown. General Potter
was also ordered to make an attack on the city of Philadel-
phia from the west side of the Schuylkill, so as to keep the
grenadiers at work and prevent them from reinforcing the
army at Germantown. The plan was well devised, but failure
upon the part of the various columns in concentrating at the
time intended, to which the foggy condition of the weather
contributed greatly, rendered the movement a failure. The
fighting was most lively at Allen's house. Mount Airy, and
down the Skippack road, and west of it to Chew's house, where
the contest was severe. At the intersection of the Limekiln
road with Church lane Green fought the queen's American
rangers and the light infantry and guards, and drove them.
There was fighting on the main street about the market-house.
Armstrong on the north side of the Wissahickon cannonaded
the redoubt of the chasseurs and Hessians at a safe distance,
but did not attempt to take it by assault. Colonel Matthews
of the Ninth Virginia regiment sustained the weight of the
British assault. In consequence of the mistakes and failures
of the day, the British army had rallied near the market-
place. Matthews fought bravely, but three-fourths of his
men finally surrendered. General James Agnew and Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Bird of the British army, killed at German-
town, were buried in the South burying-ground at that place,
and a marble slab is over their remains. General Thomas
Nash of North Carolina, mortally wounded in that battle.

GERMANTOVVN RED BANK. 319

was carried off the field, and after his death was buried in
the Monument burying-ground at Kulpsville, Montgomery'
county, about twenty miles above Germantown. The graves
of Major Irvine and Captain Turner of North Carolina, with
some soldiers slain in the battle, are in the North German-
town burying-ground.

Germantown is accessible by railroad from depot at Ninth
and Green streets and by railway cars (Fourth and Eighth
Streets line) going north on Eighth street.

THE BATTLE-GROUND AT RED BANK.

The entrenchments at Eed Bank, N. J., are at a short dis-
tance below Eagle Point, and directly opposite to and south
of the U. S. Navy Yard at League Island. They were large
and broad, and a growth of pine trees has so preserved the
embankments that the shape of the works can be plainly
made out. Within the outworks near the northern end of
the fort stands a monument of marble, which was originally
erected by volunteers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey to
commemorate the events which had occurred in that vicinity.
This monument has been very much abused and battered
by Vandal hands. South of the outworks was the main fort,
and still farther south, near the bank of the Delaware River,
are the graves of the soldiers who died in the fort, as well as
of three hundred Hessians who were slain in the attack in
1777. The remains of Count Donop were south of the sol-
diers' graves. A rude sandstone marks the resting-place of
the unfortunate officer. It is much dilapidated, and the
inscription originally upon it — "Here lies buried Count
Donop" — is obliterated. The bones of Count Donop were
dug up long ago, and his skull lately formed an ornament
of an anatomical cabinet belonging to a physician of South
Jersey.

Red Bank may be reached by conveyance from Gloucester
Point, N. J. Ferry to the latter by steamboat from South
street wharf.

320 FORT MIFFLIN.

FORT MIFFLIN.

Fort Mifflin, on the western side of the Delaware, occupies
the position of Mud Fort during the Revolution. The Fed-
eral government has constructed this fortification according
to the best plans of modern engineering. Nothing remains
as mementoes of the Revolutionary period except the soil and
the geographical peculiarities of the neighborhood, which are
but little changed.

This fort is occupied at present by United States troops,
and visitors must obtain leave to visit it from the command-
ing officers.

CHAPTER XXVII.

BUILDINGS OF A PUBLIC CHARACTER OF HISTORIC

NOTE.

PENN MANSION, LETITIA COURT.

AS an unnsual fact in municipal history, tlie oldest house
in Philadelphia is the first house which was built in the
city. This ancient dwelling was built by order of William
Penn, sent out before he came to Pennsylvania, to be ready
for his use and occupation when he should arrive. Gabriel
Thomas, in his account of Pennsylvania, written about the
year 1696, says that he saw " the first cellar dug in Philadel-
phia, which was for the governor's house." The property was
intended to be the portion of Letitia, the daughter of Penn,
and was conveyed to her finally. The enclosure of the gov-
ernor's house was ample for a dwelling in the city, being
bounded by Market, Front and Second streets. The main
entrance and gate was upon Second street, and a lane led
along the north side of the house to its front, which faced the
Delaware, the view of which at that time was unobstructed.
In this house Penn resided during his visit in 1682-3. After
he left, William Markham, his lieutenant-governor, and his
successors, occupied it as an ofiice for the executive depart-
ments of the provincial government. Here, no doubt, the
governor's councils frequently assembled, with members of
the assembly and the leading men of the colony and city.
The lot was sold about the year 1701, being then the property
of Letitia, who had married William Aubrey, merchant of
London, and the ownership was divided among various per-
sons. A court or alley called Letitia court was laid out, ex-
tending from Market street southward to an alley running
east and west from Front street to Second street and called
Black Horse alley. Letitia court has since been opened
through to Chestnut street. The house of William Penn

V 321

322 PENN MANSION — CARPENTEES' HALL.

is on the west side of this street, not far from Market street, at
the south corner of a court which leads toward Second street,
but does not open into it. This court is all that remains of
the ancient passage-way leading from the governor's gate on
Second street. The mansion itself has fallen from its high
estate. It has been for many years occupied as a tavern,
and the lower portion of the front has been much altered to
suit the necessities of that business. The upper portion of the
front, with the eaves and dormers, the northern walls and
eaves, with the back buildings, which can be seen from the
court, betray no evidences of modern alteration, and the style
of the architecture is quaint and peculiar.

The following railways run near the Letitia house : Market
street going east and west, Chestnut and Walnut streets going
east on Chestnut street, Second street going south.

CARPENTERS' HALL.
At the head of a court running south from Chestnut street,
between Third and Fourth streets, the person who passes
along the main thoroughfare will observe an old-fashioned
building which may attract his temporary attention. It has a
plain brick front, with steps and a substantial doorway in the
old style, with pediment and a little cupola. This is Carpen-
ters' Hall, and within the walls of that building assembled
the First Continental Congress on the 5th of September, 1774.
To this body were sent the most eminent men from the various
colonies. Washington, Patrick' Henry, Eichard Henry Lee
and Peyton Randolph were among the representatives of Vir-
ginia. The two Adamses were in the Massachusetts delega-
tion, Mifflin, Ross and Dickinson were there with others from
Pennsylvania, and the other colonies were strongly repre-
sented. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was president, and
Charles Thomson secretary. From the deliberations and res-
olutions of the Congress thus assembled, and in consequence
of the measures instituted by them, the national government
came into existence, and from the first moment when war with
Great Britain became inevitable there was a united govern-

carpenters' hall.

323

ment to take charge of the interests of all the colonies and to
conduct them with unity of purpose to the great ends neces-
sary. This hall was built by the Carpenters' Company, es-
tablished in 1724, a guild of carpenters and architects, for the
accommodation of its members. It was commenced Febru-
ary 5, 1770, and sufficiently completed for use by the 31st of

CAKPENTEKS' HALIi.

January the next year. But the entire building, according to
the original plan, including the architectural decorations, was
not finished until 1792. After the session of the First Con-
gress, Carpenters' Hall was occupied during the Eevolution
by various bodies representing the province of Pennsylvania,
among them the provincial convention of 1775 and the com-
mittees of safety. The Philadelphia Library occupied the
upper story of Carpenters' Hall from some time in 1775 dur-
ing the entire Revolution an^ until the beginning of the year

324 carpenters' hall — independence house.

1791. During the Revolution the library-room in the second
story was used as a hospital for sick American soldiers. The
first Bank of the United States occupied the hall from Sep-
tember, 1791, until August 15, 1797. The Land-office of the
United States succeeded, and after six months the Bank of
Pennsylvania had possession of the building until the new
banking-house, on Second street above Walnut street, was
finished. For some years afterward various tenants occupied
the building. Some years ago the members of the Carpen-
ters' Company, recognizing the trust which they held by vir-
tue of the associations connected with their building, resolved
to restore it to its ancient appearance and to use it entirely
for the purposes of the association. Under this policy the
great hall has been restored to the appearance which it had in
1774, and all mementoes and architectural peculiarities of the
olden time have been preserved, repaired and renewed.

Access by railway cars : Chestnut street going east. Fourth
street going south, Third street going north. Walnut going
west, and Market east and west, run near the old hall.

THE HOUSE WHERE THE DECLARATION OF INDE-
PENDENCE WAS WRITTEN.

The committee appointed by the Continental Congress
June 7, 1776, to consider Richard Henry Lee's resolution in
favor of independence and to prepare a declaration of the
reasons in favor of that measure, if they should approve of it,
appointed Thomas Jefierson to draft the document. At that
time he occupied lodgings at the house of Jacob Graff*, Jr.,
bricklayer, which was situated at the south-west corner of Sev-
enth and Market streets. He had the whole second floor for
his use, occupying the front room facing on Market street as a
parlor and the back room as a bedroom. His meals were
generally procured at the City Tavern, in Second street near
Walnut street. The situation of the house is confirmed in
Jefferson's letter to Dr. James Mease of Philadelphia, Septem-
ber 16, 1825, in which, in reply to an inquiry where the Decla-
ration of Independence was written, he said : " At the time of

INDEPENDENCE HOUSE. 325

writing that instrument, I lodged at the house of a Mr. Graff,
a new brick house three stories high, of which I rented the
second floor, consisting of a parlor and bedroom, ready fur-
nished. In that parlor I wrote habitually, and in it I wrote
this paper particularly. So far I state from written proofs in
my possession. The proprietor (Graff) was a young man, son
of a German, then newly married. I think he was a brick-
layer, and that his house was on the south side of Market
street — probably between Seventh and Eighth streets ; and if
not the only house on that part of the street, I am sure there
were few others near it. I have some idea that it was a cor-
ner house, but no other recollections throwing light on the
question or worth communication." The records of real estate
in the city show that Jacob Graff, Jr., bricklayer, son of Jacob
Graff, Sr., brickmaker, bought, June, 1775, of Edward Physic
and wife, the lot on the south-west corner of Seventh and
High (now called Market) streets, 32 feet on High street by
124 feet to a ten-feet wide alley. The house was built imme-
diately afterward, and probably furnished by the beginning
of the year 1776. The doorway was in the centre of the
Seventh street front, and the stairs and entries ran to the top
of the house, dividing the north rooms from the south rooms.
This has been altered, and the appearance of the house con-
siderably changed by its being used for business purposes.
The upper portions of it on Market and Seventh streets pre-
sent generally the same appearance as they had in 1776.
Frederick Graff, Sr., the first engineer of the Fairmount Water-
works, was a son of Jacob Graff, spoken of by Jefferson. He
had been frequently told by his father in his childhood that
Jefferson had been a lodger with him, and that he, Frederick,
when an infant had frequently sat on Jefferson's knee. At
that time the question as to where the Declaration of Inde-
pendence was written had not been started, and the elder
Graff told the circumstance to his son as one that should be
of interest to him as a family anecdote.

Market street cars, and Union cars going south on Seventh
street, pass this building.
28

326 OLD MINT — LONDON COFFEE HOUSE.

THE OLD MINT.

The first building erected in any part of the United States
under authority of the Federal government was the United
States Mint, a plain brick building on the east side of Seventh
street above the street now called Filbert street, the corner-
stone of which was laid by David Eittenhouse, the director
of the Mint, on the 31st of July, 1792. This building was
abandoned when the Mint at Juniper and Chestnut streets
was occupied, about the year 1831-2.

Union cars going south on Seventh street pass the old

Mint.

THE OLD LONDON COFFEE-HOUSE.

At the south-west corner of Front and Market streets a
brick building of peculiar appearance, with gables upon
Front and Market streets, is now occupied as a store. It was
built about the year 1702 by Charles Eead, who bought the
lot from Letitia Penn. It was for many years occupied by
Eead as a dwelling-house. In the year 1754 William Brad-
ford, the printer, upon the decline of Eoberts' Coffee-house,
situate in Front street near Chestnut street, obtained a license
for a coffee-house and tavern at this corner. Under the name
of the London Coffee-house, it was for twenty-five years the
most fashionable place of resort in the city for gentlemen and
strangers. Here came governors, members of the assemblies
and provincial and city ofiicers and principal citizens and
visiting strangers. It was an exchange where they met, dis-
cussed the news of the day and arranged business and the
movements of politics. In front of the Coffee-house public
demonstrations were made, particularly during Stamp-Act
times. Public auction-sales were held there, and it was the
place where negro slaves were bought and sold. The distinc-
tion of the Coffee-house as a place of resort failed about the
beginning of the Eevolution, when the City Tavern was
finished in Second street above Walnut street.

The building is opposite the eastern station of the Market
street and Union Passenger railway companies at Front and
Market street .

THE FREE QUAKER MEETING-HOUSE. 327

THE FREE QUAKER MEETESTG-HOUSB,
At the south-west corner of Fifth and Arch streets, is a
brick building, which is now occupied by the Apprentices'
Library Company, with which some historical interest is con-
nected. During the Eevolutionary war the members of the
Society of Friends were generally inclined to the royal cause.
There were a few of the younger members who took the side
of the colonies. Against the latter the disapprobation of the
sect was strongly expressed, and such as refused to conform
to the discipline of the society were " read out of meeting."
After the close of the Eevolution these disowned members
demanded their birthrights, but were refused. Under these
circumstances they formed a society of their own, which they
called the Free Quakers. They purchased the lot spoken of,
and erected the building upon it. A tablet on the north end
of the house bears the following inscription :

By general subscription,

For the Free Quakers ;

Erected A. D. 1783,

Of the empire 8.

The members of the society were generally called "fight-
ing Quakers." The legislature granted them, in August, 1786,
a lot for burial purposes on the west side of Fifth street, be-
tween Locust and Spruce, which still remains. The society is
nearly extinct, and has not met for religious worship for forty
years, although many descendants of the original members
and themselves members by birthright are still living. The
Fifth street burying-ground was during the war of the Rebel-
lion granted as a burying-place for the Union soldiers who
died in the army hospitals in the city — a use so appropriate
that if the spirits of the fighting Quakers who had been buried
in the ground could have risen they would surely have wel-
comed the strangers. The upper story of this building was in
the latter part of the last century used by the Grand Lodge
of Masons of Pennsylvania as a place of meeting.

328

WILSON SCHOOL-HOUSE.

WILSON SCHOOL-HOUSE,
South-west side of Darby road, at Leech's Hollow, nearly op-
posite Dick's nursery and not far west of the Darby Eailroad
depot. This interesting building, which is now devoted to the
humble purpose of a blacksmith-shop, was the scene of the la-
bors of Alexander Wilson, the American ornithologist, and here
he laid the foundation of the taste which distinguished him in
after life, and which turned the current of his existence to the

WILSON SCHOOIi-HOUSE.

study of nature. Wilson, who was born at Paisley, Scotland, in
1766, came to America in 1794. For a time he worked at his
trade of weaving, but about 1800 he was induced to take charge
of the Union school-house, Kingsessing, as teacher. He soon be-
came acquainted with his neighbor William Bartram, the emi-
nent naturalist. The latter excited the sympathetic enthusiasm
of Wilson, who thenceforth devoted himself to the great task of
learning the habits and peculiarities of the birds of America.
He left the school-house about 1804, and devoted himself to the
study of ornithology. The first volume of his splendid work
was brought out about 1808. Seven volumes had been com-
pleted in 1818, when Wilson died.

CHAPTER XXVIII
HISTORICAL MANSIONS.

BARTEAM'S HOUSE.

THE earliest botanical garden established in America in
which plants were cultivated for medicinal purposes, and
exotics upon account of their variety, was set up at Bachelors'

BARTKAM'S HOUSE.

Hall in Kensington, somewhat north of the square bounded
by Frankford avenue, Laurel street and Manderson street, be-
fore the year 1728. This plainly appears in a poem in praise
of Bachelors' Hall, which was a club-house and building for
the use of parties and social enjoyment. George Webb was
28 * 329

330 BARTRAM'S — STENTON BELMONT.

the author of this poem, which was printed in 1729. John
Bartram, a scientific botanist and lover of nature, purchased
a piece of ground on the west side of the Schuylkill, below
the lower ferry, the site of which is now occupied by the
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Eailroad bridge,
in 1728. He built a house there, which was finished in 1731,
and laid out a botanical garden which was maintained there
by himself, his sons and their successors for one hundred
years. The old house is still standing. It is built of hewn
stone, quaint in style and interesting in its associations.
Upon a stone built in the wall is this inscription :

" John and Ann Baeteam, 1731."

Over the front window of the apartment which he used for
his study is a stone upon which was engraved by his own
hand this pious distich :

" 'Tis God alone, almighty Lord,
The Holy One, by me adored."
Underneath,

" John Bahtram, 1770."

This house is now the property of Andrew M. Eastwick.
Access by the Darby railway cars to Eastwick's lane, near
road leading from Gray's Ferry.

STENTON.

In 1727, James Logan built for himself, on the east side
of the road to Germantown, south of that village, a large and
handsome mansion which he called Stenton. Here, on some
occasions, the provincial councils met, and delegations of
Indians on visit to the provincial government have been en-
tertained. This house was the headquarters of General Howe
during the battle of Germantown.

Cars of the Germantown Passenger Eailway (Fourth and
Eighth streets) pass Stenton.

BELMONT.
In west Fairmount Park, at some distance west by north of

BELMONT — CLIVEDEN. 331

the western end of the Eeading Railroad bridge, upon a fine
elevation, stands "Belmont." The earliest house connected
with the present building is the portion at the south end oc-
cupied by the ladies' restaurant and kitchens. The present
house, adjoining on the north, was added some time before
the year 1800. William Peters, a brother of the Rev. Richard
Peters, was the purchaser of this property in 1742. He built
the first house there in that year or the next. Richard
Peters, the son of William, who was afterward eminent as a
patriot during the Revolution, member of Congress, commis-
sioner of the war-office and judge of the United States District
Court, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there until
his death, August 22, 1828. Judge Peters was an accom-
plished man, a wit, a scholar and a patriot. He was a com-
panion with all the eminent men of his time, among them,
Washington, Hancock, the Adamses, Jefferson and the va-
rious members of Congress and statesmen, together with
distinguished foreigners, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosciuszko, Pu-
laski, Chastellux and others. His mansion at Belmont was
the seat of hospitality and the place of resort of scholars and
patriots. Here, while Washington was President, a Spanish
walnut tree was planted by him, which attained a large size,
but was subsequently lost. Two trees which are scions of the
first are still upon the ground. A white walnut planted by
Lafayette in 1824, when he was a guest of Judge Peters, is
now in a sickly condition.

CLIVEDEN.
On the east side of the main street, Germantown, north of
Johnson street, at some distance from the highway, stands
a mansion of stone, venerable in its appearance, which was
built some time before the Revolutionary war by Benjamin
Chew, chief-justice of Pennsylvania, and by him called
Cliveden. This house was the scene of one of the most
notable incidents in the battle of Germantown, on the 4th of
October, 1777. About a mile north of this house, at Mount
Airy, upon the main road, a column under the command of

332 CLIVEDEN — MOUNT PLEASANT.

General Sullivan fell upon the British pickets and drove
them in upon the main body of the centre, which was com-
manded by Colonel Musgrave. The latter, finding himself
hard pressed by the American advance, threw five companies
of the Fortieth British regiment of foot into Chew's house, he
taking command of this force. From the windows they
poured a heavy fire of musketry upon the advancing Ameri-
cans, occasioning considerable loss. The circumstance led to
a halt. Chew's house was attacked with cannon by the Ameri-
cans. The operations against the main body were impeded
by this delay, and the movements of co-operation planned
by Washington for the three main attacking columns failed,
so that eventually the battle was lost and the Americans
retreated. Musgrave lost scarcely a man, and after the
Americans by withdrawing had relieved him from the siege,
he joined the main body of the royal army.

Germantown Eailway cars on Main street pass Cliveden.

MOUNT PLEASANT,
Captain John McPherson, who, during the wars between
Great Britain, France and Spain, before the Revolution,
commanded several privateers which sailed out of the poi-t
of Philadelphia, and which were lucky in making many
captures and accumulating much prize-money, built for him-
self on the east side of the Schuylkill River a fine mansion
of stone, to which he gave the name of Mount Pleasant. It
is situated in the East Park, near to the eastern end of the
Reading Railroad bridge, a little east by north of the latter.
John Adams, who dined there in 1774, described it as "the
most elegant seat in Pennsylvania." After the commence-
ment of the Revolution, McPherson offered this house for
sale. It was bought, with the surrounding grounds, by Major-
General Benedict Arnold, who was at that time military
governor of Philadelphia. Arnold, upon his marriage with
Peggy, the beautiful daughter of Judge Shippen, settled the
property on himself for life, with the remainder to his wife
and children. When Arnold's treason was discovered, the

1-^

MT. PLEASANT — LEMON HILL — SOLITUDE. 333

State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life interest in the prop-
erty. The celebrated Baron de Steuben, of the Revolutionary
army, occupied Mount Pleasant as a tenant in the fall of
1781 and the spring of 1782. Arnold's life interest was sold
to Colonel Eichard Hampton for £850. The Arnold title,
however, was subsequently cut out by proceedings on a mort-
gage which existed against the property when he bought it.
General Jonathan Williams became the purchaser in 1796,
and resided there for many years. He was a Revolutionary
patriot, and commercial agent of the United States in France
from 1777 to 1785. He was judge of the court of Common Pleas
of Philadelphia, 1796. He became an officer of the regular
army, was inspector of fortifications and superintendent of
West Point Academy in 1801, being the first officer who had
charge of that institution. He held the rank of colonel in the
United States army in 1812. Returning to Philadelphia, he
was elected a member of Congress in 1815, and served for one
term. The mansion remained in the possession of the family
for many years.

LEMON HILL.

Robert Morris, the Revolutionary patriot, bought a piece of
ground immediately north and east of Fairmount about 1770,
and built a comfortable house for his occupancy in the pleas-
ant seasons of the year. The tract of ground was a large one,
and extended over to the Ridge road. Here Morris spent
much of his time, and during his pecuniary difficulties his
house at this place, which he called the Hills, became his
prison, for he dare not go out of it for fear of arrest. The
property was finally sold, and bought by Henry Pratt, a mer-
chant, who built for himself, about the year 1796, a fine man-
sion, and called the estate Lemon Hill. Pratt's house, still
standing, is altered in exterior appearance by the addition of
piazzas. The walls and interior are as near as can be in the
original condition.

SOLITUDE.

John Penn, son of Thomas Penn, formerly proprietary of
Pennsylvania, remained in this country after the Revolution-

334 SOLITUDE— WOODLANDS.

ary war. In 1785 he built a small house on the west side
of the Schuylkill, opposite the Hills, to which he gave the
name of Solitude. The house is now within the enclosure of
the Zoological Gardens, the ancient style of architecture
having been preserved. This John Penn was a bachelor,
and loved seclusion. He had literary taste, and wrote plays,
poems and criticisms, many of which were published. He
went back to England, probably about 1790-91, and died in

1834.

WOODLANDS.

Within the enclosure of the Woodlands Cemetery, West
Philadelphia, and appropriated at the present time for office
purposes, stands the original mansion, which was once the
home of hospitality and taste. It was the seat of the Hamil-
tons. Andrew, the founder of this family, was a lawyer. He
was celebrated for his defence of the liberty of the press in
the case of John Peter Zenger at New York, in 1735. He held
important colonial offices, was speaker of the assembly for
many years, member of the governor's council, and attorney-
general. He purchased the West Philadelphia property in
1735, devised it in 1741 to his son Andrew. The latter de-
vised it in 1747 to his son William. The estate was three
hundred and fifty -six acres. The original mansion at Wood-
lands was built 1747-8. It was succeeded by the present
building, which was erected about the time of the Eevolution.
The principal front looks toward the south, and has a fine
portico of six stately Tuscan columns twenty-four feet in
height. The north front of the building is ornamented by
six Ionic pilasters. Pavilions are on each side of the main
front. The interior reveals traces of the old style. The
semi-circular vestibule, sixteen feet in diameter, opens upon
a corridor which led to the dining-room, which was of an
oval form, thirty feet in length by twenty-two in breadth.
The square east room, with two bow-windows, was once the
library, and contained the family portraits, by the best British
and American artists. Two smaller rooms which connected
with this were used as picture-galleries, and contained French,

336 WOODLANDS — FAIRHILL.

Dutch and Italian paintings and sculpture. The adjoining
grounds were beautifully laid out with indigenous and exotic
trees and plants. There was a conservatory, greenhouse and
hothouse, which was one hundred and foiiy feet in front, and
contained, when the family occupied the mansion, as many as
ten thousand plants.

FAIRHILL.

At the east side of the Germantown road, north of Somer-
set street, is the old Fairhill mansion, long the seat of the
Norris family. It was built by Isaac Norris, speaker of the
assembly, before the year 1732. The celebrated John Dick-
inson, author of the " Farmer's Letters," who had married
one of the daughters of Isaac Norris, resided there before the
Revolution, and was represented to have had a very fine li-
brary in tlie mansion. During the British occupation of the
city they set fire to Fairhill and destroyed it, nothing but the
walls being left standing. The house was rebuilt in the orig-
inal style, and occupied by Dickinson and the Norrises for
many years. It is now a garden and place of resort.

Germantown Passenger Railway cars (Fourth and Eighth
Streets) pass this place.

CHAPTEE XXIX.
BRIDGES.

THE principal bridges of Philadelphia are those that cross
the Schuylkill Eiver. There are others that span other
streams in the territory, which are of small proportions, al-
fhough of much importance in their respective places.

Market street bridge. This structure was totally destroyed
by fire on the 20th of November, 1875. It will be rebuilt as
quickly as possible, and there is hope that it will be in order
for use during the summer of 1876. The bridge which was
destroyed was occupied by the tracks of the Pennsylvania
Railroad and the Market street railway, and by passage-
ways for pedestrians and vehicles. The bridgeway between
thQ abutments was divided by two piers of stone, and was com-
posed of three great arches. The depth of water at the west-
ern pier was forty-one feet below high tide. The whole length
of the bridge, including abutments and wing-walls, was 1300
feet. The span of the middle arch was 194 feet, and of the
other arches 150 feet. The late wooden bridge was rebuilt
upon the site of the old bridge in 1850.

The Middle Ferry was established at Market street, Schuylkill, in
the earliest period of the history of the city. The passage was by a
scow drawn by a rope from side to side. About the end of the
year 1776, Major-General Israel Putnam, of the Continental army,
who was in command of the city when the British army was march-
ing across New Jersey with the intention, it was supposed, of attack-
ing Philadelphia, built a floating bridge at Market street. The
battles of Trenton and Princeton checked the hostile movement.
In 1777, after the battle of Brandywine was lost by the Americans,
Putnam's floating bridge was carried away from its position and
stowed in some safe place elsewhere. The British army built a
bridge at Market street during its occupation, which remained after
the city was evacuated. This British bridge was subsequently taken
29 W 337

338 BRIDGES.

away and sold to the proprietors of Gray's Ferry, and became the
floating bridge at that phxce. Putnam's bridge was replaced in the
old position, but was carried away by a flood March 15, 1804. The
permanent bridge company was formed in 1798 ; the corner-stone
was laid October 8, 1800,. and the bridge was finished and opened in
1804.

The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad
bridge crosses the Schuylkill at Gray's Ferry. It is of wood,
and constructed with a draw. It is 800 feet long, supported
by five piers. Eailroad tracks are upon the southern side, and
vehicles and foot-passengers travel on the north passage. The
bridge was built in 1837-8.

Gray's Ferry, or the Lower Ferry, was established at this point in an
early period of the city's history. The British floating bridge formerly
at Market street was placed here about 1778. A new floating bridge,
with a draw, was built in 1812, and was in use until the railroad bridge
was constructed. The latter was carried away by a flood January
27, 1839, but was quickly rebuilt. The Avestern portion of the bridge
was burned December 23, 1863.

Spring Garden or Callowhill street bridge is a new and ele-
gant structure which crosses the Schuylkill at the south side
of Fairmount. It is of iron and double decked, and very
handsome in appearance. Passage over the upper portion
commences at Twenty-fifth and Spring Garden streets, rising
by a gradual ascent and winding around the lower part of the
Fairmount reservoir until it reaches the Schuylkill. Here the
roadway passes over at a height of about 50 feet above high tide.
The upper deck continues over the Pennsylvania Railroad by
a span 140 feet wide, and strikes the level of Spring Garden
street at Thirty-second street. The lower roadway passes over
at the level of Callowhill street and strikes a street which
winding northwardly connects with Haverford street running
west. The whole length of this bridge is 1295 feet, and with
abutments and approaches 2730 feet ; width 48 feet, with a
roadway of 32 feet and sidewalks of 8 feet each ; span across
the river 348 feet. The upper floor is 32 feet above the lower
floor. The bridge passes over Callowhill street, the Schuylkill,
Thirtieth street and the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

340 BRIDGES.

It was built by the Keystone Bridge Company of Pittsburg
and finished in 1875. Handsome lamps on each floor give a
profusion of light at night. The cars of the Hestonville Kace
and Vine streets passenger railway company going west pass
from Spring Garden street at Twenty-fifth street, and over
the upper floor. Coming east they come down Haverford
street, along Thirtieth street, and cross the bridge on the lower
floor, which is on a level with Callowhill street.

The Upper Ferry was in operation at an early period. Some time
after the Revolution a floating bridge was built here. About 1811
the Lancaster-Schuylkill Bridge Company was incorporated for the
purpose of building a bridge at this point. They empk)yed Lewis
Wernwag, an ingenious architect, who planned for them a single-
arch bridge, which, when completed, had a greater span by 96 feet
than any other bridge in the world. It was 50 feet 4 inches wide at
the abutments and 35 feet wide at the centre. The river was spanned
by a single arch of 340 feet 4 inches. This was elevated at the centre
30 feet above the water, and had a rise from the abutments of 20 feet.
The structure was 400 feet long, and was of veiy picturesque appear-
ance. It was finished in 1813 and burned September 1, 1838. A
wire suspension bridge, the first erected in the United States except
a swinging wire bridge at the Falls of Schuylkill, constructed by
White & Hazzard many years ago, replaced the single arch bridge.
It was according to the plan of Charles Ellet, architect and engineer,
and was finished January 2, 1842. This bridge was 343 feet between
the abutments, 27 feet high, and sustained on each side by five cables
suspended from massive granite towers 32 feet high. This bridge
became decayed and dangerous, and was replaced in 1875 by the
double-deck iron bridge above described.

Girard avenue bridge is one of the finest bridges in the
world, and wider than any bridge in America or Europe, being
of the width of 100 feet, with sidewalks of 16. J feet each and
a roadway of 67J feet. It was commenced about 1872 and
opened July 4, 1874. It was built by the Phoenixville Iron
Company, and cost $1,404,445. This bridge is very hand-
somely ornamented, and is illuminated at night with gas.

A wooden bridge was erected here about 1840. It was badly built
at the beginning ; and falling into decay, its renewal was necessary.

Penrose Ferry bridge is situate a short distance above the
mouth of the Schuylkill. It is a wooden structure, badly

n 111! iinilAii 1 iiiiiiiiiw'iiiiiiliiliillili'

342 BRIDGES.

built and needing frequent repairs. It is 600 feet long, and
was originally finished about 1855.

South street bridge is of stone and iron, a new structure
which was commenced March, 1870, and finished toward the
end of the year 1875. It is solid and graceful. The stone-
work on the west side of the Schuylkill carries the structure
by five arches over a considerable stretch of land. The work
in the centre is supported by cylindrical cast-iron piers, which
were sunk by the pneumatic process. The central draw works
on a pivot, leaving a passage of 77 feet on each side. The
span of the pivot is 214 feet, and the east and west spans 185
feet each. The whole length of the bridge, with its approaches,
is 2419 feet.

Chestnut street bridge crosses the Schuylkill by two arches
in the eastern abutments and two arches in the river, resting
in the middle upon one pier. The river spans are 398 feet
long ; entire length 1528 feet. This bridge was commenced
the latter part of the year 1861, and was formally opened the
23d of June, 1866. It is built of stone and iron, is of graceful
proportions, and handsomely illuminated at night. The
roadway and pavements are of stone and brick.

The Reading Railroad bridge, usually called the Columbia
bridge, is a wooden structure which crosses the Schuylkill near
Belmont, in the Park. It was built originally for the use of
the Columbia Eailroad — a State work. It was commenced
in 1832 and finished in 1834. Tlie bridge is 1008 feet long,
supported by six piers and two abutments, and was originally
built with four trusses. The southern side of this bridge is
occupied by railroad tracks, the northern portion by carriage
and roadway. After the State works were abandoned, this
bridge and roadway were sold to the Eeading Railroad
Company.

The Connecting Railroad bridge is a very solid and imposing
structure of stone and iron, which is high above the surface
of the river, and crosses it in Fairmount Park just north of
Girard avenue bridge. It was built a few years ago.

The Pennsylvania Railroad bridge crosses the river Schuyl-

BRIDGES. 343

kill north of the Arsenal, and is used entirely for railroad
purposes. It is of stone, is very strongly constructed, and
was commenced July, 1860, and first used in January, 1862.

The Falls of Schuylkill bridge, a wooden structure, crosses
the Schuylkill some little distance above the northern bound-
ary of North Laurel Hill Cemetery. It is of wood, and is
probably the fourth or fifth bridge which has been at this
place. First was the suspension bridge of White &
Hazzard, then a chain suspension bridge, then a wooden
bridge swept away by a flood, and another burned August
26, 1842.

The Reading Railroad Port Richmond branch bridge crosses
the Schuylkill at the Falls. It is of stone, very strong, and
has five piers with spans of 78 feet each. This bridge was
commenced in 1843. It replaced a bridge which had been
finished in 1842, and was burned, together with the Falls
bridge, near by, on the 26th of August of that year.

The Wissahlckon bridge, on the line of the Manayunk
and Norristown branch of the Reading Railroad, crosses the
stream which gives it name at the great height of 68 feet
above the water. It is of wood, 420 feet long, with three spans
of 140 feet each. The present structure replaces a bridge of
the same dimensions burned on the 12th of August, 1862.

The Manayunk bridge, a wooden structure, crosses the
Schuylkill at Manayunk, the place formerly bearing that
name, now part of the Twenty-third Ward.

Flat Rock bridge crosses the Schuylkill at a romantic situa-
tion above Manayunk. It is also of wood.

Street bridges. There are several bridges crossing streets
and railroads in the city which are works of. considerable
size and cost. Some of these may be worthy of mention.
Among them are the bridges crossing the Pennsylvania
Railroad west of the Schuylkill and near the Park. The
bridge at Belmont and Girard avenues, which carries over
two intersecting streets, is a novelty in bridge construction.
A fine bridge at Forty-first street crosses the railroad by a
span of 250 feet. Other bridges on this line are fine works.

344 BRIDGES.

The widest railroad bridge in the world, crossing the land, is
upon the line of the Eeading Eailroad ; it crosses Richmond
street above Lehigh avenue, and carries a large number of
tracks.

Park bridges. The iron bridges in the Park connecting
the Exhibition buildings, at Lansdowne Glen and Belmont
Valley, are well worth examination.

CHAPTER XXX.
PUBLIC PARKS AND SQUARES.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

EAIRMOUNT PARK contains 2740 acres, and, next to
Epping and Windsor Forests, England, and the Prater
at Vienna, is the largest park in the world. It is situate
on the east and west banks of the river Schuylkill, including
the river within the enclosure, and extends along the Wissa-
hickon Creek from its mouth to Chestnut Hill on both sides
of the stream, which is also Park property. Commencing at
Callowhill street, Fairmount, the Park extends on the east
bank to the Falls of Schuylkill and the mouth of the Wissa-
hickon, five and a half miles, and along that stream seven
miles and a half to Chestnut Hill ; total distance from Cal-
lowhill street entrance to extreme north-east Park boundary,
thirteen miles. On the west side of the Schuylkill the Park
commences at Spring Garden street bridge and extends north-
wardly to Chamounix and Robert's Hollow, about four miles
and a half.

The Park is by common usage divided into sections known
as Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park
and Wissahickon Park.

Fairmount and Lemon Hill extend from Callowhill street
to a point above the connecting railroad bridge, where the
river road crosses the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.
The ground is bounded on the east and north-east by the
Reading Railroad, and is not more than a third of a mile
wide at any point. Within this portion of the Park are the old
Fairmount Water-works and reservoirs, upon the Schuylkill
just north of the Spring Garden bridge. The Graff memorial,

345

346

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Fairmount garden, Leda-and-the-swan fountain, wooden fig-
ures, by Eush, on the rocks of the forebay, and the same figures
in bronze, and the statues of Wisdom and Justice in wood,
by Eush, in the hall of the main building; emblematic figures

FOUNTAIN NEAK MINEKAL, SPRING, L,EMON HILL.

of river gods, representing the genius of the Schuylkill, in
reclining positions over the entrance to wheel-houses, by
Eush. The Art Gallery, free to all visitors, is near the Green
street and Fairmount avenue entrance. It contains Eother-
mel's grand painting of the battle of Gettysburg, the property

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 347

of the State of Pennsylvania, which cost $30,000; the noted
picture "Christ Eejected," by Benjamin West, and several
other fine works of art. The Lincoln monument, by Randolph
Eogers, is crowned by a fine bronze statue of the late Presi-
dent in a sitting position. Fountains are in sight from the
Art Gallery, and the mineral springs are near.

Numerous boat-houses, architecturally handsome, are on the
bank of the river, for the use of amateur boatclubs; Lemon
Hill Mansion is above, Sedgeley guard-house is near Girard
avenue bridge; General Grant's cottage, being the building oc-
cupied by him at City Point as commander-in-chief of the army
during the siege of Richmond, stands near the river bank,
south of the Girard avenue bridge. The Humboldt monument
will be east of and very near Grant's cottage. At Girard avenue
the main driving road and paths for pedestrians unite and are
carried over the magnificent bridge to the West Park. The
river road in this Park, commencing at Green street entrance,
leads by a road near the boat-houses, beneath overhanging
rocks and wooded steeps, and extends beneath Girard avenue
bridge, past the Spring Garden or Schuylkill Water-works,
and under the railroad bridge. It then penetrates a tunnel
cut through Promontory Rock, and gradually rises to the level
of the Reading Railroad, which it crosses at Mifflin lane.

The ascent to Lemon Hill mansion from the mineral spring
is handsome and attractive. Paths which lead round an at-
tractive fountain in which gold-fish are swimming rise by a
series of steps and terraced gardens thickly shaded by trees,
with walks and alleys which seem to lead ofi" to spots of deep
seclusion. This charming little parterre was the place where
were cherished the choicest portions of " Pratt's Garden,"
famous among the city wonders of the olden time.

The East Park extends from Thirty-third street at Thomp-
son street to Ridge avenue, which it intersects north of
Dauphin street, and extends along the avenue to South Lau-
rel Hill, where it narrows to a space wide enough for road and
other purposes, extending north-eastward along the banks
of the Schuylkill and beneath the Reading Railroad (Port

348

FAIEMOUNT PARK.

Richmond branch) bridge west of the Falls of Schuylkill
village to the month of the Wissahickon. The distance from
Mifflin lane to Wissahickon is about four miles. The greatest
width of the East Park is about a mile, narrowing at the

E^VST TERRACE, LEMON HILI..

upper portion to a quarter of a mile. Within this part of the
Park is the great reservoir, now building, which is intended
to contain 750,000,000 gallons of water. This reservoir is
built upon what had previously been open, cultivated ground.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

349

so that the most beautiful portion of the enclosure remains
untouched. The East Park is a series of hills and ravines
stretching upward to the Falls bridge, jutting out in huge rocks
upon the Schuylkill, covered with magnificent old trees, grass

SCHDYIiKII.L, BLUFFS Bt.LOW EDGET.Y.

and shrubbery. Every path and roadway opens new beau-
ties to the view, so that the eye is perpetually enlivened by
fresh attractions in the landscape. Within the East Park still
remain some of the old country-seats which formerly studded
the banks of the Schuylkill on both sides. Going northward
30

350

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

the pedestrian or equestrian will pass to the left hand Foun-
tain Green, once the seat of Samuel Meeker, and probably
built before the year 1800. Beyond is Mount Pleasant, made
famous by the names of McPherson, Arnold the traitor, and

~-jc=M^~i-^ j-3^i-yii/.f.^-^^^ijtfd .

ENTRANCE AT EGGIESFIELD.

Baron Steuben the patriot, (See Chapter XXVIII.) Eockland
succeeds, and here is a very romantic ravine thickly shaded
and cool in the summer. Belleville is next, and beyond is
Ormiston, once the property of Edward Shippen Burd, whose

352 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

wife founded the Burd Orphan Asylum. Beyond Ormiston was
an estate once called Edgely, the mansion of which has been
torn down. A concourse here, next the bank of the river
on the main driving road, afibrds a magnificent view^ of the
Schuylkill north and south, with the surrounding country,
and is a favorite place for stopping to view the scenery. Be-
yond Edgely is Woodford mansion, near the Eidge road,
which is occupied as the residence of the superintendent of
the Park. Strawberry Mansion is situated near the Schuyl-
kill, on the heights of a fine ravine which separates this prop-
erty from Edgely. It is a Park restaurant, well kept and
much resorted to. The trees surrounding it are of the largest
forest size, and the place is very attractive. The river road,
coming from the Wissahickon and Falls, enters upon the
highland at Edgely ravine. It has come southward from
the Wissahickon in front of Falls village, and of North,
Central and South Laurel Hill Cemeteries.

The West Park commences at Spring Garden street on the
west bank of the Schuylkill, and extends up that stream to a
point nearly opposite the mouth of Wissahickon Creek. At
Girard avenue it widens and extends out to George's Hill,
giving it a wddth of about two miles at that point. In the
other portions of the West Park the width is reduced, but in
the narrowest portion of it north of the parallel of George's
Hill it is from a half to three-quarters of a mile wide. Com-
mencing at the Spring Garden street bridge, going north, the
first place of note is the Zoological Gardens, in which is John
Penn's villa of Solitude. (See Chapter XXVIII.) At Girard
avenue the Park road passes under the connecting railroad
bridge, which is carried over it by a series of arches. The roads
and paths here are near the Schuylkill, and the view charming.
About a quarter of a mile from the bridge is Sweet-Brier
mansion, which was built by Samuel Breck, a merchant of
Philadelphia, at one time member of Congress and State
Senator, who occupied that place for thirty -eight years— be-
tween 1823 and 1861. The house was probably built about
1810. Beyond Sweet-Brier at the distance of a mile and a

354

PAIRMOUNT PARK.

quarter from the Girard avenue bridge are Lansdowne plateau
and Lansdowne concourse.

Lansdowne was a very famous mansion more than a hun-
dred years ago. It was built by John Penn, one of the last
proprietaries of Pennsylvania. He bought the main portion

VIEW OF SWEET-BKIER FKOM EG«X,ESFIELD.

of the ground in December, 1773, and by other purchases in-
creased the size of the property until it contained about 200
acres. The mansion was commenced immediately afterward,
nnd was probably completed about the outbreak of the Eevo-

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

355

lution. It was in the Italian style, with centre and wings,
bay-window apartments, and a steep roof in the Mansard
style. The grounds were handsomely laid out and decorated
with fruits, flowers and statuary. Penn devised it in 1795 to
his widow, Anne Penn, a daughter of Chief-Justice Allen.

VIEW ABOVE SWEET-BKIKK.

William Bingham, first United States Senator from Penn-
sylvania, a man of high fashion, whose beautiful wife, Anne,
daughter of Thomas Willing, partner of Robert Morris, was
the leader of society about the beginning of the present cen-

356 FAIRMOUNT PAEK.

tury, bought the property in 1797, and lived there for some
years in great style. During the time the seat of national
government was at Philadelphia, Bingham's house was the
abode of hospitality and the resort of the most distinguished
people of the time. A daughter of Bingham married Alex-
ander Baring, afterward Lord Ashburton, and thus it passed
into the Baring family, from whom it was purchased for
Park purposes. Lansdowne would have been a most inter-
esting relic for preservation, but unfortunately it was burned
some years ago — before the Park was established.

Just beyond Lansdowne concourse, upon the southern part
of this ground, are the main Exhibition building, extending
to Belmont avenue, Memorial Hall and the Art Gallery north
of it, and Horticultural Hall still farther north. Beyond the
latter, still going north, is Agricultural Hall, on the plateau
below Belmont Mansion. West of the main Exhibition
building, Machinery Hall extends nearly up to the base of
George's Hill. The lake and United States building are north
of Machinery Hall on Belmont avenue, and other buildings
are in the neighborhood.

Ascending from Lansdowne concourse, passing to the right
Kemy's bronze group of "Hudson Bay wolves quarrelling
over the body of a deer," the road, crossing Belmont avenue,
climbs George's Hill, from which a very fine view of the city,
as well as the whole of the Exhibition buildings, may be had.
Here is a fine pavilion, near which is Stauch's bronze statue
"Night." Belmont reservoir is near; and passing on north-
ward, Belmont Mansion is reached, which is rich with Eevolu-
tionary memories. (See Chapter XXVIII.) East of Belmont
is Eidgeland, formerly a private mansion, and the road then
stretches off north-eastwardly to Chamounix, or Mount Pros-
pect, until the Falls road is reached, by which connection may
be made with the East Park. Extending northward from the
Girard avenue bridge near the Schuylkill are a series of ravines
and glens accessible only to pedestrians. They are very beauti-
' fill. Through Sweet-Brier ravine a small stream finds its way
in quiet beauty. Lansdowne Glen also is penetrated by a

358 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

brook. Through Belmont Valley a stream runs which reaches
the river near Belmont Water-works. Still farther north is
Belmont Glen, through which a very attractive path leads
from the Eeading Railroad Park station to Belmont Mansion,

MONSTEK FINES, WEST PAUK.

which latter is a Park restaurant. Near the river, at Lans«
downe ravine, are the special pumping water-works erected
for the supply of the Centennial buildings. The stand-pipe,
looking like a Turkish minaret, is near the Memorial building,
and a conspicuous object from all portions of the ground.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 359

rivalling in this particular Sawyer's observatory at Belmont.
North of the Centennial water-works, on the river bank near
the Reading Eailroad bridge, are the Belmont Water-works.
The river road just above runs beneath the bridge. Just
beyond are the offices of the Park Commission, with the two

KAVINE IN WESTERN PARK, SWEET-BRIER VALE.

bronze figures of Pegasus led by the Muses, heroic size, brought
from Vienna. Still farther north, near the river, is a quaint
little building known as Tom Moore's cottage, which tradition
says was once the residence of the poet— a story in reference
to' which doubts have been expressed by historical scholars.
The Wissahickon Section of the Park commences where the

360

fairmou:nt park.

creek empties into the Schuylkill, almost beneath the High
bridge of the Germantown and Norristown Railroad, and
between the hills where, during the battle of Germantown,
Armstrong, from the north-western bank, cannonaded the
Hessian chasseurs under Knyphausen, on the south-eastern
bank of the stream. The road winds near the water of the
creek through the entire valley of the Wissahickon, which
is thickly wooded on the sides, with rocks overhanging the

ON THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE.

roadway and the stream, presenting at every turn scenes of
beauty to delight the observer. There are several Park hotels
upon the route — Wissahickon Hall, Maple Spring, Valley
Green and Indian Rock hotels. The road runs from the
Schuylkill on the west and south side of the stream. It
crosses just beyond Washington Rock near the Hermit's
Glen and Kelpius' Spring, places dedicated to the memory
of ascetic religious enthusiasts, who in the early days of the

A GlilMPSE OF THE WISSAHICKON.

362

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

colony of Pennsylvania came from Germany and settled
down to pious meditation and study on the banks of the
romantic stream. Among these was John Kelpius, a scholar

THE HERMIT'S POOL,.

and a mystic, who prayed, studied and waited for many years
the coming of "the woman clothed with the sun, with the
moon under her feet and twelve stars on her forehead ; she
who had fled into the wilderness." Kelpius died at the early

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

363

age of thirty- eight years. Some of his disciples remained for
a long time ; others formed a community known as the Her-
mits of the Ridge, and occupied as a monastery a building
still shown above the bridge which leads off toward German-

town. Th. ri]M' 1.1 i.b.. .1 -rirrfnl and airv -t-i-ture, crosses

HEMLOCK GliEN ON THE WISSAHICKON.

the creek about three miles and a quarter from its mouth. A
little farther on is Valley Green. The first fountain is four
miles and a quarter from the Schuylkill River. Indian Rock
juts out boldly at a great height half a mile farther on, and
so the road proceeds, full of interest and romantic impressions,
until at Chestnut Hill it passes off beneath a hill upon the

364

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

top of which is planted the Catholic convent of St. Joseph,
in a position which overlooks the country for miles. The
number of trees, shrubs and plants in this Park is immense.
Some years ago, after examination, it was estimated that in
the East and West Parks, excluding the Wissahickon section,

TKE WISSAHICKON AT CHESTNUT HILL,.

there were 34,000 trees varying between 18 and 27 feet in
circumference; under 18 feet, 70,000. In the Wissahickon
section, which is wooded throughout the whole extent, it is
estimated there are 200,000 trees, many being of great height.
During the autumn the brilliant colors of the trees upon the

366

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

hillsides are gorgeous. Of shrubs, vines and bushes the num-
ber in all sections of the Park is beyond estimate.

Along the whole course of this romantic stream the scenery
is wild and constantly changing in appearance. The waters

-v"s:

GliBN FERN, WISSAHICKON.

leap along, seeking the great river by devious courses, winding
in curves and sometimes changing suddenly their direction as
new obstacles are encountered. Every step along the banks
opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic impression. The
effect is heightened by the towering rocks and lofty trees

FAIRMOTTNT PARK.

367

which shade the pathway or let occasional gleams of bright-
ness flash through the gorges.

Fairmount Park has gradually increased in size from the
time of the resolution entered into by the city of Philadelphia,
to change the method of obtaining water from the Schuylkill
River. The first ground for that purpose was purchased about
1811-12, when the steam pumping-works were commenced at

BRIDGE OVER WISSAHICKON, NEAR MOUNT AIRY.

Fairmount. Subsequently other ground was purchased, until
the space between Callowhill and Coates streets had been
obtained. After the failure of the Bank of the United States,
the Lemon Hill property, which had passed into the hands of
that corporation, was sold, and the city was induced to buy it
in order to preserve the purity of the water of the Schuylkill
River from the defilement which would happen if the banks

368 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

of the river above Fairmount should be built up. This
purchase was made July 24, 1844. By ordinance of Septem-
ber 18, 1855, Lemon Hill estate was dedicated as a public park,
being separate from Fairmount. About 1856 a number of
citizens purchased Sedgely, the estate north of Lemon Hill,
and extending up to Girard avenue. They paid a large
amount of money upon the purchase, and then offered to
present the property to the city on condition that the latter
should assume and pay the balance of a mortgage upon the
property which still existed. The arrangement was entered
into. Authority was given by the Legislature to take posses-
sion of the ground between old Fairmount and Lemon Hill,
and thus Fairmount Park was created of considerable size.
About 1866 some gentlemen of the city, ascertaining that the
Lansdowne property, on the west side of the river Schuylkill,
would be thrown into the market, secured it from the owners
in England at a reasonable price, under the understanding
that it would be devoted to public purposes. The City
Councils and the State Legislature favored the acquisition.
Necessary laws were passed in order to make the object of
the Park — the preservation of the water — truly available. The
original design was greatly extended, and by act passed in
1867 the city was authorized to take for use the property on
both sides of the river and along the Wissahickon, which is
now included within the boundaries of the Park. A splendid
accession was made to the Park in 1867 by Jesse George and
his sister, who lived adjoining the Park according to the then
limits, and near the eminence since known as George's Hill.
These old people made a gift to the city of the hill and a
quantity of land amounting to about thirty-eight acres, one
of the most valuable portions of the grounds, as has since
been proved not only by the beauty of the view from the
commanding position on the top of the hill, but as a necessary
site for the Belmont reservoir.

Access to the Park may be had by the Pennsylvania Railroad,
the d6p6t of which is at Belmont and Elm avenues, and which
with its lines of communication extends to all parts of the

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

369

United States. ALso by the Reading Railroad, vviiich runs
through the Park on both sides of the river. Passenger railways
leading to the Park are the following : Union navy yard and
Spring Garden street lines to Brown street entrance; Green and
Coates streets line, out Fairmount avenue to Park entrance :
Spruce and Pine streets line going west out Pine street, and
north up Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth streets to Green street
entrance ; Eidge avenue line touches the East Park at Thirty-

■■-!-..■>.«.. .T .. .MtcSLi

DRINKING FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHICKON.

third and Dauphin streets; Girard avenue (Fourth and Eighth
streets) line west, crossing the bridge to West Park, and along
Girard avenue to Elm avenue and Centennial buildings; Race
and Vine streets line, crossing Spring Garden street bridge,
out Spring Garden street and Lancaster and Belmont avenues
to Centennial buildings ; Chestnut and Walnut streets line west
by way of Walnut, Chestnut and Thirty-second streets, Lan-
caster and Belmont avenue to Centennial buildings ; Market

370 FAIRMOUNT PARK — HUNTING PARK.

street line via Forty-first street to Elm avenue and east, end
of main Exhibition building; West End to Elm avenue and
Centennial buildings.

Steamboats ply upon the Schuylkill within the Park bound-
aries, running from Fairmount just above the reservoir, to
Zoological Gardens, East Park entrance, Belmont landing
and Centennial buildings, Rockland, Strawberry Mansion,
Laurel Hill, Falls and Manayunk.

Within the Park are special Park carriages which will carry
persons to any part of the enclosure. Main stand near the
Lincoln monument.

Hunting Park contains forty-five acres, and is situate at the
intersection of Nicetown lane and old York road. The en-
closure was used fifty years ago as a race-ground, and after it
was abandoned for such purposes laid for several years un-
used. In 1854 certain citizens bought this propeiiy, and pre-
sented it to City Councils as a free gift for the purposes of a
public park. The ground was occupied in January, 1855.
Trees were planted and walks laid out. This park is under
the control of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park.

PUBLIC SQUARES.

At the foundation of the city William Penn dedicated five
squares as public parks or enclosures. They were then known
as North-east, South-east, North-west and South-west squares
and Centre square; the latter, at the intei^section of Broad
and Market streets, was intended for public uses, eventually
to be occupied by municipal buildings.

Washington, formerly South-east square, takes up the block
of ground between Sixth, Washington, Walnut and Locust
streets, is 540 feet north and south by 540 feet 4 inches east and
west, and contains six acres and two roods. Some years after
the settlement the City Councils appropriated this square for
public purposes as a burial-ground and potter's field, and it
was used for that purpose for many years— until health for-
bade its further employment. During the Revolutionary
war hundreds of American soldiere who died from wounds

PUBLIC SQUARES. 371

and disease were buried in this square. On February 22,
1833, the corner-stone of a monument to the memory of
Washington was laid in this square, but the contemplated
memorial was never constructed. The square was closed as a
public burial-ground in 1795 and laid out for public uses in
1815, but not opened until some years later. It contains a
fine assortment of trees, some of which are of rare varieties,
which were planted under supervision of the eminent French
botanist Michaux.

Franklin, formerly North-east square, is situate between
Sixth and Franklin streets and Race and Vine streets. It is
632 feet north and south by 543 feet 6 inches east and west,
and contains seven acres and three roods. Upon this square
during the Eevolution was placed the public powder maga-
zine. A portion of the ground was for a long time appropri-
ated as a burial-ground by a German Reformed congregation,
a grant for that purpose having been made by one of the
Penns, proprietary and a descendant of the founder. About
forty years ago the city of Philadelphia, by action at law,
ejected the congregation from use of the ground upon the
principle that the grant by the younger Penn was illegal,
William Penn having divested himself of all property in the
square by the original dedication. This square is handsomely
laid out, with fine trees, and has in the centre a fountain of
greater size, number of jets, etc., than any other in the city.

Logan, formerly North-west square, extends from Race street
to Vine street and from Eighteenth street to Logan street. It
is 632 feet north and south by 540 feet east and west, and con-
tains seven acres, three roods. This square was also appro-
priated to burial use by the city after the South-east square
ceased to be used for that purpose. Public executions for-
merly took place there, and the place was one of notoriety.
In 1864 the United States Sanitary Fair occupied the whole
square, by permission of the city, with buildings erected for
the purpose of the exhibition, which was very successful,
realizing over a million of dollars.

Rittenhouse or South-west square extends from Walnut street

372 PUBLIC SQUARES.

to Locust street and from Eighteenth street to Rittenhouse
street, and contains six acres and two roods. It is 540 feet
4 inches north and south and 540 feet 4 inches east and
west. Handsome fountains of unique design are near the
four gates of entrance at the corners of the square, and are
well worthy inspection by the stranger.

Independence square has been spoken of in the article on
the State-house. It occupies four acres, two roods.

Jefferson square extends from Washington street to Fed-
eral street and from Third street to Fourth street. It is 392
feet east and west, 307 feet on Fourth street and 292 feet on
Third street, and contains two acres and two roods. It was
purchased by the commissioners of Southwark in 1854, pre-
vious to the consolidation of the city and districts.

Passyunk square occupies a portion of the old Parade-
ground between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets and Wharton
and Reed streets. The enclosure was originally obtained for
the use of the military, but of late years has not been occu-
pied by them.

Norris square is situate between Diamond street and Sus-
quehanna avenue and Howard and Hancock streets. It is
486 feet north and south by 330 feet east and west. The
ground was presented to the city by the Norris family for
public use.

Fairhill square is situate on Lehigh avenue, and is 500 feet
north and south by 210 feet east and west. The ground of
this square was also presented to the city by the Norris

family.

Germantown square, one half acre, is situate in front of
and surrounding the old town-hall of Germantown, which
is now used as a police station.

Union square occupies the small triangle at Fifth and But-
tonwood streets.

Shackamaxon square is a triangular section of ground at
the intersection of Maiden street and Frankford road.

Thouron square is a triangular piece of ground at the
intersection of Sixth street and Germantown road.

CHAPTEE XXXI.

THE PHILADELPHIA INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION

OF 1876.

fTTHE Exhibition buildings are located in Fairmount Park,
J- wMch adjoins the built-up portions of Philadelphia on
the north-western border. The buildings are located on some
of the most beautiful spots on the bank of the Schuylkill
River, groves of stately trees surrounding them, splendid views
of river and landscape being afforded. These buildings stand
from 112 feet to 120 feet above the highest tide-water level in
the Delaware River, and fully that height above the Schuyl-
kill.

Girard avenue, one of the chief streets of Philadelphia,
leads directly from the heart of the city to the entrance to the
Main Exhibition building. This is a broad highway 100 feet
in width, crossing the Schuylkill River upon a magnificent
iron bridge which was erected at a cost of $1,500,000 expressly
to furnish good facilities of access to the Exhibition grounds.
This avenue passes through the Park in a westerly direction,
and is a very fine drive. Bordering it on the right hand are
the Exhibition grounds. These cover about 236 acres, which
are enclosed for the buildings, in addition to which there will be
other enclosures for the displays of horses and cattle. At the
Vienna Exhibition of 1873 the enclosure, including that for
the horses and cattle, which was of considerable size, covered
260 acres. The buildings at Vienna gave about 2,000,000
square feet of ground-floor surface for exhibitors, and covered
42 acres. There were originally provided at Philadelphia 50
acres of buildings, giving 2,107,000 square feet of surface, but
applications for space are so numerous as to render enlarge-
ments necessary.

32 373

374 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. -■ ■

The articles to be exhibited have been classified in seven
departments, which, for the most part, are located in appro-
priate buildings, whose several areas are as follows :

DEPARTMENTS. BUILDINGS. ACRES COVERED.

1. Mining and Metallurgy, "]

2. Manufactures, Ulain building, 21.47

3. Education and Science, J

4. Art, Art Gallery, 1.5

5. Machinery, Machinery building, 14

6. Agriculture, Agricultural building, 10

7. Horticulture, Horticultural building, 1.5

Total, 48.47

The building most eastwardly situate is the Main Exhibition
hall. Immediately beyond, extending in a north-westwardly
direction, is Machinery Hall. The northern faces of the Main
and Machinery buildings are in a line, divided by an avenue,
but connected by a covered way. The length from the ex-
treme of one building to the extreme of the other is very
great— more than two-thirds of a mile. Eunning along the
northern length of these buildings is a boulevard 100 feet in
width, which is traversed by a double line of narrow-gauge cars
for the accommodation of visitors. Three hundred feet back
of the Main building, their centres being in a line, stands the
Art Gallery. Next northward, and on the further side of Lans-
downe valley, which is crossed by a bridge, is the Horticultural
building; back still of it, north of most of the principal struc-
tures, is the Agricultural building ; on the west side of Belmont
avenue and north of the Machinery Hall is the site of the
building for the exhibition to be made by the United States
government.

A fine view of all the buildings can be had from the sum-
mit of George's Hill, west of Machinery Hall. It shows all
the great structures and the numerous accessory buildings
which have been added as portions of the great exhibition.

THE MAIN BUILDING.
This is a parallelogram, running east and west 1876 feet
long, and north and south 464 feet wide. The larger portion

376

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

is one story high, the interior height being 70 feet, and the
cornice on the outside 48 feet from the ground. At the centre
of the longer sides are projections 416 feet in length, and on

the ends of the building projec-
tions 216 feet in length. In these,
which are in the centre of the
four sides, are located the main
entrances, which are provided
with arcades upon the ground
floor, and central fayades 90 feet
high. The east entrance will form
the principal approach for car-
riages, visitors alighting at the
^. doors of the building under cover
g of the arcade. The south en-
^ trance will be the principal ap-
^ proach from railway cars. The
55 west entrance opens upon the
^ main passage-way to two princi-
B pal buildings, the Machinery and
^ Agricultural Halls, and the north
^ entrance to Memorial Hall (Art
^ Gallery). Towers 75 feet in height
^ rise at each corner of the building.
In order to obtain a central fea-
ture, the roof for 184 feet square at
the centre has been raised above
the surrounding portion, and four
towers 48 feet square, rising to 120
feet high, are introduced into the
corners of this elevated roof. This
gives ventilation as well as orna-
ment. The main building gives
936,008 square feet of surface, or
nearly 21.] acres. Its ground plan shows a central avenue 120
feet in width and 1832 feet in length, which is the longest
avenue of that width ever introduced into an exhibition

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 377

building. On either side of this is another avenue of equal
length, and 100 feet wide. Between the central and side
avenues are aisles 48 feet wide, and on the outer sides of
the building smaller aisles of 24 feet width. To break the
great length of the roof-lines three transepts have been intro-
duced, of the same widths and in the same relative positions
to each other as the longitudinal avenues. These cross the
building, and are 416 feet in length. The intersections of
these various avenues make at the centre of the building nine
spaces, free fi-om supports, which are from 100 feet to 120 feet
square, and which aggregate 416 feet square. The general
elevation of the r(»ofs of all these avenues varies from 45 feet
to 70 feet.

This building rests upon the ground, the land having been
thoroughly graded and prepared. The foundations consist
of piers of masonry, the superstructure being composed of
wrought-iron columns placed 24 feet apart, which support
wrought-iron roof-trusses. There are 672 of these columns
in the entire structure, the shortest being 23 feet and the
longest 125 feet long. Their aggregate weight is 2,200,000
pounds. The roof-trusses and girders weigh 5,000,000 pounds.
The sides of the building, to 7 feet above the ground, are
finished with brickwork in panels between the columns.
Above this there are glazed sashes. The roof-covering is of
tin, that being the best roofing known in this climate to resist
leakage. The flooring is of plank upon sills resting upon the
ground, with no open space beneath. Turrets surmount the
building at all the corners and angles, and the national stand-
ard, with appropriate emblems, is placed over each of the
main entrances. There are numerous side-entrances, each
being surmounted with a trophy, showing the national colors
of the country occupying that portion of the building. In the
vestibules variegated brick and tile are introduced. Louvre
ventilators surmount all the avenues, and skylights the central
aisles. Light, of which there will be an ample supply, comes
from the north and south sides almost entirely. There under-
lie the building two miles of drainage-pipe, the water-supply
32*

378 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, ETC.

and drainage systems being complete. Offices for the foreign
commissions are placed along the sides of the building, in
close proximity to the products exhibited. Offices for the
administration are at the ends. The design of the building is
such that all exhibitors will have an equally fair opportunity ■
of exhibiting their goods to advantage. There is compara-
tively little choice of location, as the light is uniformly dis-
tributed, and each of the spaces devoted to products is located
upon one of the main thoroughfares.

THE ART GALLERY.
The most imposing and ornate of all the structures is
Memorial Hall, built at a cost of |1,500,000, by the State
of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia. This is placed
at the disposal of the Centennial Commission, to be used
during the exhibition as an art gallery, after which it is
designed to make it the receptacle of an industrial and art
collection similar to the famous South Kensington Museum
at London. It stands on a line parallel with, and a short
distance northward of, the main building, and is in a com-
manding position, looking eastward across the Schuylkill
over Philadelphia. It stands upon a terrace 122 feet above
the level of the Schuylkill. Being designed for an absolutely
fireproof structure, nothing combustible has been used. The
design is modern Renaissance. It covers an acre and a half,
and is 365 feet long, 210 feet wide and 59 feet high, over a
spacious basement 12 feet high. A dome, rising 150 feet above
the ground, surmounts the centre, capped by a colossal ball,
from which rises the figure of Columbia. The main front of
this building looks southward, displaying a main entrance in
the centre consisting of three enormous arched doorways, a
pavilion on each end, and two arcades connecting the pavilions
with the centre. The entrance is 70 feet wide, to which there
is a rise of 13 steps. Each of the huge doorways is 40 feet
high and 15 feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches
of the doorways are clusters of columns, terminating in em-
blematic designs illustrative of science and art. The doors

380 THE ART GALLERY.

are of iron, relieved by bronze panels, displaying the coats-

of-arms of all the States and Territories. The United States

coat-of-arms is in the centre of the main frieze. The dome

is of glass and iron, of unique design. While Columbia rises

at the top, a colossal figure stands at each corner of the dome,

typifying the four quarters of the globe. In each pavilion

there is a large window 12J feet by 34 feet. There are all

together eight of these windows, which will be used for the

display of stained glass, glass paintings, etc. The arcades

designed to screen the long walls of the galleries each consists

of five groined arches, and form promenades looking outward

over the grounds and inward over open gardens extending

back to the main wall of the building. These garden-plots

are each 90 feet by 36 feet, ornamented in the centre with

fountains, and intended to display statuary. The arcades

are highly ornamented, and the balustrades of them and of

the approaching stairways are also designed for statuary.

The walls of the east and west sides of the structure display

the pavilions and the walls of the picture-galleries, and are

relieved by niches designed for statues. The frieze is richly

ornamented, and above it the central dome shows to great

advantage. The rear or north front of the building is of the

same general character as the main front, but, in place of the

arcade, has a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with

the entrance in the centre. Between the pavilions is the grand

balcony, a promenade 275 feet long and 45 feet wide, elevated

40 feet above the ground, and overlooking to the northward

the beautiful grounds of the Park. On each front of the

buildings the entrances open into halls 82 feet long, 60 feet

wide, 53 feet high, decorated in modern Eenaissance. These,

in turn, open into the centre hall, 83 feet square, the ceiling

rising over it 80 feet in height. From the east and west sides

of this centre hall extend the galleries, each 98 feet long, 48

feet wide and 35 feet high. These galleries admit of temporary

divisions for the better display of paintings, and with the

centre hall form a grand hall 287 feet long and 83 feet wide,

capable of comfortably accommodating 8000 persons. This

THE ART GALLERY — MACHINERY HALL. 381

is nearly twice the dimensions of the largest hall in the United
States. Doorways open from the galleries into two smaller
galleries 89 feet long and 28 feet wide. These open north and
south into private apartments connecting with the pavilion-
rooms, and forming two side-galleries 210 feet long. Along the
whole length of the north side of the main galleries and central
hall extends a corridor 14 feet wide, opening on its north line
into a series of private rooms, twenty -three in number, designed
for studios and smaller exhibition rooms. All the galleries
and the central hall are lighted from above, the pavilions
and studios from the sides. The pavilions and central hall
are designed especially for the exhibition of sculpture. This
fine building gives 75,000 square feet of wall space for paint-
ings, and 20,000 square feet of floor space for statues, etc. The
skylights throughout are double, the upper being of clear glass
and the under of ground glass.

MACHINERY HALL.

This structure is located about 550 feet west of the main

Exhibition building ; and as its north front stands upon the

same line, it is practically a continuation of that edifice, the

two together presenting a frontage of 3824 feet from their

eastern to their western ends upon the principal avenue

within the grounds. This building consists of a main hall,

1402 feet long and 360 feet wide, with an annex on the southern

side 208 feet by 210 feet. The entire area covered is 558,440

square feet, or nearly 13 acres, and the floor space afibrded is

about 14 acres. The chief portion of the building is one story

in height, the main cornice upon the outside being 40 feet

from the ground, and the interior height to the top of the

ventilators in the avenues 70 feet, and in the aisles 40 feet.

To break the long lines of the exterior, projections have been

introduced upon the four sides, and the main entrances are

finished with fagades extending to 78 feet in height. The

eastern entrance will be the principal approach from railways,

and from the main Exhibition building. Along the southern

side are placed the boiler-houses, and such other buildings

382

MACHINERY HALL.

for special kinds of machinery as may be required. The plan
of the Machinery building shows two main avenues 90 feet
wide, with a central aisle between and an aisle on either side,

these being 60 feet in width.
These avenues and aisles
together have 360 feet width,
and each of them is 1360 feet
long. At the centre of the
building there is a transept
of 90 feet width, which at
the south end is prolonged
beyond the building. This
extended transept, begin-
ning at 36 feet from the
building and extending to
208 feet, is flanked on either
side by aisles 60 feet wide,
and forms an annex for
machines. The
are : in the
avenue 15 feet wide, in the
aisles 10 feet, and in the
transept 25 feet. The walks
extending across the build-
ing are all 10 feet wide, and
lead at either end to exit
doors. The foundations of
this building are piers of
masonry, the superstructure
consisting of solid timber
columns supporting roof-
trusses constructed of
straight wooden principal
beams and wrought-iron ties
and struts. The columns are placed in longitudinal lines, and
in these rows stand 16 feet apart. The columns are 40 feet

^ hydraulic
a promenades

MACHINERY AND AGRICULTURAL HALLS. 383

high, and support respectively the 90 feet roof-spans over the
avenues at a height of 40 feet, and the 60 feet roof-spans over
the aisles at a height of 20 feet. The outer walls are built of
masonry to a height of 5 feet, and above that are composed of
glazed sash between the columns. Portions of these sashes
are movable for ventilation, and Louvre ventilators are intro-
duced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the
aisles. The building is entirely lighted by side-light from the
north and south.

Double lines of shafting are introduced into each avenue
and aisle at a height of about 20 feet. A Corliss steam-en-
gine of 1400 horse-power drives the main shafting. There
are also counter-lines of shafting in the aisles, and special
steam-power furnished where necessary. Steam-power is fur-
nished free to exhibitors. In the annex for hydraulic ma-
chines there is a tank 60 feet by 160 feet, with 10 feet depth
of water. It is intended to exhibit all sorts of hydraulic ma-
chinery in full operation ; and at the southern end of the tank
there will be a waterfall 35 feet high by 40 feet wide, supplied
from the tank by the pumps on exhibition. There will prob-
ably be a larger exhibition at Philadelphia of processes of
manufacture than at any previous exhibition.

THE! AGRICULTURAL HALL
stands north of the Horticultural Hall, being separated from
it by a romantic ravine, and has a commanding view of the
Schuylkill Eiver and the north-western suburbs of Philadel-
phia beyond. This building illustrates a novel combination
of materials, mainly wood and glass, and consists of a long
nave crossed by three transepts, each being composed of
truss-arches of Gothic form. The nave is 820 feet long by
125 feet in width, with a height of 75 feet from the floor to
the point of the arch. The central transept is 100 feet wide
and 75 feet high, and the two end transepts 80 feet wide and
70 feet high. Its interior appearance resembles that of a
great cathedral, and in looking from transept to transept the
vista is extremely imposing. A portion of this building is

384

AGRICULTURAL HALL,

supplied with steam-power for the use of agricultural ma-
chinery. The four courts enclosed by the nave and transepts,
and also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having

the nave and end tran-
septs for two of their
sides, are roofed, and
form valuable spaces for
exhibits. The ground
plan of the building is a
parallelogram 540 feet
by 820 feet, covering
about lOi acres. In con-
nection with this build-
ing are extensive stock-
yards for the exhibition
^ of horses, cattle, swine,
K sheep, poultry, etc., and
^ also a race -track for
g horses.

S In order to allow the
o Agricultural department
§ to produce the largest
^ amount of good to the
farming interest, and to
afford information and
instruction to cultivators
of the soil, special efforts
will be made by the offi-
cers having charge of
this department of the
Exhibition. An agri-
cultural machine viewed
when not in action may
suggest the object for
which it has been constructed, but it cannot certify to its power
and ability. Hence practical trial of the merits of the ma-
chines will be most satisfactory. The most important agricul-

AGRICULTURAL HALL, ETC. 385

tiiral implements are the ploughers, mowers and reapers.
Also the steam-machinery which of late years has been ap-
plied to work in the fields. For this purpose the Commission
has obtained the use of a fine piece of land near Schenck's
Station on the line of the Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad,
where the trials of heavy field-machines will be made.

HORTICULTURAL. HALL.

The city of Philadelphia made a liberal grant of money
to provide for the Horticultural department of the exhibition
an extremely ornate and commodious building, which is de-
signed to remain in permanence as an ornament of Fair-
mount Park. This structure is located on a terrace bordering
the Schuylkill Eiver, a short distance north of Memorial
Hall, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill River
valley and the north-western portions of Philadelphia. Re
mantic ravines running down to the river are on either side, sep-
arating it on the south from Memorial Hall and on the north
from Agricultural Building. These ravines are spanned by
ornamental bridges 500 feet long and 60 feet wide, for conve-
nience of access. Carriage-roads, a railway and foot-walks
pass over them. The Horticultural Building is designed in
the Moresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, the
chief materials externally being iron and glass, supported by
fine marble and brickwork. The building is 383 feet long,
193 feet wide and 72 feet high to the top of the lantern. The
main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 feet
by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet
long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around
this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a
gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this
principal room are four forcing-houses for the propagation of
young plants, each of them 100 feet by 30 feet, and covered
by curved roofs of iron and glass, which, appearing upon the
exterior of the building, present a very fine feature. A ves-
tibule 30 feet square separates the two forcing-houses on each
side, and there are similar vestibules at the centre of the east
33 Z

386 HORTICULTURAL HALL.

and west ends, on either side of which are apartments for
restaurants, reception-rooms, offices, etc. Ornamental stair-
ways lead from these vestibules to the internal galleries ot
the conservatory, as well as to four external galleries, each
100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount the roots ot
the forcing-houses. These external galleries are connected
with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on
the lower floor, giving a superficial area of about 17,000
square feet. The east and west entrances to the Horticultural
building are approached by flights of blue marble steps, from
terraces 80 feet by 20 feet, in the centre of each of which
stands an open kiosque 20 feet in diameter. Each entrance
is beautified by ornamental tile and marble work, and the
angles of the main conservatory are adorned with eight at-
tractive fountains. The corridors connecting the conservatory
with the surrounding apartments open fine vistas m every
direction, and the beauties of the surrounding Park, and the
river flowing in front and more than 100 feet beneath the
building, add to the attractions. Extensive heating arrange^-
ments are provided in the basement, which is of fireprool
construction, and the restaurant kitchens will also be located

Surrounding this building there are 35 acres of ground,
which will be devoted to horticultural purposes, and are
prepared for planting. In this plot there is an extensive
series of sunken gardens.

MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS.
Having thus noted the five principal buildings of the ex-
hibition proper, it will be convenient to return to the mam
entrance to the grounds and take up in order such of the
minor buildings as can be definitely described This mam
entrance is the interval between the Main and Machinery
buildings, and is approached by a covered bridge crossing
Elm avenue from the terminus of the Pennsylvania Bailroad
where visitors from every part of the Union will be landed
onlv a street's breadth from the exhibition.

:388 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS.

Executive oflRcers' building. Either side of the entrance is
a building containing some twenty-five rooms, which are de-
voted to the use of the executive ofiicers, those of the custom-
house, post-office, police, telegraph operators, etc. These
buildings are to be connected by a spacious veranda, so
that in passing between the neighboring buildings and the
d6p6t one need not at any time go from under cover.

Jury Pavilion. Facing the entrance, and on the boulevard
which runs at the back of the Main and Machinery buildings,
is the Jury Pavilion, an ornate two-story structure, which
contains, besides the numerous smaller chambers appropriated
to the deliberations of the international juries, a spacious
hall suitable for receptions and banquets, the meetings of
conventions and international congresses, and similar pur-
poses.

The Women's Exhibition building. Next in the rear of this
will be the building, an acre in size, which is to accommodate
the Women's Exhibition, a tasteful and commodious structure,
erected at a cost of $30,000 by the subscriptions of the women
of America.

United States government building. West of this, and on
the lower slope of George's Hill, will be another structure,
rivalling some of the exhibition buildings in size and interest.
This is to contain the collection, provided for by an executive
order of the President, of " such articles and materials as will,
when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the func-
tions and administrative faculties of the government in time
of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve
to demonstrate the nature of our institutions, and their adap-
tation to the wants of the people." The last Congress provided
for the expenses of this exhibition by an appropriation of
$505,000, and its preparation has been entrusted to officers
representing the War, Treasury, Navy, Interior, Post-Office,
and Agricultural Departments, and the Smithsonian Institute.
State buildings. In addition to these exhibition buildings,
special structures have been put up by Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and other States.

390 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC.

Restaurants, Refreshments. There are also six large res-
taurants within the enclosure, besides from two to four
buffets in each of the Exhibition buildings, and eight or ten
outdoor pavilions for the sale of aerated waters.

Special trade buildings. The photographers, carriage-
builders and a number of other associations and individual
exhibitors will find accommodations in buildings for their
peculiar use.

Foreign government buildings. Many foreign nations erect
special buildings for their own use. Arrangements to this
effect have been completed by England, Japan, Germany,
Sweden, Turkey and Morocco, and other countries.

Sawyer's Observatory. Upon the highest ground in the
Park at Belmont, a short distance north of Agricultural Hall,
there has been erected an observatory 150 feet in height.
This overlooks all the buildings, and affords a fine view of
the Exhibition grounds, the city and its environs. This
structure is an ornamental column of iron, and visitors are
taken to the top on an elevator car.

The Grounds. — Water Drainage. The plan of the grounds
embraces seven miles of roads and foot-walks, all of them of
substantial character, quite a number of bridges, summer-
houses, etc. An ample water-supply is provided. There is a
complete system of mains and drains, and the Exhibition, in
addition to being able to draw from the George's Hill city
reservoir, which is just outside the enclosure and has
40,000,000 gallons capacity, has an independent source of
supply on the Schuylkill River, pumping-engines being
placed there especially for the Exhibition which have a
daily capacity of 6,000,000 gallons.

MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC.

The World's Ticket and Inquiry Office stands on the
triangular piece of ground immediately in front of the
lake and adjoining the main entrance to Machinery Hall,
in the Exhibition Grounds.

The building is quite handsome in its outward appearance,
while its interior combines a large central room, sixty feet
in diameter, used for the purpose of issuing Tourist Tickets,
the sale of Guide-books and for the display of oli^e-wood
ornaments from Palestine.

The concession for the erection of this building has been
granted by the Centennial Commission to Messrs. Cook, Son,
& Jenkins, the world-renowned Tourist and Excursion Man-
agers, who have also received from the Duke of Eichmond,
Lord-President of the Council, the appointment as General
Passenger Agents to the British section of the International
Exhibition; and in pursuance of this appointment this
building has been erected.

To our European readers, Messrs. Cook, Son, & Jenkins
need no introduction, as the system established by their
senior so many years ago, known as " Cook's Tours," is as
familiar as household words. And we only need say to our
reader from abroad that the system of Tours and Excursions
which this firm have arranged, in the United States and
Canada, is almost as extensive as those they show in their
European connection.

For the benefit of our American readers we desire to say,
that this firm are the originators of the present system of
Tours and Excursions in operation in the world ; and for a
period of nearly forty years they have been teaching the
people of the world how to travel cheaply, pleasantly and
without trouble. They issue their own tickets over all the
principal railways and steamboats through the civilized
world ; and the number of passengers who have traveled by
means of the facilities prepared by this firm now number
millions.

390*

MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC.

They have had an official connection with really all the
great Expositions the world has seen, commencing with
London, in 1851, to which Exhibition, by their own eflforts,
they brought over forty thousand visitors. The last connec-
tion held of the kind was at Vienna, in 1873, where their
Tourist Pavilion was one of the "comforts" to the old as
well as the new traveler.

The present building contains two hundred and fifty feet
in length of ticket cases ; and here are congregated together
such an array of railway and steamboat traveling tickets as
the world never before saw in one collection.

Besides all the Local, Through, Coupon and Excursion
Tickets of the Pennsylvania Central, the Philadelphia, Wil-
mington and Baltimore, the Beading and the North Penn-
sylvania Eailroads, there can be found the Tourist Ticket
issued by the firm over all the leading lines of railway m the
United States and Canada, as well as for Ireland, Scotland,
England, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium,
Germany, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Palestine, Italy,
Algiers, Sicily, France, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, &c., as
well as for tours round the world : here the tourist or pleasure
seeker can get information and tickets to any point, no
matter whether in Europe or in America, for a journey of a
few miles or for thousands. The offices are supplied by
clerks brought from every part of the world, who are able to
give information in any language likely to be spoken at
Philadelphia.

Centennial E

COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET OFFICES L

rllBlTION. d876,

liLROaSHTS -.sc-//y

TENXIAL GROUNDS, PHILADELPHIA.

CHAPTER XXXI.

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

{See index for further reference to places spoken of.)

WHEN a traveller finds himself for the first time in a
strange city with time to spare and disposition to make
the most of it, the question naturally rises in his own mind,
Where shall I go in order to spend my leisure-hours with the
best advantage? Those who come in the Centennial year
wdll, of course, turn their attention in the first place to the
exhibition, and they will devote some time to the beauties of
Fairmount Park. After that, if they have one, two, three or
more days to spare, they may desire to know how the time can
be spent to the best advantage. After all, this must be a matter
of taste, only to be settled by individual preferences. Some
may desire to make their investigations almost entirely in a
certain direction, others will take an opposite course, and
yet others will endeavor to make proper selections so as to
save time. This publication gives full information upon
almost every subject connected with municipal affairs, and
upon institutions of every kind, so that all tastes may be
suited. We suggest in this place objects of attraction which
will be worthy the attention of strangers, and wdth which
they may make themselves acquainted in the course of a few
days.

FIRST DAY.
The stranger may be placed at the intersection of Broad
and Market streets, in front of the Municipal Buildings, say
about nine o'clock of a fine morning. South of him he will
see the north end of the United States Mint. By walking
down a square to Chestnut street he will find the entrance to
that building, which will afford him instruction and interest

391

392 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

by an inspection of the interior, and will take up, say, an hour
of time. Leaving that building, he may return to Broad street.
Passing upon the western side the Third National Bank, at the
corner of Market street, if he looks west he will see the large
freight dep6ts of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company, at Fif-
teenth street, and the buildings, depot and offices of Adams
Express Company, at Sixteenth street. A few feet farther on-
ward on his course northward will bring him to the corner of
Filbert street, where he will observe the School of Design for
Women, an institution of merit and usefulness. An hour may
be spent there. Proceeding down Filbert street, the grand
Masonic Temple fronts him at the north-east corner of
Broad street. Eeference by means of the index to the ac-
count of that building will inform him when and how he can
obtain admission. An hour may be spent here. Leaving
the temple and proceeding on, as he turns his face northward
he will observe on his right hand, nearly adjoining the temple,
the beautiful white marble building of the Arch Street M. E.
church, whilst opposite, at the respective corners of Arch
street, are in strong contrast the greenstone and brownstone
churches of the Holy Communion (Lutheran) and First Bap-
tist. A little farther up, on the left hand, will be found the
Academy of Fine Arts, with its splendid collection of pic-
tures, statuary, etc. Hours may be spent here with pleasure
and advantage ; but if we allow our stranger two hours to
look through the collection in a hurried manner, we shall be
able to conduct him back to Broad and Market streets, and dis-
miss him to seek his hotel, which he may reach by railroad car
or otherwise as suits him best. It is now two o'clock. An hour
will be allowed him to dine, and at three o'clock precisely
he starts again from Broad and Market, with an afternoon
before him of three or four hours of daylight if the time
should be summer. Where will he go ? Shall it be to the
Academy of Natural Sciences or the Zoological Gardens?
He may have his choice and take up the whole of the after-
noon at either, but we cannot expect to crowd the sight-seeing
of both in the same afternoon. Suppose we visit the Acad-

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 393

emy of Natural Sciences. The distance is not great, and we
will walk. We will go by way of Chestnut street. As we
go down Broad we pass the Tabernacle Presbyterian church,
which adjoins the Mint. From Broad and Chestnut we
observe south of us, on our right hand, the lofty front of the
La Pierre House, next to it, quite as high, the old Academy
of Natural Sciences, and on the south-west corner of Sansom
street the stately and comfortable Union League house. Far-
ther down, not more than two squares, are the Academy of
Music and Horticultural Hall adjoining, whilst Beth Eden
church looms up in solemn contrast at the corner. On the
left hand we have not so many objects of interest. The
brownstone front of Chambers' Presbyterian church, at San-
som street, is nearest, but below upon that side is no building
of a public character until the towers of the First Reformed
Presbyterian church stand out in prominence below Spruce
street. Farther down the stranger whose sight is good may
notice the front of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Pine
street and several handsome mansions beyond, and a United
Presbyterian church at Lombard street, and on the left hand
St. Theresa's Poman Catholic church at Christian street, the
solid walls of the Rush Library immediately below, whilst
the semi-circular cornice on the front of the Baltimore depot
closes up the view. We will now go out Chestnut street. On
our left hand we soon come to the massive buildings of the
Baptist Publication Society, beyond which, yet more lofty and
imposing, is the Hall of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion. Oj)posite this, on Fifteenth street, and extending along
Chestnut street, is the lofty Colonnade Hotel, A little far-
ther on is the Reform Club-House. On the right hand, at the
corner of Fifteenth street, the church of the Epiphany will
arrest attention, and on the same side, at Eighteenth street,
is the hall of the Philadelphia Institute, and just beyond
the Tabernacle Baptist church, with its tall brown steeple
and clock. Beyond is a succession of mansions of marble,
brownstone and brick, some of them particularly large and
costly. The eye may discern the tower of the Rink, at the

394 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

north-west corner of Twenty-third and Chestnut streets,
whilst beyond is the rise of the elegant bridge which here
crosses the Schuylkill. Our route is now north. We shall
go by way of Eighteenth by preference. At the corner of Mar-
ket street we will halt two or three minutes and look westward.
From this point to the Schuylkill is a series of shops, ware-
houses and manufactories, finished up with the gasometers and
buildings of the Gas-Works at the river. We will now go on.
On our left, at Filbert street, is the Fourth Presbyterian Re-
formed church. At Arch street is the elegant building of the
West Arch Street Presbyterian church. At Race street we turn
west. Looking up Eighteenth street, we observe the seminary
buildings at the corner of Race street, the grand front of the
Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, and the
archbishop's palace, immediately north of it. The fine enclo-
sure on our right hand is Logan square. On our left, as we
go toward the Schuylkill, is Wills Hospital for the Blind.
At Nineteenth street is the new building of the Academy of
Natural Sciences. Here we pay a small admission fee and
enter, and we may be sure the rest of the afternoon will be
well spent in reviewing the immense collection of curiosities
which the society possesses.

The evening we may devote, if we choose, to lecture-rooms,
to concerts, the opera or the theatre, as the case may be,
or attend some public meeting of a religious or moral cha-
racter.

Perhaps we decide to spend the afternoon at the Zoological
Gardens rather than in the Academy of Natural Sciences. In
that case we must take the cars. We will simply walk from
our station at Broad and Market up the street to Arch street,
and taking a western-bound car go over a route which offers no
subject for particular remark until we reach the east end of the
Callowhill street or Spring Garden street bridge, at the old en-
trance to Fairmount Water- Works. The car stops here, but
the conductor gives us a pass, armed with which we mount the
terraces adjoining until we reach the upper floor of the bridge.
A Race street car toiling up the embankment receives us, and

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 395

we pass over the top of the bridge. The view here is inter-
esting from either side. North of us is the Schuylkill, with
the water tumbling over the dam. Eight and left of us on
the banks is Fairmount Park. The old Water- Works are on
our right, the boat-houses and the heights of Lemon Hill
beyond. On the left are the locks and office of the Schuylkill
Navigation Company, and beyond that we may perceive the
river shore immediately in front of our destination, the Zo-
ological Gardens. Looking southward, we have something
like a panoramic view of the old city and of West Philadel-
phia. On the right are the immense derricks and machinery
of the dep6t of the Eeading Eailroad, Iron and Coal Com-
pany. Adjoining are the abattoir and stock-yards, and farther
on is the great grain warehouse of the Pennsylvania Eailroad
Company. On the left hand there are wharves and docks, and
the Gas- Works beyond. The river is crowded with canal-
boats, and there are signs of great activity. But the car car-
ries us away from these scenes. We proceed along Spring
Garden street. The sidewalks are shaded with large trees.
The houses stand back from the street, and are surrounded
with flowers and shrubbery. At the intersection of the road
leading to the Zoological Gardens the driver informs us of
the fact. He gives us a pass. The little car conveys us past
the old standpipe of the West Philadelphia Water- Works.
We soon reach the gardens, and once within the enclosure can
take our time in studying the wonders of animated nature.
We may return the way we came, except that we will go down
Haverford street, cross the lower floor of the bridge, and leave
the car at the east end of that structure. The conductor will
give us a pass for the Arch street car, standing near by. Our
route will be by way of Piddle, St. Francis's Eoman Catholic
church, on the right hand, to Spring Garden street, and thence
east. We find this to be the widest street in the city, exceed-
ing the width of Broad street by seven feet. On the right
hand, at Twenty-second street, we pass the Fairmount Market;
at Twentieth street, on the left hand, is the brownstone Spring
Garden Street Methodist Episcopal church. Farther east, on

396 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

the left hand, is the Fifth Baptist brownstone church, with its
peculiar steeple. The greenstone walls of the Girls' Normal
School are immediately beyond; and looking down Spring
Garden street, the high walls of the Spring Garden Institute,
at Broad street, are in front of us. The car turns and goes
down Twentieth street. We pass, on our right, the Logan
Square Presbyterian church at Vine street, and the Protestant
Episcopal church of St. Clement's at Cherry street, thence to
Arch street and Broad, where we are near our starting-point.
There are other routes from the Garden. Passing out of the
north entrance, the steamboat wharf is near, and we may take
a short trip down the river and land at Old Fairmount. Here
we will walk over, passing the Lincoln Monument, and take
the Fairmount avenue car, purchasing an exchange ticket for
this particular trip. We will observe at Twenty-second street,
on our left hand, the frowning portals of the Penitentiary.
On Twenty-second below Fairmount avenue is the church and
school of Olivet Presbyterian congregation. At Green street
we turn. Our route is past fine dwelling-houses ; on our left is
Alexander Presbyterian church at Nineteenth street, and Cen-
tral at Eighteenth street ; Christ Eeformed church is on our
right at Fifteenth street. In front of us, when we reach Broad
street, are the synagogue Eodef Shalom, the towering walls
and spire of the Broad Street Presbyterian church, south of it
the building of the Boys' High School, and next to it the New
Jerusalem church. At Thirteenth street we change cars.
The remainder of the route is not very interesting. On our
right hand, at Callowhill street, is the Beading Railroad d^pot:
below Vine street is Nazareth Methodist Episcopal church ;
at the corner of Arch street is St. George's Hall. At Market
street we leave and walk to Broad street, our starting-point,
passing on the left hand the old railroad d6p6t, lately conse-
crated to the evangelizing labors of Moody and Sankey.

We may take another route. Passing out of the northern
entrance-lodge of the " Zoo," we cross the magnificent Girard
avenue bridge, thence through the Park to the cars, which are
at the avenue entrance, a short distance from us. We buy an

SIX BAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 397

exchange ticket. We rapidly approach the enclosure of Girard
College, which is half a mile in breadth. We make a little detour
to avoid it ; and when we come upon South College avenue,
the buildings and grounds are on our left hand. At Twenty-
fourth street is the Foster Home, and immediately opposite,
on the same street, the high and forbidding walls which enclose
the House of Refuge. The mound which rises south of us is
the Corinthian avenue reservoir. At Corinthian avenue we
pass the German Hospital, on our right. At the corner of
Eighteenth street, on our left, is St. Matthew's Protestant Epis-
copal church, with its fine Sunday-school building. On the
right, extending from Sixteenth to Seventeenth street, is
St. Joseph's Roman Catholic hospital. Opposite is Green
Hill Presbyterian church, with its handsome spire. On the
left, at Seventeenth street, is the new stone Friends' meeting-
house. As we cross Broad street, looking northward we see
the gables of the Memorial Baptist church and the tower and
spires of the Incarnation Protestant Episcopal and Oxford
Presbyterian churches. Immediately in front of us, upon a
railed enclosure in the middle of the street, is the Soldiers'
Monument, erected by the artillery corps Washington Grays
to the memory of their comrades killed during the Rebellion.
At Thirteenth street we change cars and proceed southward,
passing below Green street the buildings on Tliirteenth street
described in the preceding paragraph.

SECOND DAY.
We will now devote some of our spare hours to objects of
historical interest. Starting from Broad and Market streets
at nine o'clock, we will walk to Chestnut street and pass
down that popular avenue, which, notwithstanding its nar-
rowness and thronged condition, maintains its supremacy as
the street for fashionable promenade. We find it to be in the
western part built up with shops and stores, in which the
most expensive goods are sold by retail. Here the fashion-
able lady resorts for her laces, gloves, jewelry, dry goods and
toilet articles. Almost everything which taste, refinement and
34

398 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

wealth covet can be bought on this street. We pass the Mint,
which we visited yesterday. The Presbyterian Publication
House is immediately opposite. Concert Hall and the Chestnut
Street Theatre are on our left, between Twelfth and Thirteenth,
the Sunday-school Union on the right, between Eleventh and
Twelfth. Between Tenth and Eleventh streets is St. Stephen's
Hotel. At the corner of Tenth street on our left looms up
the magnificent edifice of the New York Mutual Life Insur-
ance Company. On our left, at Ninth street, is the high fence
enclosing the ground upon which the new post-ofllce is to be
built. Immediately beyond we enter a deep valley on each
side of which tower the mountainous walls of the Continental
Hotel and the Girard House. On our left, below Eighth street,
is the old Masonic Hall ; Guy's Hotel is on the same side, at
Seventh street ; the Ledger building on the right hand, at
Sixth street. Here we are near Independence Hall. We
pass the old court-house building and ofiices ; and stopping to
admire the elegant marble statue of Washington by Bailey,
we enter the broad doorway. The apartment at our left is
Independence Hall, on the right the National Museum. The
" Liberty Bell " is in the hall of the tower. Here we may
remain for a couple of hours, and finish ofi' by climbing to the
top of the steeple and taking a view of the billows of roofs
which rise and fall on every side of us. Tickets to enter the
steeple are furnished by the superintendent of the hall at his
desk. Having performed this duty, we may take a look at
the State-House yard, which was once better shaded and more
beautiful than it is now. It has fallen a victim to a tasteless
and expensive spirit of alteration. We will go out into Chest-
nut street. Our route is toward the Delaware Eiver. The
American Hotel is immediately opposite as we descend the
State-House steps. On our left, at Fifth street, we note a
range of very elegant structures extending to Fourth street.
In fact, this square contains the handsomest collection of
noble buildings to be found in the city. They include the
grand edifice occupied by the People's Bank, the building of
the Pennsvlvania Life and Trust Company, the Farmers' and

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 399

Mechanics' Bank, of white marble, adjoining, Pennsylvania
Bank, of solid granite, and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe
Deposit Company. A few steps on our right hand bring us
to the Post-Office, and beyond the grand front of the Custom-
house opens to sight. Still farther on is the double building
of marble occupied partially by the Commonwealth and the
Western Banks. At Fourth street, looking south, we may
perceive on our right hand the ponderous building of the
Provident Life and Trust Company, on the left the Central
National Bank, and below the lofty brownstone office building
of the Reading Railroad, and the equally splendid edifice of the
Pennsylvania Railroad adjoining. "We have a little farther to
go on Chestnut street. On our left hand is the chaste marble
front of the Fidelity Trust Company building. On our right we
stop at the corner of a small court from which rises a remark-
ably curious-looking structure. It is the Moorish building of
the Guarantee Trust Company. We are not going to pass it.
In fact, we are going down this small court and will enter the
plain-looking brick building which stands beyond and seems
as if it might be devoted to some very quiet purpose, its front
and cupola being so old-fashioned. We need not hesitate,
however. Greater and more patriotic persons than we are
have walked up and down this court. This is Carpenters'
Hall, and here, one fine morning in the autumn of 1774;
assembled the delegates representing the American colonies
to consult upon measures of mutual action and defence which
might be necessary. The hall is restored, as nearly as can be.
to its ancient appearance. There are interesting relics on the
walls, and a handsomely fitted up library in the second story.
We may look at these things with interest, and consider how
much our country owes to the men who once assembled here,
and after having gratified our historical memories and endeav-
oring to people the place with the Adamses, Lees, Randolph,
Dickinson, Washington and Henry of the past, we wall pro-
ceed. Going down Chestnut street, on the left hand, nearly
opposite Carpenters' court, is the elegant granite building of
the F^rst National Bank. The brownstone front of the Bank

400 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

of North America is seen farther on on the same side. On
the right we pass the Commercial Bank, the Union Banking
building, and reach Third street. We may stop and look up
and down. It is the great financial mart, in which bankers,
brokers and speculators are busy. North of us, on the east side,
we may perceive the granite front of the Manufacturers' Bank,
above Market street, and the sandstone round-cornered build-
ing of the Union National Bank, at Arch street. On the west
side, between Market and Chestnut, is the Mechanics' Na-
tional Bank. Looking south, on the east side, we note the
front of the Tradesmen's Bank and the western front of the
Exchange, at Third and Walnut streets. On the west side
are newspaper offices. The fine portico of the Girard Na-
tional Bank attracts us, and below Walnut street we may see
the lofty front of the Lehigh Valley Eailroad Company
building. Let us proceed. This tremendous granite build-
ing on the right hand was erected by the late Dr. David
Jayne for business purposes. It is considerably over one
hundred feet high, and is the tallest building in the city.
Wholesale stores occupy this part of the street. At Second
street is the Corn Exchange Bank. We intend to go a little
farther. We shall not go so far as Front street. This nar-
row street which we are now treading, going in a northward
direction, is called Letitia street. We cross a small intersect-
ing alley, and on our left hand, near Market street, at the
intersection of another court or alley, which runs toward Sec-
ond street, we find the house for which we are looking. It is
William Penn's house, finished in 1682-3, the first brick dwell-
ing built in the city and the oldest building standing in Penn-
sylvania. It was our State-house for many years, for here the
governors and colonial councils met frequently. The secretary
of the governor, James Logan, had his office here for a long
time. We may enter, if we choose, if thirsty and not teetotal
in our determination ; for this is a place where they sell beer.
It seems to be a base transformation, but the present owner of
the house probably does not^hink so. The stranger should
understand that the William Penn House is at the cornier of

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 401

the court, and is not the William Penn Hotel, next door.
We leave this ancient relic and go to Market street. A few
steps farther toward the river brings us to another object of
curiosity. It is the Old London Coffee-house, at the south-
west corner of Front street. The gables upon the two streets
present, in contrast to our present style of building, a quaint
and picturesque appearance. It is now dinner-time, and we
may return to our hotel. The station of the Market street
and of the Union passenger railway cars is immediately
before us. To reach our starting-place we have only to get
into one of the former. We find Market street devoted
entirely to business. Stores! stores! stores! Wholesale
principally, some retail. The Seventh National Bank is at
the corner of Fourth street. The Bingham House at the
south-east corner of Eleventh street. On our right, near
Twelfth street, is the magnificent Farmers' Market. There
was only one building entirely used as a dwelling-house be-
tween the Delaware and Schuylkill on this street at the be-
ginning of 1874.

What shall we do after dinner ? We might go as far as the
Penn Monument and find that the game was not worth the
candle. We might visit the battle-ground at Germantown
or at Red Bank, but these are trips which should be made in the
morning. As we are given to antiquities to-day, we will visit
the Pennsylvania Hospital, Christ church and Swedes' church.
From Broad and Market streets we will take the object most
north-east ; and as we have travelled along Market street so
recently, let us take the cars at Broad and Arch streets. St.
George's Hall we passed yesterday. On the left hand, near
Tenth street, is Simmons & Slocum's Opera-house, and im-
mediately opposite is the Arch Street Presbyterian church,
with its fine wooden steeple. Keeping on, we pass, on the
left, at Ninth street. Wood's Museum, St. Cloud Hotel, near
Seventh street. Arch Street Theatre, near Sixth, Free Qua-
kers' meeting-house, now Apprentices' Library, on the right,
at the corner of Fifth street. Here is Christ church burial-
ground. The section of the brick wall which has been removed
34 * ? A

402 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

and replaced by an iron railing is immediately in front of
the tomb of Benjamin Franklin and bis wife, wbieb adjoins
the wall. We can see it plainly and read the lettering as we
stand there. Farther, on the right hand, between Third and
Fourth streets, is the Quakers' meeting-house, and opposite
is the St. Elmo Hotel. We reach Second street, turn south,
and here we are at the noble old-fashioned building of Christ
church. We will find the gateway open on Second street.
There are afternoon services throughout the week. We can
see the interior, and thence pass out into the crypt, where the
tombs of Bishop White, Eobert Morris and Thomas Willing
are. We may even go into the tower and look at the curiosi-
ties there.

Out again into the streets. Our judicious course is to get
into a Second street car, one which goes over the south route.
This is the street of retail shops. They are set side by side,
and stretch for miles. It is wonderful, with so much to sell,
that there could be found enough people to buy, and yet these
shops are kept open year after year. The proprietors carry on
business, obtain reputation for wealth and retire, and others
take their places. On the left, before we reach Walnut street,
is the solid brick edifice of the Commercial Exchange, and op-
posite, yet more solid, is the United States appraisers' building.
At Pine street we find that the street divides and runs upon
each side of a market. A brick building with an archway run-
ning entirely through the first story in the middle of the street,
with pediment, cupola and bell, is a landmark, and can be
seen from a great distance. It was considered a great im-
provement when built, and was called New Market Hall.
On the right, below South street, is the Southwark bank.
On the left, north of Catharine street, the Third Baptist
church stands back from the thoroughfare. Near Christian
street is the old Southwark Commissioners' Hall, venerable
for past uses. At Christian street we will alight and walk
toward the river, pass Front street and reach Swanson street.
We turn south and arrive at Swedes' church ; and it seems
to the stranger that this venerable building is in the wrong

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 403

place. It is surrounded by the bustle and excitement of com-
mercial traffic. North of it but a few squares the Franklin
sugar refinery rises far above other buildings. Immediately
opposite is the freight-yard of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company. A little below are the docks of the American
Steamship Company and the great grain elevator. Only a short
time since the ship-houses of the Navy Yard closed up the
view, but they have been removed. There is noise and excite-
ment everywhere, except in this quiet little graveyard, in
which sleep the relics of the people who inhabited these
shores two hundred years ago, even before Penn came. There
are old tombstones here dating early in the last century. The
church itself is interesting. The contrast between the quiet
within and the hum of busy life without is remarkable. We
leave the premises. We shall walk down to the Navy Yard
gate, on Front street, where we enter the cars of the Union
passenger railway company. Our route is by way of Whar-
ton street west to Ninth . There is nothing of much interest
on the road until we reach Ninth and Pine streets, where we
alight ; for this is the hospital ground. We walk to Eighth
street, and up the latter to the entrance gate. The building
itself will occupy two or three hours of our time. When we
are ready to leave, it is night. Back to our hotel or to our
starting-place as we choose ; the ways are many.

THIRD DAY.
We shall devote this opportunity to prisons and reforma-
tory institutions. Our first point is the House of Correction.
Our easiest course from Broad and Market streets is to take
the car to the New York d6p5t, west of the Schuylkill River.
We buy our ticket for Holmesburg. Under the swift guidance
of steam, we pass rapidly out of the intricacy of tracks which
interlace at the depot. Into the Park, over the connecting rail-
road bridge, with cheerful views of the Schuylkill, and across
the country. We pass on our right Glenwood and Odd Fel-
lows' cemeteries; on our left, at Second street, the New
Cathedral Cemetery is not far off. We wind around the lower

404 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

part of Frankford, and ran east of it until we arrive at the
Holmesburg station, from which we walk a quarter mile, until
we reach the great pile of buildings near the river. Two or
three hours may be spent with advantage at this place. Back
again to the railroad station. The train carries us this time
to the Kensington d6p5t, instead of that in West Philadel-
phia. As we near the city we cross at intersection the Bead-
ing Eailroad, and east of us we may see the masts of the ves-
sels lying at the great coal-wharves at Port Richmond. ^ At
the Kensington depot we take the cars of the Fifth and Sixth
streets passenger railway company. They carry us on Berks
street to Sixth, past the North Pennsylvania Railroad depot,
and then south. Upon Sixth street, on our left hand near
Brown, is the solid-looking building of the Reformed Hebrew
organization (Keneseth Israel). On the right hand, at Fair-
mount avenue, is the Wyoming school-house, and below, near
Green street, the Saracenic front of the North Presbyterian
church attracts observation. At Spring Garden street is the
solid granite building of the Northern Safe Deposit Company.
At Noble street a substantial Quaker meeting-house gravely
stands on our right. At Vine street, on the right hand, is the
Penn National Bank. The next block is occupied by Frank-
lin square. Odd Fellows' Hall is on the right, a square below.
Between Market and Arch the City Bank's brownstone front
must be looked at. Below Chestnut street, we pass Independ-
ence square on the left, and reach Washington square on the
right. Holy Trinity Roman Catholic church is on the right at
the corner of Spruce street. Thence the route is through a
dreary district, penetrating a section where poverty and vice
huddle together. We get out of the car at Reed street, walk
four squares west, and reach the front entrance of the county
prison. From two to three hours may be spent here with ad-
vantage. It is now dinner-time. Home by the cars, Tenth
and Eleventh streets line, which we find at the corner of the
prison. Our course does not take us in front of any building
of consequence between the prison and Chestnut street. North
of the latter, on the right hand, are Eleventh Street Opera-

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 405

house and the Bingham House. At Market street, if we need,
we can go west to Broad street. If not, company will dismiss
until after dinner.

The penitentiary is the object of our afternoon visit. To
reach it we walk to Fifteenth and Market streets, buy an ex-
change ticket and take our seats in a car going northward.
We soon enter a region of great factories, machine-shops and
forges, which lies between Callowhill and Spring Garden
streets. At Fairmount avenue we change cars and go west.
There is no building of importance along our route until we
reach the penitentiary, the gloomy portcullis of which seems
to fall behind us as we enter, and whi^h reminds us of the in
scription made famous by Dante :

"Abandon hope, all ye who enter here."

We leave these gloomy scenes. As we are in the neighbor-
hood, we walk to Twenty-third and Brown streets, where the
Northern Home for Friendless Children is worthy of our at-
tention, and where we can see what good, charity can bestow
in education and training, upon helpless youth. The Girard
College is so near that we may as well avail ourselves of the
opportunity of a visit; or if we so choose, we may contrast
what we saw yesterday in the oldest hospital in the country
— the Pennsylvania — with the German, among the newest.
We have a ticket of admission to the college ; and as we do
not look like clergymen, there will be no difficulty about our
entrance. Our return route is by Seventeenth street, which
we can reach by walking or by car. There is little of interest
on this route after we leave Girard avenue. Germania Hall
and Market, at Seventeenth and Poplar streets, is on our left.
The church of Atonement, corner of Summer street, below
Vine, on our left, the Second Presbyterian Reformed, below
Race street, on our right, and opposite, the high brick wall
which shuts out everything is Friends' burying-ground, a
peaceful enclosure in which the grass grows green and no
tombstone suggests that what was once human is mouldering
beneath. On the right, at the corner of Filbert street, is the

406 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

First Presbyterian Eeformed church, and near by, on the other
side of Filbert street, is the Protestant Episcopal church of
the Covenant. At Jones street the Western Market comes
out to Seventeenth street. It is a small distance to Broad
street, and there we close the interest of the day.

FOURTH DAY.
As yet we have paid no attention to the cemeteries of the
city. We have no time to visit all of them. Laurel Hill will
occupy our morning and Woodlands our afternoon to-day.
Our route is by the Eidge avenue cars. We can reach them
by way of Fifteenth strco., to which we walk from our starting-
place at Broad and Market. Here, on entering the car, we
purchase an exchange ticket. Fifteenth street strikes Eidge
avenue at Brown street. As we change cars and look down
the avenue we will observe the fine large Lincoln Market
building at the corner of Fairmount avenue, and before us,
toward the east, the sombre front of the Broad Street Bap-
tist church, with its neat spire. Eidge avenue is one of the
few "catercornered" streets which we have in Philadelphia.
It commences at Ninth and Vine streets, runs north-west all
the way, and crosses, before it passes Laurel Hill, all the streets
as far as Thirty-fifth street. It also passes twenty-three prin-
cipal streets running east and west. It is a short cut running
across the north-western part of the city, and is thronged in
consequence. It is a street of shops, which stretch along it
with scarcely an interruption from Vine street to Columbia
avenue, and are ready to march out to Manayunk with little
delay. There are no public buildings of any great extent
upon this street, but we notice some at the intersecting streets.
On our left hand, below Girard avenue, we pass the new
Eidge Avenue Market and Hotel. On the same side shortly
afterward we notice the high stone wall of Girard College,
along which we pass for a quarter of a mile. At North
College avenue, if we look toward the Schuylkill, we will see
the handsome buildings of the Woman's Medical College and
Woman's Hospital. Above Columbia avenue, on our right, is

SIX DAYS IN PHIT.ADELPHIA. 407

the Penn TownsMp Odd Fellows' Hall. At Islington lane,
on the right, we reach Glenwood Cemetery, the Odd Fellows'
and Mechanics' Cemeteries adjoining on the east. Shortly
after passing this enclosure the East Park comes in sight ; the
reservoir looms up immediately in front. At Thirty-second
street we reach the dep6t of tlie railway company, and here
our passage-right on the original fare ends. If we wish to go
farther, we must pay another fare. This is a matter of choice.
It is but a short walk of three or four squares to the south
entrance of Laurel Hill. Before we reach it we are at the
Park boundary. The mansion nearest is Woodford, in which
the Park superintendent resides. A little beyond, nearer the
Schuylkill, and shaded by magnificent old trees, is Strawberry
Mansion, one of the Park restaurants. This is the gate of
South Laurel Hill. Let us enter. We will be struck by the
elegance of the enclosure, the riches of flowers and shrubbery,
and will perhaps be lost in the wilderness of monumental
marble and granite which encompasses us. If we have time,
we may iaspect Mount Vernon Cemetery, opposite, Mount
Peace, adjoining, and the interesting building and grave-
yard of the church of St. James the Less. We may return
by the Schuylkill River steamboat, which we will reach by the
lane which divides Central from North Laurel Hill and leads
to the Schuylkill ; or re-entering the Park and passing Straw-
berry Mansion, lingering for a few moments on the brow of
the precipice, we may enjoy the view of the river north of
us, showing the railroad Falls bridge, the falls and the dis-
tant steeples and chimneys of Manayunk. Immediately op-
posite, on the west side of the river, the heights of Chamouni
rise before us, and the view down the stream, showing the Bel-
mont bridge, with glimpses of Memorial Hall, is charming.
The steamboat will take us through the water-way of the
Park, past Edgely and Rockland on our left hand, and Cham-
ouni, Ridgeland and Belmont on our right. Passing under
the railroad bridge, we notice on our right Belmont Water-
Works, and the Centennial Water- Works a short distance be-
low. We soon pass on the right the deep and romantic open-

408 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

ings of Belmont Valley, Lansdowne Glen and Sweet-Brier
Vale. The Centennial Buildings rise before us all along.
Shooting under the connecting railroad and Girard avenue
bridges, we pass the Zoological Gardens on our right; the Park
is on our left hand all the way. We reach and pass the boat-
houses; land, walk through the water-works buildings and
galleries, and at the entrance to the bridge take the Arch street
car, from which we land at Broad and Arch streets.

In the afternoon, walking south on Broad street to Walnut,
we wait for a car of that line which belongs to the Mount
Moriah and Darby branch. Our route is out Walnut street,
passing the mansions of the rich and fashionable, which are
of brick, granite, brownstone, sandstone and marble. On
our left hand, at Eighteenth street, extending to Nineteenth,
is Eittenhouse square. Two large and unique fountains are
near the entrances. At the south-west corner of Nineteenth
is the brownstone church of the Holy Trinity, P. E. The
large and heavy-looking brick building with high steps lead-
ing to the front entrance which we notice a short distance
south of the church is the Catholic academy of Notre Dame,
devoted to the education of young ladies. At Twentieth
street, looking south on the left side, we will observe the
Western, once known as the Brickmakers', M. E. Church,
and on the west side the Roman Catholic church of St.
Patrick. On our left hand, at the corner of Twenty-first
street, is the fine and costly Second Presbyterian church-
building. At Twenty-second street we turn north. St. James*
Protestant Episcopal church is now on our left hand, and the
House of the Good Shepherd on our right. At Chestnut
street we again turn west. We pass the Rink and cross the
handsome bridge. South of us is the South street bridge,
while the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge is in sight. The
wharves and the shipping, the steeples and towers in the dis-
tance, give interest to the view. On our left, at Thirty-first
street, is the dep6t of the West Chester and Philadelphia
Railroad Company ; and from this, if we choose, a walk of a
square north would bring us to the d6p6t of the Pennsyl-

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

409

vania Eailroad. But we are going onward. At Thirty-third
street we reach the Darby road, called here Woodland avenue.
The group of magnificent buildings on our left, which we are
approaching, are the University of Pennsylvania, the Medical
Department, west of the main building, and the University
Hospital, south of it. Farther off, on the left, an immense
pile of lofty buildings attracts our attention. It comprises
the Blockley almshouse establishment, in which the city
boards and lodges several thousand paupers and insane
persons. At Thirty-ninth street we reach the front en-
trance of Woodland Cemetery, and for some hours will
engage in contemplating the City of the Dead. To return
we walk to Chestnut street. We notice the elegance of the
mansions in this part of the city. North and west of this
are the finest portions of West Philadelphia. The buildings
are tasteful and elegant. The sidewalks are deeply shaded
with old trees. Every house has its garden-plot with flowers
and shrubbery. We walk up Thirty-ninth street, and reach
Chestnut. At Locust street, looking west, we observe the ele-
gant front of St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal church. At
Walnut street we see the Walnut Street Presbyterian church.
While we are waiting for a car we notice the tall steeple and
church front on the north side of Chestnut street about a
square west. It is the Berean Baptist church. On Thirty-
eighth street, north of Chestnut is the Protestant Episcopal
church of the Saviour. At Thirty-sixth street, on the right,
is the brownstone church, with tower and spire, of the West
Philadelphia Baptist congregation. At Thirty-third street we
again strike our former route, and proceed to Broad and Chest-
nut streets.

FIFTH DAY.
We owe something to our country. Patriotism demands
that we pay some attention to national establishments. The
Mint we have visited ; the Post-Office detains us but a few
moments ; we can walk through the Custom-House and the
sub-Treasury office, the portions open to the public, without

410 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

obstruction. The appraisers' office may be looked at if we are
so inclined. The arsenals, Naval Asylum and Hospital and
Navy Yard will give us occupation to-day. All these estab-
lishments, except the Navy Yard at League Island, may be
conveniently reached from our starting-point by railway cars ;
but to-day we shall take a little more ease. We will secure a
carriage and agree with the driver beforehand exactly what
we are to pay, or pay him, according to the provisions of the
city ordinance, by the hour. The Frankford arsenal lies north-
east of our starting-point. We shall proceed for several miles
through a thickly-built portion of the city, in which the build-
ings are substantial, but not elegant, and where the dwelling-
houses stand side by side in rows which seem endless, whilst
in other portions of the town we will find shops and factories
next door to stables and churches. Great industrial buildings
loom up in gloomy solidity. Immense dep5ts and shops, and
factories for every conceivable manufacture, wharves and yards
and business enclosures, are on all sides. Our driver may take
his own route, and we shall not attempt to describe it. Girard
avenue will be a judicious route, say from Broad street. We
will pass on our right, at Fifth street, St. Peter's Koman
Catholic church. At Front street our course is no longer east
and west, but tends to the north-east. We cross the Aramingo
Creek at Norris street, reach Eichmond, and still press to the
north-east, passing immense coal wharves, foundries, machines,
docks, etc., out to Bridesburg and the arsenal. Back again,
by way of Frankford and Kensington avenue, and to our hotel
to dinner.

In the afternoon our route will be south and south-west.
Perhaps it will be judicious to go immediately from Broad
iind Market streets, down Broad to League Island. There is
nothing of interest after we pass the Baltimore Railroad d6-
p5t. As citizens of a free and enlightened country the guard
at the Navy Yard will admit us, and we may examine the
great buildings and docks, and go aboard some of the mon-
itors which are moored in the Back Channel and gloomily rise
and fall with the tide.

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 411

Back again. Up Broad street to Federal, and out the latter
to Gray's Ferry road, and then north-east. These large build-
ings on the left enclosed by a high brick wall are the Schuyl-
kill Arsenal. We will be admitted and find it to be an im-
mense clothing dep6t, but we will be pleased with the museum
of uniforms and other curiosities in the establishment. Out
again, we cross the tracks of the Pennsylvania Eailroad, get a
nearer view of the bridge of that company, which crosses, the
Schuylkill just here. A little farther beyond, on the left, the
tall flagstaff rising in the centre of the ground, from which
float the stars and stripes, and the spacious buildings beyond,
assure us we have reached the United States Naval Asylum.
Here there are many matters of interest to be looked at. The
old pensioners are a quiet, respectable set of men. They are
pleased to meet strangers, and are communicative. Adjoin-
ing is the United States Naval Hospital. It is under capital
superintendence, and kept scrupulously clean. A half hour
or an hour may be spent here. And so out to the road, where
our carriage is waiting, and home again.

SIXTH DAY.
The morning we will devote to literature, and look into the
libraries. The nearest to our starting-place is the Mercan-
tile, on Tenth street above Chestnut, opposite St. Stephen's
church. We find the collection, which is the largest in the
city, conveniently arranged in a very spacious apartment, and
observe the comfort of the reading-room and other acces-
sories. To-day we walk; our area is somewhat circum-
scribed. Down Tenth street, passing on our right the build-
ing of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, the
Assembly Building and Jefferson College, near Walnut street,
Western Saving Fund, First Unitarian church, on the left at
Locust street, we reach Spruce street. Eastward, down Spruce
street. At the comer of Ninth street is a plain brick Quaker
meeting-house. Adjoining is the old Jewish cemetery. On
our right is the enclosure of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and
in the centre of the square is the building we are about to

412 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

enter. It is the hall of the Historical Society, and the most
interesting place to visit among all the libraries in the city,
because it not only possesses a great collection of books, but
there are also paintings, portraits, views of old buildings and
historical relics of various kinds, curious, and some of them
of great value on account of the antique associations con-
nected with them. There are some very important manu-
scripts ; and taken all together, the visit will be gratifying to the
stranger. We get through the examination. Along Spruce
street we pursue our way, passing Holy Trinity Eoman Cath-
olic church, at Sixth street, the Horace Binney school-house
east of Sixth street, and turn up Fifth street. A little beyond
the latter, on our right, is the Spruce Street Baptist church.
Going northward, we pass, near Locust street, between the
walls of St. Mary's Roman Catholic churchyard on one side
and of Free Quakers' burying-ground on the other. Beyond
Locust street, on our left, is the building in which the Survey
Department of the city has its offices, St. Thomas' African
Protestant Episcopal church and the City Solicitor's office.
Thus we are brought by regular approaches to the corner of
Walnut street. Proceeding northward, with Independence
Square on our left hand, we pass the quaint, old-fashioned
hall of the Philadelphia Dispensary, the handsome building
once occupied by the Mercantile Library, and crossing Library
street enter by high, old-fashioned steps the Philadelphia Li-
brary. There are many ancient books and manuscripts here,
the most valuable of which are displayed in a case near the
door. There are old paintings, engravings, busts, and such an
atmosphere of learning and literature permeates the hall and
lingers among the alcoves that one feels here might the true
scholar learn to live and die.

Nearly opposite, the American Philosophical Society has its
collection in the second story of a building. Here also are
old books, old pictures, and in the small museum old curiosi-
ties and plans of machinery. Among the latter is a model
for a propelling power made by John Fitch when he was
considering his steamboat schemes. As we are in no hurry,

SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 413

we will devote two or three hours to business and finance.
The finest banking buildings are within a stone's throw of
Fifth and Chestnut streets. We may enter such of them as
attract our fancy, and notice particularly the great height of
the ceilings, the elegant finish of the counters and desks, and
the arrangements which facilitate the discharge of business.
At Third and Dock streets we will enter the second floor of
the Merchants' Exchange by the entrance on the east, and as
soon as we do so will think ourselves in Bedlam. The Board
of Brokers is in session. Five, ten or twenty excited luna-
tics, according to appearance, are shouting to a man who
stands up in a sort of pulpit and screams back at them ; and
this is the way they buy and sell stocks. Out of it, along
the narrow alley which bounds the huge United States Ap-
praisers' building, and we come upon the Commercial Ex-
change. A friend introduces us; we find an immense hall,
upon the floor of which are numerous tables, and upon each
little heaps of wheat, rye, corn, etc., samples of what the
owners are ready to sell. Immense business transactions are
effected in this apartment without other ceremony than in-
spection of the samples and an agreement on the price.

We will leave the Exchange, go to Market street, look at
the docks and gaze at the shipping. We may take a steam-
boat to Camden, N. J., which we will find to be a large and
thrifty city. We obtain there a better view of the river front
of Philadelphia ; it is crescent-shaped. An island in the centre
of the stream cuts off" a portion of the view to the south-east
of us, but we see beyond and below ft. Windmill Island they
called ft more than a century ago, because a windmill was
upon ft. It properly has that name now, but sometimes is
called Smith's Island. Immediately opposfte Chestnut street
the ground is devoted to the purposes of a pleasure garden and
for baths. A small steamboat carries the passenger to and
fro. South of this is a canal, through which our steamboat
found its way in bringing us to Camden. The southern part
of the island is an immense coal dep5t, used by the Lehigh
Navigation Company. We observe the smoke of numerous

35*

414 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA.

foundries and factories, wharves bright with piles of lumber
and others gloomy with piles of coal. There are great ware-
houses looming over beyond, masts and cordage and sails and
fluttering flags; in front of us vessels are moored, steamboats
are crossing and recrossing or moving with great rapidity up
and down the stream. Large ships are under the tow of in-
significant looking tug-boats, which in comparison of size are
mere toys, and yet they drag along the great hulks easily.
Eow-boats are toiling in the stream. Unemployed tug-boats
are puffing and blowing, seemingly running about in search
of business. Everything is life, bustle and activity. In the
background, from among walls, roofs and dormer windows,
rise the great towers, steeples and chimneys of the city. It
is a splendid panorama, and one which the stranger unused
to the life of a commercial metropolis ought to see.

CHAPTEE XXXIIl.
S UPPLEMENTAR Y.

LARGE cities grow very fast. So much activity occurs in
public matters, in benevolence, commerce, trade, and in
every concern of life, that additions are constantly being made
to public buildings and associations. The following have
oeen originated since the foregoing pages were printed, and
ft>r the sake of completeness are necessary to be noticed.

COMMERCE.
Cotton compress. The Pennsylvania Warehousing Com-
pany (see page 146) has added to its means of accommodating
trade a very powerful compress or packing-machine available
for the compression of cotton, hay or other material usually
put up in bales. The building used for this purpose is sit-
uate on South Delaware avenue, convenient to the wharves.
The press is operated by hydraulic power, and is of immense

"orce.

FOOD SUPPLY.

The new abattoir and cattle stock-yards established under
iie control of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company are upon
The west side of the Schuylkill River, north of Market street.
The principal building is of brick, 200 feet long by 150 feet
wide; a hay and grain barn of brick, 40 by 100 feet; 48 cat-
tle sheds, each 24 by 200 feet ; two sheep-pens, each 350 by
130 feet; hog-pens, etc., the whole being contrived for the
easy delivery of cattle and for slaughtering them in large
quantities, all smell and annoyance being provided for by
scientific arrangement.

415 *

416 * SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC.

SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.

The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art

was chartered in March, 1876, for the purpose of establishing
a school of industrial art on the plan of the great South
Kensington Museum, London— an institution which has rev-
olutionized the art industries of Great Britain. It is hoped
that the Centennial Exhibition will afford many facilities for
the establishment of such an institution. The managers
have memorialized the Pennsylvania Legislature to use a
part or all of Memorial Hall for the purposes of the museum
after the Exhibition shall have been closed.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.

Alhambra, east side of Broad street, north of Spruce. A
theatre and garden for musical, dramatic and spectacular
performances, under the charge of Kiralfy Brothers. The
front on Broad street is two stories high, of zinc and iron, in
the Mauresque style, handsomely ornamented with horseshoe
arches, columns, etc., gilded and painted in bright colors.
At each end is a dome of iron and glass. The theatre stands
on the south side of the lot, and will seat 1000 persons. The
garden on the north is 150 feet square, and connects with the
theatre. There are fountains, grottoes, promenades, flower-
beds, carving, paintings and sculpture.

Colosseum, south-east corner Broad and Locust streets, ad-
joining the Alhambra. Specially constructed for the purpose
of displaying the cycloramic painting of " Paris by Night."
The building is cylindrical, 129 feet in diameter at the base.
Eoof at the top of the outer wall, 77 feet from the pavement;
rising in a sloping form until it meets a central tower 38 feet
wide, which rises from the interior to a height of 166 feet
from the ground. This tower, above the roof, is decorated
with balconies, from which the city may be seen. The pic-
ture is arranged on the interior walls. Spectators view it
from that portion of the tower which is within the building,
and the effect of the painting seems wonderfully real anu
attractive.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. * 417

Centennial Music-Hall, adjoining the Forrest mansion, at
south-west corner of Broad and Master streets. Front on
Broad street 100 feet, depth on Carlisle street 200 feet, of
brick, iron and stained glass. The interior will have 3 tiers
of private boxes and a stage 32 feet in width, saloons, etc.
The stage has been specially constructed for the use of Theo.
Thomas' orchestral concerts. The music-hall opens into the
garden north of it. There will be seating capacity in tlie
building for 2000 persons.

II^DEX.

Abbatoiti, 50, 395.
Academies, 174.

of P. E. Church, 173, 174.
Academv of Eine Arts, 191-195.
of Music, 257, 393.
of Natural Sciences, 185, 393.
Access to the Park, 368.
Adams, John, Vice-President, 34.

inaugurated, 35.
Agricultural Society, 190.
Aimwell School, 172.
Alexander Presby. Church, 276.
Almshouse, Blockley, 116.

Friends', 225.
Amateur's Drawing room, 259.
Ambler Trotting Park, 256.
American Baptist Pub. Society, 300.
fleet burned, 31.
, Hotel, 66, 398.
Insurance Company, 163, 164.
Mechanics' Hall, 241.
Protestant Asso. Hall, 242.
Steamship Line, 150.
Sunday-school Union, 300.
vessels lost and destroyed, 28.
Amusement, places of, 257.
Appraisers', U. S., Of&ce, 127, 410.
Annunciation R. C. Church, 296.
Apprentices' Library, 203, 401.
Aramingo Creek, 410.
Arch Street M. E. Church, 271.
Railway route, 81.
Theatre, 258, 401.
Area of the city, 43-46.
Armories, 243.

Arnold, Benedict, gov. of city, 33.
country-seat, 350.
mansion of, 332.
marries Miss Shippen, 33.
Arsenal, Frankford, 135, 410.
Schuylkill, 135, 410.

Art Association, Park, 1 97.

Academy, 191.

Gallery, Park, 346.

galleries, private, 196.
Assembly Buildings, 260, 411.
Assistance Societies, 235.
Assumption R. C. Church, 296.
Asylums for children, 221.

Little Sisters of the Poor, 227.

for the Unfortunate, 228.
Atheneeum, 203.
Atlantic City, 93.
Atonement P. E. Church, 405.
Augusta, Brit, frigate, blown up, 29.

Baggage system, 87.
Bainbridge Street Market, 74.
Bank, America, 159.

Central, 156.

City, 156, 404.

Commerce, 156.

Commercial, 155, 400.

Commonwealth, 156, 399.

Consolidation, 156.

Corn Exchange, 157, 400.

Eighth National, 158.

Farmers' and Mechanics', 154.

First National, 158.

Germantown, 157.

Kensington, 155.

Keystone, 157.

Manayunk, 159.

Manufacturers', 156, 400.

Mechanics', 154, 400.

Merchants' Exchange, 159.

North America, 153, 399.

Northern Liberties, 154.

Penn, 155, 399.

People's, 158, 398.

Philadelphia, 154.

Republic, 157.

415

416

INDEX.

Bank, Second National, 168.

Security, 167.

Shackamaxon, 169.

Sixth National, 158.

Spring Grarden, 158.

State, 158.

Third National, 168, 392.

Tradesmen's, 166, 400.

Twenty-second Ward, 168.

Union, 157, 400.

United States, 159.

Western, 167, 399.

West Philadelphia, 159.
Banking Company, Union, 158.
Baptist Churches, 261.

Home for Women, 227.
Baring, Alex. (Lord Ashburton),

356.
Baron Steuben's country-seat, 350.
Bartram's House, 329.
Base ball, 264.
Bath-rooms, 48.
Baths, etc., 54.
Battery on the Delaware, 20.
Battle-grounds, 317.
Beck School, 172.
Bedford St. Mission, 228.
Belleville, 350.
Belmont, 330, 356, 407.

Valley, 358.

Glen, 358.

Water-works, 5.3, 407.

driving park, 266.
Beneficial Saving Fund, 169.
Berean Baptist Church, 266, 409.
Bethany Presby. Church, 277.
Beth-Eden Baptist Church, 264.

El Emeth Cemetery, 314.
Bingham House, 66.

Wm., 355.
Binney, Horace, School-house, 412.
Births, 45.
Blind Asylum, 229.

Men's Working Home, 229.

Women's Working Home, 229.
Blockley Almshouse, 409.
Boarding-houses, 69.

House for Young Women, 228.
Board of Brokers, 413.
Boat Clubs (Rowing), 263.

houses, 347.
Boquet's expedition, 23.
Boston Port Bill, 26.

Braddock's defeat, 21.
Bridges, 337.

British tax law resisted, 24, 25.
army capture the city, 28.
Burd Orphan Asylum, 223.

Cape May, 94.

Callowhill Street Market, 73.

Railway route, 80.
Calvary Presbyterian Church, 277
Camden and Atlantic R. R., 93.
Canals, 37.

Carpenters' Hall, 322, 399.
Carre captures Trinity fort, 15.
Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul,
R. C, 293.

Cemetery, 314.

Cemetery, New, 314, 403.
Catholic (Roman) Churches, 293.

Home for Orphan Girls, 222.

Parish schools, 175.

Theological seminaries, 174,
175.
Cedar Hill Cemetery, 313.
Centennial Buildings, 366.

Exhibition, 373-390.

Agricultural Hall, 383.

Art Gallery (Memorial Hall),
378.

comparisons with other exhi-
bitions, 373.

drainage of exhibition grounds,
390.

executive oflBcers'building,388.

foreign governments' build-
ings, 390.

Horticultural Hall, 385.

jury pavilion, 380.

Machinery Hall, 381.

Main building, 374.

restaurants, 390.

special trade buildings, 390.

U. S. Gov. building, 388.

hotels, 70.

Water-works, 358, 407.

Women's Exhibition Building,
388.

Lodging-house Agency, 69.

Market, 73.
Central Congregational Church,266.

High-school, 121, 396.

Market, 72.

School (Friends'), 176.

INDEX.

417

Chambers' Presb. Cburch, 3^3.
Charitable orders, 237.
Charity hospital, 212.
Chestnut and Walnut Street Rail-
way route, 81.
Chestnut Hill, 364.

Street Bridge, 342, 394.

Street Theatre, 259. 398.
Chew's House, 317, 331.
Children's Hospital, 216.

Homes, 221.
Cholera, 38.
Christ Church, P. E., 281, 402.

Church Hospital, 224.

German Reformed Church, 291 .

Rejected,paintingbyWest, 347.
Churches, 261-298.
Church Home for Children, 222,
City Armory, 245.

charter, 41,

Hall, 105.

Hall, New, 106.

Institute Library, 205.

ofl^cers, 48, 49.

Solicitor's ofl&ce, 412.
Clergymen's Annuity and Ail

Funds, 301.
Cliveden, Chew's House, 317, 331.
Coal trade, 147.
Coastwise steamers, 151.
Coat-of-Arms of Philadelphia, 42.
Coinage at United States Mint,

134.
College of Philadelphia, 21.
Colleges, 165-185.
Colonization Society, 236.
Colonnade Hotel, 65, 393.
Colony settled, 16, 17.
Colored Orphans' Shelter, 221.
Columbia Avenue Market, 73.
Commerce. 141.
Commercial Dep5ts, 146.

Exchange, 142, 402, 413.
Common Pleas Courts, 106.
Concert Hall, 260, 398.
Concordia Theatre, 259.
Congregational Chui-ches, 263.
Congress, Continental, 26, 33, 95,
98, 101, 322.

Federal, 34, 36, 101.

Hall, 104.
Congressional representation, 45.
Connecting Railroad Bridge, 342.

Continental Hotel, 63, 398.

Constitution, procession in honor
of adoption, 34.

Contributionship Insurance Com-
pany, 162.

Convention to frame Constitution
of United States, 33.

Cornwallis captures Red Bank, 32,

County Insurance Company, 164.

Court-house building, 104.

Courts, 106, 129.

Covenant P. E. Church, 406.

Cricket clubs, 254.

Criminal trials, 59.

Cruelty to animals, prevention of,
236.

Custom-house, 125, 399, 410.

Darby Railway route, 82.
Day Nursery for Children, 223.
Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 228.
Deaths, 45-47.
Decatur Market, 73.
Declaration of Independence, 27.
De la War discovers a river, 13.
Delaware Avenue Market, 72.

Insurance Company, 163.

River, 414.

Water-works, 52.
Dental, Pennsylvania, College, 18.

Philadelphia, College, 181.
Dickinson, John (Fair Hill), 336.
Dispensaries, 218, 219.
Dock Creek, 35.

Docks, American Steamship, 403.
Donop defeated, 29.
Drainage, 55.
Drinking fountains, 54,
Drove-yards, 50.
Druids, 242.
Dry Docks, 149.
Dutch colonies on the Delaware, 1 4.

Reformed Churches, 292.
Dwelling-houses, 46.

Eastern Market, 72.

Penitentiary, 109.
East Park, 347, 407.

Reservoir, 348.
Edgely, 352, 407.
Educational Home for Boys, 222.

institutions, 119, 165-184.
Effigies burned, 26.

418

INDEX.

Eleventh Street Opera House (min-
strel), 260, 404.
Emmanuel Lutheran Church, 270.
Entomological Society, 184.
Entrenchments thrown up, 36.
Epiphany P. E. Church, 290.
Evans, Governor, the false alarm^

18.
Exchange, Coal, 146.

Commercial, 142.

Drug, 146.

Grocers', 146.

Maritime, 146.

Merchants', 144.

Produce, 146.

Tobacco, 146.
Exports, 141.
Express Companies, 86.

Fair Hill burying-geound, 313.
mansion, 336.

square, 372.
Fairmount Market, 72, 401.

Park, 345.

Park Art Association, 195.

Water-works, 50.

works, 368.
Falls of Schuylkill Bridge, 343.
Families, 46.

Farmers and butchers, 73.
Farmers' Market, 72, 401.

Western Market, 72.

West Philadelphia Market, 73.
Federal Market, 73.
Female Belief Society, 234.
Ferries and river steamboats, 84.
Fidelity Safe Deposit Company,

160.
Fifth and Sixth Street Railway
routes, 78.

Baptist Church, 263.

Presbyterian Church, 277.
Financial Institutions, 153.
Fire alarm telegraph, 56.

and marine insurance, 164.

Association, 163.

Department, 55.

plugs, 56.
First Baptist Church, 262, 392.

Dutch Reformed Church, 292.

fountain in the Park, 363.

German Reformed Church, 291.

Moravian Church, 271.

First Presbyterian Church, 272.

Reformed Presb. Church, 393.

Troop (City Cavalry), 243.

Unitarian Church, 297, 411.

Universalist Church, 297.
Fishing clubs, 251.
Fitch, John, steamboat of, 34, 412.
Flat Rock Bridge, 343.
Food prices, 49, 50.

supply, 49, 50.
Fort Beversrede, 14.

Casimir, 15.

Miflain, 28, 30, 31, 320.

Nassau, 14, 15.

Red Bank, 29, 42, 205. .
Fortieth and Forty-first Street

Railway route, 83.
Foster Home, 223, 397.
Fountain Green, 350.
Fourth and Eighth Street Railway

Co., 78.
Fourth Baptist Church, 264.
Frankford and Southwark Railway
route, 78.

Arsenal, 135.

Market, 73,
Franklin Fire Insurance Co., 163.

fund, 235.

Institute, 185.

Market, 72.

Reformatory Home, 230.

square, 371.

Sugar Refinery, 403.
Free Quakers' burying-ground,412.

Meeting-house, 327.
Freedmen's societies, 236.
French Benevolent Society, 234.
Friends' Central school, 176.

Insane Asylum, 210.

Library, 204, 205.

meeting-house, Arch st., 265.

meeting-house, Girard av., 266.

meeting-house. Race st., 266.
Fuel Saving Society, 235.

Friends' Charitable Society,235.

Gas introduced, 38.

manufacture, 59.

works, 60, 394.
George's Hill, 352, 368.
Germania Market, 73.
German Hospital, 214, 397, 405.

Reformed churches, 291.

INDEX.

419

German Society, 231.

Society Library, 206.
Germantown Academy, 171.

battle-ground, 317.

battle-ground in Park, 360.

Hospital, 216.

Market, 73.

Railway routes, 78.

Saving Fund, 159.

Scientific Society, 184.

square, 372.
Gettysburg, painting of battle of,

346.
Gethsemane Baptist Church, 264.
Gibson's Point, 141.
Girard Avenue Bridge, 340, 347,373.

Market, 74.

College, 168, 405.

House, 65, 398.

Life and Trust Co., 160.
Glenwood Cemetery, 311, 403, 407.
Girls' Normal School, 122.
Good Shepherd, House of, 230.

Templars, 242.
Grace M. E. Church, 271.
Graff Memorial, 346.
Grain elevator, Girard Point, 148,

Washington av., 148, 403.

storage buildings, 148.
Grammar schools, 122.
Grand Army of Republic, 242.
Grandom Institution, 235.
Grant of Pennsylvania, 16.
Grant's cottage, 347.
Gray's Ferry Bridge, 338.

Railway route, 82.
Green and Coates Railway route,

80.
Green Hill Presb. Church, 397.
Greenwood Cemetery, 313.
Guarantee Safe Deposit Co., 161.
Guy's Hotel, 65, 398.
Gymnastics, 256.

Hack rates, 84.
Haddington Railway route, 81.
Hahnemann Medical College, 179.
Handel and Haydn Hall, 198, 260.

Society, 198.
Haverford (Friends') College, 175.
Health, 47.
Hebrew Charities (United), 236.

synagogues, 266.

Hendrickson, Captain, discovers
mouth of river Schuylkill,
13, 14.
Hermit's Glen, 360.

of Wissahickon, 362,
Hestonville Railway route, 80.
Hibernia Society, 234.
Historical Library, Baptist, 206.

Friends', 206.

Methodist, 206.

Presbyterian, 206.

Society Hall, 412.

Society Library, 206.
Historic public buildings, 321.
History of the city, 13-42,
Holy Communion Luth, Church,

268.
Holy Trinity P. E. Church, 289.

R. C. Church, 294, 412.
Homes for Colored Children, 223.

for Colored Men and Women,
228.

for the Aged, 224.

for the Homeless, 227.
Home Missionary Society, 235.
Horticultural Hall, 190, 260, 393.

Society, 190.
Hospital for the Insane, 209, 210.

Philadelphia, 117.
Hospitals, 207.
Hotels, 63.

Alphabetical Index to, 67.
House of Correction, 114, 403.

of Industry, 230, 235.

of Refuge, 113, 397.

where Declaration of Inde-
pendence was written, 324.
Howard Institution, 230.
Hudson, Henry, discovers the Dela-
ware, 13.
Humane societies, 236.
Hunting Park, 370.

Imports, 141.

Incarnation P. E. Church, 291.
Inclined Plane Railway, 83.
Increase of population, 47.
Independence Hall, 95, 398.

square, 95, 372, 412.
Indian Aid Association, 236,

Hope Association, 236.

Rock, 360.
Indians massacred at Paxton, 22.

420

INDEX.

Industrial Aid Societies, 234.

Home for Girls, 222.
Inebriates' Home, 230.
Insane asylums, 219.
Insurance, 162.

International Navigation Co., 151.
Iron-ship building, 150.
Irving House, 65.
Italian Society, 234.

Jefferson, Thomas, 34.

inaugurated, 35.

Medical College, 178, 411.

square, 372.
Jewish Cemetery, Old, 314, 411.

Foster Home, 224.

Hospital, 215.

Kelpius' Spring, 360.
Keneseth Israel Synagogue, 404.
Kensington anti-railroad riots, 39.

Institute Library, 206.

Market, 73.
Keystone Battery Armory, 245.
Kittanning destroyed, 22.
Knights of Pythias, 242.

Ladies' Depository, 235.
Lafayette, attempt to surprise him

unsuccessful, 32.
Lansdowne, 354.

Glen, 356.
La Pierre House, 65, 393.
La Salle College, 176.
Laurel Hill Cemetery, 305, 406.

Central, 310.

South, 310, 407.

West, 310.
Law Library, 205.
Lazaretto, 118.
League Island Navy Yard, 137, 410,

411.
Ledger Building, 398.
Lehigh Navigation Co., docks of,
416.

Valley Railroad, 94, 400,
Lemon Hill, 333, 345, 395.

mansion, 347.
Leverington Cemetery, 313.
Liberty bell, 27.
Library companies, 199.
Life Insurance, 164.
Lincoln Institute for Boys, 222.

Lincoln Market, 72, 406.

Monument, 347.
Literary and art associations, 197.
Lodging-houses, 69.
Logan's House (Stenton), 330.
Logan Square, 371, 394.
Lombard and South Street Railway

route, 82.
London Coffee-house, the Old,

326, 401.
Loyal Legion, 242.
Lutheran churches, 267.

Home for Aged, 224, 227.

Orphans' Home, 224.

Publication Societies, 301.

Theological Seminary, 175.
Lying-in Hospital (Northern Dis-
pensary), 218.

M^NNERCHOR HaLL, 260.

Magdalen Asylum, 229.
Magistrates' courts, 68.
Manayunk Bridge, 343.

and Roxborough Railway
route, 83.
Mantua Market, 73.
Manufactures, 151.
Manufacturing statistics, 151.
Maple Hall, 360.
Mapother Home, 228.
Marine Railways, 149.
Markets, 71.

Market Street Railway route, 81.
Markham, Wm., Deputy Governor,

16, 17.
Masonic Order, 237.

Temple, 237, 392.

halls, 237-240.
Mechanics' Cemetery, 313, 407.

Institute Library, 205.
Medical colleges, 177.
Medical department. University of

Pennsylvania, 177, 409.
Memorial Baptist Church, 263, 397.
Mennonite Meeting, 271.
Mennonites, 271.

Mercantile Beneficial Association,
236.

Library, 201, 411.

old building of, 412.
Merchants' Exchange, 413.

Fund, 236.

Hotel, 66.

INDEX.

421

Merlin, Britisli frigate, blown up,

29.
Meschianza, 32.

Messiah Universalist Church, 297.
Methodist churches, 270.

Home for Women, 227.
Mey, his discoveries, 13, 14.
Mickve Israel Synagogue, 266.
Midnight Mission, 230.
Military, 243.
Militia, volunteer, 19-22.
Minstrel Halls, 260.
Mint, the old, 326.
Mission Hospital, 218.
Moore's cottage, 359.
Monument Cemetery, 310.
Moravians, 271.
Morgue, 116.

Morris, Robert, Lemon Hill, 333.
Mount -Moriah Cemetery, 312.

Peace Cemetery, 313, 407.

Pleasant, Arnold's home, 332.

Pleasant, 350.

Sinai Cemetery, 314.

Vernon Cemetery, 311, 407.
Moyamensing Hall, riot, 39.

Institute Library, 205.

Prison, 112, 404.
Mud Fort, 28-30.

abandoned, 31.
Municipal Hospital, 211.
Museum, Wood's, 259.
Musical Fund HaU, 198, 260.

Fund Society, 198.
Mutual Assurance Company, 163.

National Banks, 153.

Guards' armory, 244.

Guards of Pennsylvania, 243.

Museum, 97, 398.

societies, 231.
Native American riots, 39, 40.
Naval action on the Delaware,
27.

at Red Bank, 29.

with British vessels, 36.

Asylum, 410, 411.

Hospital, 410, 411.
Navy Yard, 137, 410, 411.
Nazareth M. E. Church, 396.
New Church, 272.
New York Mutual Life Insurance
Company, 164.

New York Mutual Life Insurance

Company building, 411.
Norris Market, 73.

square, 372.
Northern Home for Children, 222.
Liberties Market, 73.
Relief Society, 235.
Safe Deposit Company, 161.
North American Insurance Com-
pany, 164.
Broad Street Presbyterian

Church, 280.
Pennsylvania Railroad, 93.
Second Street Market, 73.
Notre Dame Academy, 408.
Numbering of houses, 44.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Li-
brary, 206.

Observatory, Sawyer's, 359, 390.
Odd Fellows' Cemetery, 313, 403.

Hall, 240, 241, 404.

lodges, 240.
Old Ladies' Home, 228.

Men's Home, 227.

Oaks Cemetery, 312.

Pine Street Presby. Church,
274.

Swedes', Gloria Dei, P. E., 85.
Olivet Presbyterian Church, 396.
Opera House, 257.
Opposition to the law, 23, 24.
Ormiston, 352.
Orphans' Asylum, 221.
Orthopaedic Hospital, 215.
Otter Point Fish House Company,

252.
Our Saviour P. E. Church, 409.
Oxford Market, 73.

Presbyterian Church, 280.

Park bridges, 344.

history, 367.
Parks, 345.

Passenger railway fares and regu-
lations, 75.
Passyunk square, 372.
Peace Society, 236.
Pegasus, statuary, 359.
Penn Charter school, 176.

Club, 250.

family, 18.

Hannah, 17.

422

INDEX.

Penn, John, 354.

John, Solitude, 333.

mansion, 321.

Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany, 164,

Safe Deposit Company, 162.

Sewing-school, 235.

Treaty ground, 315.

Widows' Asylum, 226.

William, proprietor of West
Jersey, 15.

William, statue of, 109.
Pennsylvania frigate, 22.

Hall, 39.

Hospital, 207, 403, 412.

Insurance Company, 163.

Railroad, 90.

Railroad bridges, 342, 411.

Railroad depot, 409.

Trust Company, 160, 398.
Penrose Ferry Bridge, 340.
Petroleum trade, 147.
Pharmacy, College of, 182.
Philadelphia Club, 247.

Dental College, 181,

Dispensary, 218.

History, 13-42.

Hospital, 210.

Institute, 393.

Library, 199, 412.

Safe Deposit Company, 161.

Savings' Fund, 159.

Sketch Club, 197.
Philosophical Hall, 105.

Society, 412.
Physicians, College of, 180.
Pipe Bridge, 363.

" Plain Truth," Franklin's pamph-
let, 20.
Point Breeze, 61.

Park, 255.
Police system, 56.

stations, 57.

telegraph, 56.
Polytechnic College, 181.
Population, 46.

Port Richmond coal wharves, 147.
Post-office, 128, 399, 409.

new, 130.
Preachers' Aid Society, Methodist,

302.
Presbyterian Board of Publication,
299, 398.

Presbyterian churches, 272.

Home for Women, 227.

Hospital, 216.

Ministers' Fund, 302.
Preston Retreat, 211.
Prisons, 109.

Society, 236.
Privateers, 20, 22.

commissioned, 19.
Prospect Hill Fishing Company,

Protestant Episcopal Academy,
174.

Churches, 280.

Clergymen's Fund, 302.

Divinity School, 174.

Hospital, 212.
Provident Life and Trust Com-
pany, 160.
Public Schools, 119.

squares, 345.

Quakers, 13-43, 204, 210, 235, 266,

327, 412.
Quarter-sessions Court, 106.

Race and Vine Streets Railway

route, 80.
Railroad passenger depSts, 89.
Railroads, 37, 38, 90.

special ticket offices, 89.
Reading Railroad, 91.

Bridge, Belmont, 342.

Falls Bridge, 343.
Red Bank battle-ground, 319.

battle, 29.

Men, Order of, 242.

Men's Hall, 242.

Star Steamship Line, 150.
Reform Club, 249.
Reformed Churches, 291.

Church publications, 301.
Relief societies, 231.
Resistance to Great Britain, 27.
Restaurants, 69.
Restoration Universalist Church,

298.
Ridge Avenue Market, 73, 406.

Railway route, 77.
Ridgeland, 356, 407.
Ridgway Library, 201.
Riots against blacks, 39.
Rittenhouse square, 371, 408.

INDEX.

423

Kiver Road, East Park, 347.

steamboat lines, 84.
Rodef Shalom, 267.
Roman Catholic Asylums, 221.

Cemeteries, 314.

churches, 293.

Hospitals, 212.

Seminaries, 173.
Ronaldson's Cemetery, 304.
Rosine Asylum, 230.
Roxborough Water-works, 53.
Royal army in the city, 32.

abandons the city, 32.
Rysingh, 15.

Safe Deposit and Trust Compa-
nies, 160.
Salem German Reformed Church,

. 291.
Saturday Club, 250.
Saying funds, 159.
Sawyer's Observatory, 390.
School of Design for Women, 197.
Schutzen Park, 255.
Schuylkill Arsenal, 136.

discovered by Hendrickson, 13,

14.
river steamboats, 84.
Water-works, 52.
Scientific institutions, 175, 183.
Seamen's Friend Society, 236.
Second Congress, 26, 27.

Dutch Reformed Church, 292.
Moravian Church, 272.
Presbyterian Church, 273.
and Third Streets Passenger
Railway routes, 77.
Secret Societies, 237.
Sedgely Guard-house, 347.
Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets

Railway route, 80.
Shackamaxon square, 372.
Shipbuilding yards, 150.
Shipmasters' Society, 236.
Shooting Club, 255.
Simcoe's British rangers, 32.
Simmons & Slocum's Opera-house

(minstrel), 260, 401.
Sixth Street Quaker meeting-house,

404.
Skating clubs, 254.

rink, 255.
Sketch Club, 197.

Smith's Beneficial Hall burned, 39.

Island, 413.
Social Art Club, 250.

clubs, 247.
Society of Friends, Hicksite, 266.

Orthodox, 265.
Solitude, Penn's house, 191, 333,

352.
Sons of America, 242.
Sons of Honor and Temperance, 242.

Temperance, 242.
Soup societies, 234.
South Eleventh Street Market, 73.
or Delaware, discovered, 13.
River, 15.

Second Street Market, 73.
Street Bridge, 342.
Southwark Library, 205.
South-western Market, 72.
Sporting clubs, 251.
Spring Garden Institute Library,
205.
Insurance Company, 163.
M, E. Church, 271.
Street Market, 74.
or Callowhill Street Bridge,
338, 394.
Spruce Street Baptist Church, 412.
Quaker meeting-house, 411.
and Pine Streets Railway
route, 82.
Squares, public, 370,
St. Andrew's P. E. Church, 289.
St. Andrew's Society, 232.
St. Ann's Widows' Asylum, 226.
St. Augustine's R. C. Church, 39,

4t), 204.
St, Bonifacius' R. C. Church, 296.
St. Charles Borromeo R. C. Semin-
ary, 175.
St. Clement's P. E. Church, 290.
St. Cloud Hotel, 68, 401.
St. George's Methodist Church, 270.
Hall, 231-233.
Society, 231.
St. James the Less P. E. Church,

291, 407.
St. Johannes' Lutheran Church,

270.
St. John's Lutheran Church, 268.
St. John the Evangelist's R. C.

Church, 294.
St. John's Orphan Asylum, 221.

424

lEDEX.

St. Joseph's R. C. Church, 292.

College, 175.

Hospital, 212, 397.

Orphan Asylum, 221.
St. Luke's P. E. Churchy 290.

Home for Aged Women, 226.
St. Mark's Lutheran Church, 2S8.

P. E. Church, 289.
St. Mary's P. E. Church, 409.

R. C. Church, 293.

E,. C. burying-ground^ 412.

Hospital, 215.
St. Matthew's P. E. Church,. 397.
St. Paul's Church, P. E., 284,
St. Peter's Church, P. E., 284.

R. C. Church, 296, 410.
St. Philip Be Neri Church,^ at-
tacked, 40.
St. Stephen's P. E. Church, 288.
St. Stephen's Church, 411.

Hotel, 66, 398.
St. Thomas' African P. E. Church,

412.
St. Vincent de Paul Theological

Seminary, 175.
St. Vincent's Home, 223.

Orphan Asylum, 224.
Stamp Act passed^ 23.
Stand-pipe, 358.
State-house, 95.

square, 95.

history, 97.
State Hospital, 218.

in Schuylkill Fishing €o-m-
pany, 251.
Statistics, manufacturing, 151.
Statues at Fairmount, 346.
Statuary in the Park, 356.
Steamboat, John Fitch's, 34, 412.
Steamboats, 36.
Steamers, coast-wise, 150.
Steamships, 149, 150.
Steamship wharves, 150.
Stenton, 330.

Strawberry Mansion, 352, 407.
Streets, extent of, 43.
Streets, system, 43, 44.

bridges, 343.

Markets, 73.

numbers, 45.
Stuyvesant captures Fort Casimir,

15.
Sub-treasury, 410.

Suffolk Trotting Park, 256.
Sun Insurance Company, 164.
Supreme Court of United States,

105.
Survey Department, 412.
Swarthmore (Friends') College,176.
Swedish colonies, 14.
Swedes' Church of Gloria Dei, 285,

St. James, 287.
Sweet-brier, 352.

Ravine, 356.
Swiss Benevolent Society, 234.

Tabernacle Baptist Church, 264.
Presbyterian Church, 280.

Tammany Pea-shore Fishing Com-
pany, 252.

Tax on tea, 25.

Tea-ships captured and sent back
to England, 25, 26.

Telegraph companies, 86.

Temporary Home, 226.

Tenth and Eleventh Streets Rail-
way route, 79.

Theatres, 258.

Theological Seminaries, 173.

Third Presbyterian Church, 274.

Thirteenth and Fifteenth Streets
Railway route, 79.

Thouron square, 372.

Timber Creek, 14.

Tienpont, discoveries in the Dela-
ware, 14.

Tinicum Fishing Company, 252.

Tract societies, 301.

Treasury department, 34.

Treaty ground, 315.

Trees in Park, 364.

Trinity P. E. Church, 287.

Trotting Associations, 253.

Troubles in England, 18.

Trust companies, 160.

Turnverein, 256.

Twelfth and Sixteenth Streets rail-
way route, 79.

Union Benevolent Society, 235.
Children's Home, 224.
League, 247, 393.
Market, 72.
Railway routes, 76.
square, 372.
Temporary Home, 224.

INDEX.

425

Unitarian churclies, 297.
Universalist churches, 297.
University College, 181.

Hospital, 217, 409.

of Pennsylvania, 165, 409.
United States Appraisers' building,
127, 402.

Arsenals, 135.

Courts, 129.

Government buildings, 125.

Mint, 131, 398.

Naval Asylum, 138.

Naval Hospital, 140.

Navy Yard, 137.

Post-office, 128.

Sub-treasury, 125.

Treasurer's office, 127.

Valley Green, 360.
Vessels entered at port, 142.
Vital statistics, 48.

Wagner Institute, 185.
Walnut Street Presbyterian Church,
409.
Theatre, 258.
Warehouse, bonded, 146.
Warehousing, Pennsylvania, Com-
pany, 146.
Philadelphia, Company, 146.
War with France and Spain, 18-
21.
France, 20, 22.
Great Britain, 36.
Spain, 19.
Washington inaugurated, 35.

President of Convention, Presi-
dent of United States, his
residence, 34.
Grays' Armory, 245.
Grays' monument, 397.
House, 66.
rock, 360.
square, 370, 404.
Water pipe, 54.
privileges, 45.
supply, 50-54.
works, 35.
.36*

Welcome, ship, arrives, 16.
Welsh Society, 234.
West Arch Street Presbyterian
Church, 276, 394.
Chester and Philadelphia Rail-
road, 94.
End Railway route, 83.
Park, 352.
Philadelphia Baptist Church,

265, 409.
Philadelphia Market, 73.
Spruce Street Presbyterian
Church, 277.
Western Market, 71, 406.

Provident Society, 224, 235.
Relief Society, 234.
Saving Fund, 159, 411.
Wharton Street Market, 74.
Wharves and docks, 149.
Whitemarsh military manoeuvres,

.32.
Whitefield preaches, 21.
Widows' and Single Women's Asy-
lum, 226.
Wills Hospital, 210, 394.
Wilson, Alexander, 328.

School-house, 328.
Windmill Island, 413.
Wissahickon Bridge, 343.
Hall, 36.
Park, 359.
Woman's Medical College, 179.

Hospital, 218, 406.
Woodbury Trotting Park, 256.
Woodford Mansion, 352, 407.
Woodlands, 334.

Cemetery, 311, 409.
Wood's Museum Theatre, 259, 401.

Yacht clubs, 253.
Yellow fever, 35.

Young Men's Christian Association,
299.

ZioN Lutheran Church, 267.
Zoological Gardens, 185, 352, 407.

Society, 187.

Gardens Railway route, 81, 83.

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.

PAGE.

AMUSEMENTS.

Chestnut Street Theatre, -^"

BAGGAGE. ^-,

Union Transfer Company,

BANKERS. .

Drexel & Co., ^

BOLT AND NUT WORKS.

Hoopes & Townsend, ...••••• ^^

BOOKS

AUen, Lane & Scott and J. W. Lauderbach, 6th page, front cover.

American Sunday-School Union, 5^

Baptist Publication Society, ^*

Joseph H. Coates & Co., ^^

A. J. Holman & Co., ^^

Wm. W. Harding, ^J

Methodist Episcopal Book House, o»

Thomas Nelson & Sons, ^^

T. B. Peterson & Bros., ^^

George Routledge & Sons, f 2

Sower, Potts & Co., . ^^

Porter & Coates, 1^^ 60, 61, 62, 63

George Routledge
James K. Simon,
Sower, Potts & C
BOOTS AND SHOES.

C. Benkert & Son, j°

Charles Blase, ^^

Jacob Zaun,

CARPETINGS.

John & James Dobson, ^°

McCallum, Crease & Sloan, ^^

CEMETERY.

The Laurel Hill Cemetery Company. ... . • ib, 17

CIGARS.

Batchelor Brothers, ^^

CLOTHING. „„

E. 0. Thompson, ^''

Hoyt&Day, l\

John Wanamaker & Co., '^^

Bines k, SneaflF, |^

Louis L. Houpt, ^^

11 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.

PAGE

COLLEGES AND EDUCATIONAL APPARATUS.

Bryant & Stratton, Business College, . 6tli page of front cover.
Haverford College, . . . . . . , . .69

CONFECTIONERY.

E. G. Whitman & Co., . . . . . . . .36

DRUGGISTS.

Frederick Brown, ......... 34

R. F, Fairthorne, . . . 35

DRY GOODS.

Cooper & Conard, ......... 24

Homer, Colladay & Co., . . . . . . . .25

ENCAUSTIC TILES.

Sharpless & Watts, . . . . . . . . .41

ENGRAVINGS, STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS AND FINE ARTS.

G. Meyer, 37

Thomas Hunter, Jr., 60

FLAGS AND BUNTING.

William F. Scheible, 47

FURNITURE.

G. Vollmer, .40

Hale, Kilburn & Co., . . . . . . . .41

FURS.

F. K. Womrath, 22

GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS.

J. W. Scott & Co., 26

GLUE.

Baeder, Adamson & Co., 46

GROCERIES.

Mitchell, Fletcher & Co., 32

HATS AND CAPS.

Blaylock & Co., . . .27

HOTELS AND BOARDING-HOUSES.

Bingham House, ......... 8

Centennial Lodging-House Agency, 9

Continental Hotel, 6

Girard House, .......... 7

La Pierre House, 9

Trans-continental Hotel, .6

INSURANCE.

American Life Insurance Co., 48

Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., 48

Provident Life and Trust Company, 49

JEWELRY.

J. E. Caldwell & Co., 21

Lewis Ladomus & Co., 20

Robbins, Biddle & Co., . , . . . . . ,20

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. m

PAGE.

LIVERY STABLES AND PUBLIC CONVEYANCES. ^^

David Mullen^ ,,

Exhibition Transfer Company, :J

Passenger Transfer Company,

MAGAZINES. g^

Atlantic Monthly,

MARBLE WORKS. -.o

Van Gunden, Young & Drumm,

METALS. AA

Hall & Carpenter,

MILLINERY GOODS. 24

George W. Miles, • * * 23

Thomas Kennedy & Bro.,

MUSIC. 50

Louis Meyer,

NEWSPAPERS. gg

Evening Bulletin, g^

The Press, gc

The Turf, Field and Farm,

PAPER BOXES. .0

George W. Plumly & Son,

M. P. Philpot & Co.,

PAPER MANUFACTURERS. ^^

Charles Magarge & Co., gg

Jessup & Moore, ... *

PATENTS. 49

John A. Wiedersheim,

PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS. ^^ ^

James W. Queen & Co., .... 4th page of front cover.

PHOTOGRAPHER. 35

Wm. Curtis Taylor, . . • -

PLUMBING. 4g

William H. Johnson,

RAILROADS. 12

Pennsylvania Railroad, . . • ' -r. .; Z * * iq
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, . • -L^

'"TLiTtfrior- . . 2a and 3d pages Of front cove^r.

Henry A. Dreer,

SEWING MACHINES. ^5

D. S. Ewing,

STATIONERY. ^ ^ ^0

Mason & Co., . •

UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS. 22

Wm. A. Drown & Co.,

WINDOW CURTAINS, SHADES AND UPHOLSTERY. ^^

Carrington, De Zouche & Co., ^2

I. E. Walraven,

WINES AND LIQUORS AND CIGARS. ^^

Joseph F. Tobias & Co.,

JN admitting advertisements at the end of The
Official Guide Book to Philadelphia, the
greatest care has been exercised to accej^t only such firms
as the Publishers felt assured were first-class, and we
believe that visitors will find it of advantage to consult this
list in making their purchases.

PORTER & COATES.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

DREXEL & CO.

Bankers,

34 South Third Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

DREXEL, MORGAN & CO. DREXEL, HARJES & CO.

Broad and "Wall Streets, 31 Boulevard Haussmann,

NEW YORK. PARIS.

ISSTJE

Commercial and Traveler's Letter of Credit

and Bills of Exchange on all parts of

Europe; negotiate State, Municipal

and R. R. Securities.

Buy and Sell Sovernment Bonds, Stocks and ^old.

Transact a Geieral Banlini Bnsiiess.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

AT FAIRMOUNT PARK,

Is also under the same management as
THE CONTINENTAL.

ADVERTISE M E N T S.

GiRARD House,

Corner Chestnut and Ninth Streets,
PHILADELPHIA.

McKIBBIN, VOSBUEG & CO., Proprietors.

The Girard House passed into the hands of the present
proprietors on the 1st day of July, 1875. Since their occupation
extensive alterations and additions hare been made ; the House
haying been refurnislied, and its capacity increased by one
hundred sleeping apartments, making it in every respect equal
to any hotel in the country.

The Girard House fronts the Continental Hotel, on Chestnut
Street, and the new Post-office, on Ninth Street, making it a
convenient centre for strangers and business men. It is acces-
sible by street cars from all Railroad Depots ; and they also
furnish direct and cheap communication between the Hotel and
Centennial Grounds. The Girard proper will accommodate
nicely about TOO guests, and outside apartments are prepared
for 400 more.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BINGHAM HOUSE,

Eleventh and Market Streets,

PHILADELPHIA.

ACCOMMODATION FOR FIVE HUUDKED GUESTS,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

LA PI

The La Pierbb House, situated at the corner of Bboadway and

Chestn-ut Street, having a frontage on Broadway of 200 feet and 60 on
Chestnut, the most pleasant and fashionable part of the city, with all
modern improvements, comprising 50 Suites with Private Baths and Water
Closets, making it one of the most desirable stopping-places in this city.

^,-,-(L Endorsed by the Centennial Board of Finance, the Presidents xQ^/C
1//0, ofthe several Railway Companies, and the Mayor of the City. J-tJ/u.

cffliiiii imm-imi mn

Oflaee, 1010 Walnut Street.

This organization, composed of prominent gentlemen connected with the
various lines of railway entering the city, and with other enterprises devoted to
the interests of the travelling public, can, by means of its systematic arrange-
ments, comfortably provide for the immense number of visitors to the Exhibi-
tion. Our plan of operations is to place on sale at the principal Railroad Ticket
OflSces throughout the United States, Accommodation Tickets, each of which
entitles the bearer to one day's clean, comfortable and respectable accommoda-
tion, which day consists of supper, lodging and breakfast; dinner is not provided
for, as it is presumed this meal will be taken at Centennial grounds. Courteous
Agents pass through the trains before arriving in Philadelphia, and furnish each
holder of these tickets a card assigning them to their temporary homes, as well
as giving direction how they can be reached immediately upon arrival. The
housekeeper takes up the ticket in payment for accommodation furnished.

Every visitor can secure, before leaving home, his or her accommodations
for as long a stay as desirable in Philadelphia at a defined and reasonable charge,
and all can be made comfortable, and freed from care or fear of extortion or
imposition.

Every information can be had by applying in person, or by letter, to

WM. HAMILTON, General Superiniendeni,

Central OfBce, 1010 Walnut Street.

10 ADVERTISEMENTS.

CHESTNUT ST. THEATRE.

PHILADELPHIA'S COMEDY THEATRE.

GEMMILL, SOOTT & 00 Lessees.

WILLIAM D. aEMMILL, J. PEED'K j Managers

-SOOTT and F. F. MAOKAY, 1 Managers.

WM. H. DALT Assistant Stage Manager.

PERFORMANCE EVERY EVENING AT 8 O'CLOCK.

And SATURDAY MATINEE AT 3.

The Chestnut is the only Stock Theatre in Philadelphia, and

is devoted to the production of the best Comedies and Society

Plays, by a first-class Company-
All the Plays presented at this Theatre are placed upon the

stage with an elegance of appointments, and carefulness in

detail, never before attempted in this city.

The Company comprises the following well-known Artists :

Me. W. E. SHERIDAN, Mrs. LOUISE ALLEN",

Mr. JAMES W. NORRIS, Mrs. MAY SAVILLE,

Mr. GEO. H. GRIFFITHS, Mrs. E. J. PHILLIPS,

Mr. CHAS. STANLEY, Mrs. ANNIE YEAMANS,

Mr. CHAS. H. BRADSHAW, Miss LIZZIE HAROLD,

Mr. GEORGE HOLLAND, Miss FLORENCE RICHMOND,

Mr. L. F. BARRETT, MiSS EMMA MARKLEY,

Mr. A. H. STUART, Mrs. ANABEL DALY,

Mr. E. BARTRAM, Miss LAURA B. SCANLAN,

Mr. T. F. BRENNAN, Miss LYDIA YEAMANS,

Mr. H. lewis, Miss CLAREEN PETREA,

Mr. H. BAVE, Miss BERTHA WINANS,

Mr. O. GREGORY.

Leader of Orchestra SIMON HASSLER.

Scenic Artist HAELET MEEKY.

Master Machinist JOHN FUEZE.

Property Maker JOHN A. DASET.

Gas Engineer SAMUEL HATHUEST.

Oostnmer A. E. VAN HOEN.

Doors open at' 7. 75. Performance begins at 8.

ADVERTISEMENTS. H

UNION TRANSFER COMPANY

BAGGAGE EXPRESS,

OflSce, 838 Chestnut Street,

UNDER CONTINENTAL HOTEL,

&E1TEIIAL HAILBOAD TICKET AGENTS.

^ ■• » » »

Tickets Sold and Baggage Checked from Hotels and Residences to
all points in the United States and Canada.

Baggage delivered to all points of the City of Philadelphia (Hotels,
Residences, Depots), Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Frankford, or Cam-
den, N. J. Passengers will find polite agents on all trains arriving in
Philadelphia, who will receive checks for the delivery of Baggage.
Branch Offices in Baltimore, WASHiNaiON, Cape May and Atlantic
City.

Always ask for Agents of Union Transfer Company.

J. P. MURPHY, Secretary.

PASSENaER TRANSFER.

Caeriages for the Transfer of Passengers in PuiLADEii-
PHiA are now running direct from Depots to Hotels, Resi-
dences, and the Centennial Grounds. Tickets, reserving seats,
are for sale on trains by the Ageiits of the

UNION TRANSFER CO. (Baggage Express.)

Fare, 50 cents.

Special arrangements provided for patrons of the Centennial

LODGING-HOUSE AGENCY, LIMITED.

. ■ » •

The Exhibition Transfer Co., Limited,

Also runs Carriages from all prominent points in the City to
Centennial Grounds every 10 minutes during the day, from 9 a.m.

Special Carriages, seating 10 persons each, provided Societies,
Cdubs, Excursionists and others, to Theatres, Balls, Par-
ties, Centennial Grounds and elsewhere at reasonable rates.

Application made and information furnished at the Otnce of
the Company,

S. E, cor. Broad and Chestnut Sts,

J. H. BENHAM, Jr., Gen'l Supt.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

PIIlSILfilli MIlEOiD,

Centennial Travel.

The arrangements made and facilities provided by the
PE]Sr]S^SYl.VA:N^IA RAILROAD COMPAlSrY, for

the accommodation of Centennial Visitors and Exhibitors,

are on a comprehensive and complete scale. The tracks of the
Company are connected direct to the IVIain Exhibition Build-
ings, where Depots, Warehouses and Sidings have been con-
structed, capable of furnishing all the accommodations that
will be demanded by the public.

The lines of this Company connect with all the

principal Cities and centres of population

in the East, West, North and South.

EXCURSION TICKETS AT REDUCED RATES, good
for thirty dmjs^ will be sold, and TRAINS will be run from all
these points direct to the Centennial Depot, and will depart
from thence to destination, thus saving visitors from inconve-
nience and delay.

Ample facilities have been provided at this Depot for the
Sale of Tickets and the Checking or Storing of Baggage,
while Telegraph Offices, Hotels, Restaurants, &c., are in the
immediate vicinity. This Depot is connected with all portions
of Philadelphia by passenger railway lines.

It is the intention of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
to extend every facility possible to Centennial visitors and ex-
hibitors, during the continuance of the Great Exhibition, and
in furtherance of this determination the necessary preparations
have been liberally and carefully made.

EXCURSION TICKETS to all principal Summer Resorts
and Places of Interest in the United States, allowing ample
time for extended tours of pleasure and investigation, will be
sold at the Centennial Depot and at all Ticket Offices of the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company.

PEANK THOMSON,

General Manager.

D. M. BOYD, Jr.,

General Passenger Agent.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

MndfilpMa, fflilmington ^ mUlmm

KAILROAD.

THE ONLY LINE BY WHICH VISITOES

TO THE

Centennial Exhibition

CAN REACH

WASHINGTON, D. C.

■ — ♦♦♦

The Road has a Double Track, Steel Rails, and First-class
Rolling Stock. Trains are equipped with the Miller Coupler,
BufiPer and Platform ; the Westinghouse Air Brake and Vacuum
Brake; and all modern appliances for securing Safety, Speed
and comfort.

During" tlie continuance of tlie Exhibition,
Trains will toe run direct to and from tlie Cen-
tennial Grounds.

This road, with its Delaware Division, reaches all parts of
the Peninsula of Maryland and Delaware, the great Peach and
small fruit country.

A line of Tickets to Baltimore, Washington, and principal
points South and West, will be found in

COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET OFFICE,

in the Centennial Grounds, where all necessary information
may be obtained.

H. F. KENNEY, GEO. A. DADMUN,

Superintendent. General Ticket Agent.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

1818, 1820 & 1822 Filbsrt St., Philadelphia.

0AERIAG-E3, for Balls, Parties, Weddings, Pleasure Driving & Funerals.
Horses taken at Livery receive special attention.

THE

TROTTIN& HORSE OP AMERICA:

ia:o"w TO Tis-.A.i3^ j^L.i<rx) xje^i-^e m^yc.
12mo. CiJth, black and gold, $2.50.

With Reminiscences of the Trotting Turf. By Hiram Wood-
ruff. Edited by Charles J. Foster. Including an Introduc-
tory Notice by George Wilkes, and a Biographical Sketch by
the editor. Eighteenth Edition, revised and enlarged, with a new
.Appendix, Table of Performances, and a copious Index. With a
fine steel portrait of the author, and six finely-engraved portraits
on wood of celebrated trotters.

" We believe it to be the m.oHt praclical and instrurtive hook that ever was
puhUshed concerning the trotting horsf^ ; and those who own or take care of
horses of other descriptions, may buy and read it with a grreat deal of profit
Besides all this, it is a work of great interest."'— Wilkes' Spirit of the Times.

Every Horse Owner's Cyclopsedla.

By J. H. TFAI.SH, r.H.C.S.
8vo. Cloth, gilt, $3.75 ; Sheep, $4.50.

''Every man who tvishes for a compart summary of ihr. latest and soundest
views on the management of horses, i-i all. its detail, will find it in this compre-
hensive and able volume."— The Tribune, JV. y.

PORTER & COATES, Publishers, Philadelphia.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 15

■z" zz :e3

''AUTOMATIC."

THE ONLY PERFECT SEWIE MACHIM.

The WiLLCox & GiBBS " KeTI^ Automatic" is in every
essential respect the most remarkable instrument for sewing
ever offered to the public.

To saj that it is "AN IMPROVED MACHINE" conveys only
in part a fair conception of its merits. It marks rather a radi-
cal departure from old notions and theories, which have bur-
dened all former productions with complications and many
attendant difiticulties. Features and principles entirely new are
here introduced, the practical workings of which are truly
marvelous. Instead of a "tension," to be delicately manipu-
lated for every change of material to be sewn, this "New"
Machine measures out automatically a certain, and always a
proper, length of thread for each separate stitch, thus securing
greater accuracy and uniformity than hitherto was possible.
By a "tabular" adjustment of the stitch, absolute certainty of
the best results is reached, without experimenting and without
the exercise of any judgment whatever. It is not claimed that
the "New Automatic" is endowed with human understanding,
but certainly no considerable amount of discernment is re-
quisite on the part of the operator to accomplish the most
satisfactory work.

J|@°" Send for Prospectus.

Do S. EWING,

1127 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

16 ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE LAUREL HILL CEMETERY,

Eidge Avenue and Palls of Scliuylkill.

"Laurel Hill" is the oldest suburban Cemetery in the
United States, with the exception of Mt. Auburn in Boston.
Founded in 1835 by Nathan Dunn, Benjamin W. Richards,
John J. Smith and Frederick Brown, it has long been famous
among the places of interest in Philadelphia for the natural
beauty of its site and scenery (embellished by much skill and
labor), the magnificence and variety of its monuments, and the
names of the distinguished dead who lie buried within its
walls. Occupying one of the most exquisite situations in the
neighborhood of Philadelphia, on the high and wooded bank
of the Schuylkill (adjoining East, and opposite West, Fairmount
Park), it is easily reached on foot as well as by steamboat,
horse-car and carriage ; and, although now far within the limits
of the growing city, is peculiarly and perfectly protected from
encroachment by its surroundings, having Ridge Avenue on the
East, the River on the West, and the Park on the remaining sides.

A large quantity of very desirable ground is to be had at
reasonable prices, including some portions but recently pre-
pared for burial purposes, and now (1876) offered for sale for
the first time.

Lloyd P. Smith.
Frederick Brown, President.
Benjamin W. Richards, Treasurer.
Henry Armitt Brown, Secretary.

LOTS MAY BE OBTAINED AT THE COMPANY'S OFFICE,

524 Walnut St., Room 5, Philadelphia.

N.B. — The Laurel Hill has no connection with any other Cemetery.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE LAUREL HILL CEMETERY.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

C. VAN GUNDEN.

E. YOUNG.

F. H. DBTJMM.

VAN GUITDEN, Youm & dhumm,

Successors to JOHN BAIRD,
JVo. J^?i SPRING GARDEN STREET,

BEANOH W0EE3, DAEBT EOAD, opposite WOODLAND OEMETEET,

Marble and Scotch G-ranite Monuments, Tombs, ^c.

pEMETERY ]_.OTS ENCLOSED AT J^O^WEST J^RICES.

LEWIS L. HOUPT,

Falrmonnt Coal Wharf, 2512 Callowhlll Street,

WHOLESAIiE AND RETATIi DEAT.ER IN

ffi]

None but the Best
kept on hand.

2240 lbs. to the Ton
guarantied.

Neither Lying in Waif, nor Lying in Weigfit practised.
ORDERS BY MAIL CAREFULLY AND PROMPTLY FILLED.

ADVERTISEMENTS. ■ 19

BINES & SHEAFF,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

COAL DEALERS,

Office, No. 114 South Fourth Street,

PHIL.ADEL.PHIA.

Arcli Street Wharf, ScliuylkiU.

Tasker Street Wharf, Delaware.

Island, Windmill Island, Delaware.

Fairmount, Callowhill Street, Schuylkill.

Berks and ]S^inth Streets.

Girard Avenue and Ninth Street.

Kichmond, Philadelphia.

Germantown, Philadelphia.

Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia.

Frankford Koad, Richmond, Philadelphia.

20 ADVERTISEMENTS.

ROBBINS, BIDDLE & CO.

Successors to ROBBINS, CLARE & BIDDLE,

1134 CHESTNUT STREET

Importers and Dealers in

SILVER AND PLATED WARES,

Clocks, Bronzes Si jP^ancy Goods.

tesE^a^s^^

DIAMONDS,

iPatflj^es ant! ^eitrelrg,

LEWIS, LADOMUS & CO.

No. 806 Cliestnut Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

Same Square as Continental Motel and Qirard Mouse,

HAVE ALWAYS ON HAND

A LARGE STOCK OF WATCHES, BIAIONBS, JEWELRY AND SILVERWARE.
ALL GOODS SOLD AT THE LOWEST PRICES. \

^A/'ATCHES REPAIRED.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 21

JAS. R CALDWELL & CO.

IMPORTERS OF

Diamonds and Precious Stones.

^R0JM2;Eg, j]!jL0CK3 <Sf }^AjMCY <^OODg,

RARE PORCELATN^S,

AND DEALERS IN
ELECTRO-PLATED WARES

OF FINE QUALITY,

No. 902 Chestnut Street,
PHILADELPHIA,

A few doors West of th.e Continental Hotel.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

LADIES' FIME FURS.

RUSSIAN AND HUDSON BAY SABLES.
Extra Fine Chinchillas,

SIMD ii Mli SEil M SiCdiS,

CHILDREN'S FURS IN GREAT VARIETY.

F. K. WOMRATH,

PHILADELPHIA.

ESTABLISHED 1810.

WM. A. DROWN & CO.

MANUEACTURERS OF THE
FINEST CHADES

UMBRELLAS and PARASOLS,

FOB SALE,
^W^HOLESAT^E A:NT> RETAIIL.,

AT THE MANUFACTORY AND ^WAREROOMS,

No. 246 MARKET STREET,
PHILADELPHIA,

War er 00ms in New York, 498 & 500 Broadway.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 23

THOMAS KENNEDY & BROS.,

1216 CHESTKUT STREET,

AND

914 ARCH STREET,

Philadelphia.

-^ • • • »

FRENCH

^^m^m^ GOODS.

Eeceives Weekly all the Enropeaa PasMons ;

Fimmi Fmrn^k FMw@m mmM Plmmmn

PAEISIAN BONNETS & HATS.
BRIDAL REGIALIA

Ribbons, Velvets, Silks, Laces.

Fans, Jets, Ornaments and Hair Goods.
BLACK DRESS SILKS

Of a superior make.

AliSO, A FINE ASSOKTMENT OF

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FRElirCH BOiriSrETS AUD HATS,

ff^IMMED /lND •IJnTRIMMED,

GEO. W. MILES,

No. 938 CHESTNUT STREET,

Third door telow lOth St.,

SILKS. DRESS GOODS.

LADIES' & CHILDREN'S OUTFITS,
DRESSMAKES^G,

White Goods, Notions, Hosiery,

OLOTBCS, OLOA^ECinsrO-S,

PIANO COVERS,

LiinenSy Cottons, Quilts, Blankets, &c.,

COOPER k CONARD,

EETAILEES AND IMPOETEES,

S. E. cor, Ninth and Market Sts., Philadelphia.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HOMER, COLLADAY & CO.

IMPORTERS AND RETAILERS

SILKS. DRESS GOODS.

Xj^OES,

iBttM^

GLOVES, HOSIERY, &c.,

Also, a Ml Assoitment of

Nos. 1412 & 1414 Chestnut St.,

HILADELPHIA.

26 ADVERTISEMENTS.

Fine Dress Shirts

MADE TO ORDER, WITH PALMER'S PATENT
DOUBLE YOKE.

<••»■>

J. W. SCOTT & CO..

No, 814 Chestnut Street,

Four doors below Continental Hotel,

PHILADELPHIA.

< • • » >

Being direct Importers, we have always full lines

Metis Furnishing Goods.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 27

mjj 824 Chestnut St., f||l|S

tJNDER EASTERN WIKa OF

CONTINENTAL HOTEL and opp. GIRARD HOUSE.

BLAYLOCK&CO.

IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF CORRECT AND LEADING

STYLES OF

A. coiMii^XjErrE stock: oif

DERBY AND LIGHT WEIGHT SOFT HATS,

Suitable for Travelling.

MAOEINAW STRAW EATS A SPECIALTY.

Yoifs, Boys' ant CMlflren's Hats aM Wans.

IMPORTERS OF EMLISH HATS,

From Lincoln, Bennett & Co., Henbt Melton, Christy & Co., and
Teess & Co., of London, and Dash, of Brighton.

LADIES' FURS AND SEAL SACQUES

On sale all Summer.
Furs Sold, Insured and Delivered, -sRrhen ordered.

BLAYLOCK & CO.

824 Chestnut Street.

28 ADVERTISEMENTS.

IFIlTEi

BOOTS MP SHOES,

FOR

GENTLEMEN

LADIES, AND

YOUNG FOLKS.

C. BENKERT & SON,
No. 716 Chestnut Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

x:si'ik.BiL.iisixx:x> in isss.

The only large Establishment in the City "where
exclusively First-class Goods are kept.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

CHAHLES BLASE,

BOOTS AND SHOES,

No. 48 North Ninth Street,
PHILADELPHIA.

< « » • »

GENTLEMEN'S and BOYS' BOOTS and SHOES

CONSTANTLY

On Hand and Made to Order.

JACOB ZAUN & SON,

H
W

kajStufactubebs of

Fashionable Boots & Shoes for Men & Boys' Wear.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

E. O. THOMPSON'S

Fashionable

ail0ring ||stalilishmenit

IS LOCATED AT

908 W^ALNUT STREET,
Ji^- WHICH YOU ARE INVITED TO VISIT -^H

HERE

Citizens or Strangers can Le
supplied "witli every article
of Dress essential to tte
Wardrobe of a gentleman to
their entire satisfaction at
moderate prices.

THE CONTEOLLING IDEA

Is to lead in everytliing
demanded by fashion, and to
omit no feature essential to
a popular and successfal
business.

r^SPEClALTIES.^
LADIES' SACQUES, COATS AND RIDim HABITS.
GENTLEMEN'S DRESS SUITS,

j^OR THE PpKRA, J^ARTIES, ^C

UNIFOEMS FOE THE ARMY AND NAVY.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 31

Joii Wamme k O.

FINEST CLOTHING,

READY MADE AND MADE TO MEASURE,

FKOM THE

Finest Lines of Imported Fabrics, in tfie Highest
Styles of t/ie Tailoring Art.

Gentlemen in business, or of leisure, aeeustonned to
Dress witli serupnlous Taste, on all occasions, find our
unexampled Stock of Garments Ready-made, and
Materials in the Piece, all that could be desired, for
extent, variety, faultlessness of fit and make, and
moderation in prices.

FURNISHING GOODS,

Por tlie Complete and Elegant Outfit of a Gentleman's
WAEDEOBE and TOILET.

SPECIALTIES IN CHILDREN'S FIRST-SUITS,

And full and beautiful lines in all Clothing for
YOUTHS, BOYS and CHILDREN.

JOHN WANAMAKER & CO.

818 & 830 Cliestmat Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

32 ADVERTISEMENTS.

MITCHELL, FLETCHER & CO.

IMI'ORTJSIiS AXD DEALERS IJY

TEAS, COFFEES,

AND

FINE GROCERIES,

Twelfth and Chestnut Streets,

PHILADELPHIA,

Invite the attention of the Visitors to the Centennial Exhibition,

and the public generally, to their extensive and

well-selected stock of

STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES.

Being direct importers, and dealing with manufacturers, they
can always present a full line of all

FOiIGN ii DOiSl DELICiCIES.

From their large experience in their Country Trade, they are

enabled to pack goods carefully, and ship promptly

to all distant points,

Delivering- at Depots Free of Charg-e.

J|@^ They respectfully invite an examination of their stock.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ESTABLISHED 1821.

JOSEPH F.TOBIAS & COMPANY,

No. 241 Ohestnut Street, PhiladelpHa,

WIHE AND SPiniT MERCHAITTS,

AND DEALERS IN

FINE OLD MONONCAHELA,

RYE, WHEAT AND BOUHBON

WHISKIES.

Also, 80ZE AGENTS in the United States for

GIESLEU & COMPANY'S
BLUE SEAL, and

DRY VERZENAY

CHAMPAGNE \VINES.

BATCHELOR BROTHERS,

FINE CIGAR

MANUFACTURERS,
JSTo. 808 Market Street.

BRANCHES!

ISO. 837 Chestnut Street, under Gxrard House,

Ko. 33 N. Second St., opposite Christ Church,

PHILADELPHIA.

34 ADVERTISEMENTS.

FREDERICK BROWN,

(Established 1822)

IMPORTING, MANUFACTURING AND DISPENSING

N. £. Corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

SOLE PBOPBIETOIt AND MA.NTIFACTTTMEM OF

ESSENCE JAMAICA GINGEE. \ "g

05 1 CHOLEKA MIXTUEE.

PEESEEYED TAEAXACUM JUICE. I ^

MtJTTEE'S COUCH SYEUP.
. ) BITTEE WINE OP lEON.
^ y COOPEE'S ANTI-BILIOUS PILLS. I «

rr \ CHAPMAN'S ANTI-DYSPEPTIC PILLS. / S

O WISTAE'S COUCH LOZENGES (from original > ^

«l prescription), \ !>

/ MBS. HAEVEY'S COUGH SYEUP. \ o

DENTIPEIGE, in Bottles. g

DENTIFEICE, in Tin Canisters, snitable for Travelers, / ^
AEABIAN EACAHOUT, in convenient Bottles. ' M

AGENT FOR

E. DEJARDIN'S SYRUP RED ORANGE, of malta.

None genuine without my name as Agent on the Label.

COBBESPONDENTS.

SAVORY & MOORE, 143 New Bond Street, W., London.

S. MAW, SON & THOMPSON, 12 Aldersgate Street, E. C, «

F. NEWBERY & SONS, 37 Newgate Street, E. C, «

G. VOSS, 21 Jahannis Strasse, Hamburg.
E. DEJARDIN, 2 Avenue de I'Opera, Paris.

PeICE lilST OF

ENGLISH AND FRENCH MEDICINES AND PEAEMACEUTIOAL PEEPAEATIONS

WILT, BE MAILED ON APPLICATION.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FAIRTHOIIITE^S SPECIALITIES

PEPSIN.

In regard to its efficiency, read the following, from Dr. Wm. Murphy, Physician
in Chief of Mount Vernon Retreat for Inebriates, and late Health Commissioner
of New York City. , . ^ ,. ■, ^ •4. +^

" I have used Mr. Fairthorne's Pepsin with much satisfaction, and preler it to
any other in the market." WM. MURPHY, M.D.

AROIVIATIC WINE OF RHUBARB.

A pleasant laxative.

WINE OF QUININE Sl CHAMOMILE FLOWERS

A tonic and anti-material remedy.

WOOD-VIOLET COLOGNE.

Delicate, refreshing and persistant.

LAVOLINE.

For removing sun-burn and freckles. Perfectly safe and non-poisonous.
These superior and elegant preparations made only by

Druggist & Manufacturer of Pharmaceutical Products,
N. W, cor, 19th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia,

PURE SODA WATER.

Drawn from steel fountains at his stand, which is three-quarters of a square
below the ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENeES.

WM. CURTIS TAYLOR,

914 CHESTNUT STREET,

PHILADELPHIA,

NEXT BLOCK ABOVE CONTINENTAL HOTEL.

« » • » >

All the most approved Styles of

HNS PORTRAITURE.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

l&IliitfliaD&Co.

812 Chestnut St.,

PHILADELPHIA,
Manufacturers of the finest

In the country.

Put up in neat Boxes and
fancy styles for presents,

Or in large quantities for
Wholesale Trade.

Goods can be easily ex-
pressed from our store to all
parts of the United States.

P. PHILPOT & CO.

MANUFAOTUEEES OF

Nos. 401 & 403 Commerce Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

MADE TO ORDER AT SHORT NOTICE.

CONFECTIONERS' FINE WORK AND SHELF BOXES A SPECIALITY.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 37

G. MEYER,

PmLADELPHIA.

ENGLISH, FEEHOH, GEEMAH AND AMEEIOAIT

i-K^ »1

rs ao) .M. wr m w '^-

[^t3pmm.T ";KXNL^^Ofi

GOUP/L'S, HANFSTAENGEUS,

BERLIN PHOTOGRAPH COMPANrS,

BRAUN'S, BRUCKMAN'S,

PLAIN AND COLORED

PHOTOGRAPHS,

Graphoscopes and Views for the same.

]p^r^AMEg OF ALL ^INDg,

AT THE MOST REASONABLE PRICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

JOHN & JAMES DOBSON,

Proprietors.

W. OLDtNG NEWMAN,

Manager.

PALLS OP SCHUYLKILL

CARPET MILLS.

PHILADELPHIA,
809 ^ 811 Chestnut Street.

cn^

m%%th, f ^M ^4pj^$tjtg |jm$4$,

EXTRA SUPERrilSrES,

Snperfines, Medium Supers, Extra Pines,
"^ooL puTCH, Stair Carpets,

Wholesale and Retail.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

McCALLUM, CREASE k SLOAN,

Manufacturers, Importers, Jobbers & Eetailers of

^Warehouse, 1012 & 1014 Chestnut St.,
PHILADELPHIA.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

rURIflSHED

for
DECORATION

and

PUEITISHIITG

entire

HOUSES.

and
PILLOWS

Made to Order.

I^o. 1108 Oliestnixt Street, JPliiladelpliia;.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HALE, KILBURN & CC

Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers of the

" FOLBIi iEDSmO AND

HALE'S FLEXIBLE
SPEING BED.

HALE'S PLEXIBLE

SEAT OHAISS,
STOOLS, SETTEES.

General Manufacturers of Frames, MouxDnsres, Looking Glasses, and
Cabinet Wokk of every kind.

Salesroom and Factory, 48 & 60 N. Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Branch Store, 613 Broadway, New York.

ENCAUSTIC TILES.

SHARPLESS & WATTS,

No. 1885 Market St., Philadelpliia,

Agei^^ts and Importers of

laiiffToiff's

Geometric, Encaustic, Majolica,

Enamelled and Art-Painted Tiles,

For Pavements, Walls, Heartlis, Fire-places, Flower Boxes, and
all purposes of interior and exterior decorations.

PHILADELPHIA REFERENCES.

Independence Hall, Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Co.

Carpenter's Hall, Northern Saving Fund,

United States Mint, St. Stephen's Hotel,

Academy of Fine Arts, St. Mark's Episcopal Church,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Memorial Baptist Church,

Philadelphia College of Physicians, Fire Association,

As also innumerable stores and private residences throughout the city.

42 ADVERTISEMENTS.

UPHOLSTERY GOODS,

AND

CAREINGTON, DE ZOUCHE & CO.,

S. E. CORNER

Tliirteentli and Cliestiiiit Streets,

Philadelphia.

WALRAVEN,

1105 Chesthtjt Steeet,

PEILABELPmA,

mTERIOR DECORATIONS,
CURTAINS

AND

Artistic Furniture.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

DREER'S GARDEN CALENDAR

Is published annually on the 1st of December, and contains select lists of

VEGETABLE AND PLOWER SEEDS,

Plants, Roses, Verbenas, Dahlias, Carnations, Geraniums, &c..

With brief and practical directions for tfieir culture, mailed free
to all applicants.

American Paper Box Co.

G. W. PLUMLY & SON,
No. 213 North Fourtli Street,

(Corner of Braucli),
PHILADELPHIA.

Manufacturers of ROUND, SQUARE, OVAL, and

all kinds of

DRUGGISTS' POWDER AND PILL BOXES A SPECIALTY.

44 ADVERTISEMENTS.

Hall & Carpenter.

IMPORTERS OF

Cirt 1}tei4 anil mMx

AGENTS FOB THE SALE OF

AMERICAN SPELTER

AND

SHEET ZINC,

No. 709 Market Street,

Philad

ELPHIA.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

fJoOPES & ^OWNSEND

MANUFACTURE

MACHINE AND CAR BOLTS,

Cold-Punched Sq^uare ^ Hexagon ITnts,

KEYSTONE BOILEE EIVETS, TANK EIVETS,

RAILROAD TRACK BOLTS,

Chain Links, Car Irons, Bridge Bolts, Bridge Irons,

RODS AND BOLTS FOR BUILDINGS &.c.,

No. 1330 BUTTONWOOD St.^

PHIIiADEI^PHIA.

46 ADVERTISEMENTS.

^ ISO MarW SW, PMMelpliia, '

MANUFACTUBEBS OF

CURLED PTTTP FLINT&SAND
HAIR, vXllUJjy PAPER,

Emery Paper & Emery Olotli, G-round Flint & Emery,
FELTING FOB COVERSNG STEAW PIPES, &c.

Cow-hide Whips, Saddlers' i, Plasterers' Hair, Moss, &c.

PHIIAD'A, 730 Market Street. BOSTON, 143 Milk Street.

NEW lORR, 67 Beekman Street. CHICAGO, 182 lake Street.

WM. H. JOHNSON,

Plumber and Gas Fitter,

No. 1714 FILBERT STREET,

PHILADELPHIA.

"Water Closets and Bedet Pans, Hot, Cold and Shower Baths,
Stationary Wash-stands complete, Pantry and Kitchen
Sinks, Hydrants and Wash Paves, Drains to
Sewers, Water Wheels, W^ind Mills, Hy-
draulic Bams, Lift and Force Pumps.

Work in the Country and Johhing of all hinds

promptly attended to.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

WM. F. SCHEIBLE,

310 Cliestiiiit Street, Pliiladelpliia,

MA2?UFACTTTKER OF

Flags of ever J [lescription in Silt, MH & Mislli,

TrH:OIL(E!SA.XiE A.1SI> RJETA-IX^.

PI
■Hi

cb.
P4

o
*3

I— ■
VI

>
HI

Awnings of every style and design. Awning Strips by the

bale or yard. Tents of all sizes on hand and made to

order. DECOBATIOlSrS TO HIBB.

STENCIL CUTTING AND CANVAS PRINTING.

SILK BANNERS, TRANSPARENCIES, &c.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

Life Insurance Company,

No. 921 Chestmit Street, Philadelphia.

A JPURELY MUTUAL COMFANY— INCORPORATED JiV 1847.

Dividends declared Annually. Assets, $5,600,000.

THE PENN IS ENTHtELiT MUTIJAIi.

All of its surplus premiums are returned to its Policy -holders every
year, thus furnishing them Insurance at the lowest possible cost.

The Life Rate Non- Forfeiting Endowment Policy issued by the
Penn, while giving protection to the family of the Insured in case of
early death, provides at moderate rates of premium, a fund for future
support, should he reach old age.

All Policies are non-forfeitable for their value after the third year.

SAM'L G. HUEY, Pres't.
SAM'L E. STOKES, H. S. STEPHENS,

Vice-Pres't. Second Vice-Pres't,

JAS. weir MASON, HENRY ATJSTIE,

Actuary. Secretary.

:^e.5Wh

H oWqi^gW

H^CIP4 ,>y, .

SLCorJourth^lWalnut St.

-A-JSJSIEST'S, $3,000,000-

GEORGE W. HILL, President. JOHN C. SIMS, Actuary.
GEORGE NUGENT, Vice-Pres't. JOHN S. WILSON, Sec'y and Treas.

ALEX. WHILLDIN, Ch. Finance Com. J. G. HAMMER, Asst. Sec'y.

ADVERTISExMENTS.

OF PHILADELPHIA.

i]ycoi«.npoii^T£:i> 3d. iweo. 33, ises.

ASSETS OVER $3,000,000.

strictly Mutual. Distinguished for Careful Selection

of Risks, Prudent Investment of Funds,

great Economy, and Liberality to its

Policy Holders.

PRESIDENT.

SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY.

VICE PEESIDENT.

W. C. LONGSTRETH.

ACTUARY.

ROWLAND PARRY.

^^V'''>

PROCURED BY

JOHN A. WIEDERSHEIM,

110 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia.

Call OP Send for Book of Instructions.

CONSULTATION FBEE.

60 ADVERTISEMENTS.

LOUIS MEYER,

MUSIC PUBLISHER,

1413 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia,

Draws the attention of all music-loving people to the excellent advan-
tages he offers them in selecting new music. The following notices
from the press will assure the public that they can expect only the best
and most satisfactory.

NEW MUSIC TRIED AT THE PIANO.

Catalogues free on application.

The publications of Mr. Louis Meyer are exciting the attention of cultivated
musical people in all the principal cities of the Union.— P/ii7a. Evening Bulletin.

The admirable taste exhibited In the musical publications of Mr. Louis Meyer
has heretofore elicited our cordial commendation. — Christian Union.

Louis Meyer is rendering an excellent service to all lovers of good music by
his publications. — Home Journal.

Mr. Louis Meyer is endeavoring to encourage a higher taste by publishing a
better class of music. — Albany Evening Times.

Mr. Meyer's publications are of more than ordinary merit. We find in his
entire collection not one common-place composition. — Cleveland Herald.
ALWAYS ON HAND,

All the new Music, Foreign and American.

THOMAS HUNTER,

716 Filbert Street, Philadelphia.

■ ^ • • • >

LIST OF CENTENNIAL PUBLICATIONS.

I. VIETATS IW THREE COLORS.

1. Art Gallery. 2. Main Building. 3. Horticultural Hall. 4. Machinery
Hall. 5. Agricultural Hall. 6. Bird's-Eye Yiew. 7. Double. 8. Triple.
9. Quintuple. 10. Octuple. 11. Independence Hall. Price, per sheet, 50c.

II. CENTEirisriAIi PORTFOLIO.

Three Series. Each Series containing Eight Views in three colors, with
Map of Fairmount Park and vicinity. Price, per package, 50 cents.

III. CEWTENIsriAL CABINET.

Six Views in black, on tinted Card Board, with Map of Fairmount Park and
vicinity. Price, per package, 25 cents.
Copies sent free by mail on receipt of above prices. List of prices in quanti-
ties sent on application.

IlsT :FI2.ESS.
SOUVENIR OF THE AMERICAN CENTENNIAL.— Containing a" the
Views of ihe Portfolios, with letter-press description of each building.
Handsomely bound in Cloth.

A D V E R T I S E iM E N T S. 51

T.B.Peterson & Brothers,

PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS,

306 Chestnut Street

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

We publish and have constantly on hand full and varied editions of
the works of all the famous American and Foreign novelists, whose
writings are very entertaining, and are among the most popular now
in existence. The most of them are hound in strong cloth binding,
and a few in paper covers. Examination is asked for the editions of
the writings of Mrs. Ann S. Stephens, a very popular favorite;
Mrs. E. D. E. 'N. Southworth, whose romances are always in demand;
Mrs. Ellen Wood, the authoress of "East Lynnej" Mrs. Caroline
Lee Hentz, whose stories of Southern life stand unparalleled in their
simple truth and exquisite beauty ; Mrs. C. A. Warfield, another very
popular Southern writer; Miss Eliza A. Dupuy, who has made a
wonderful mark, and is gaining great popularity every day ; Gr. W. M.
Reynolds, whose romances of London life, founded on facts, are of
matchless interest; Sir Walter Scott, whose "Waverley" novels still
maintain a strong hold on the people. Charles Dickens' complete
writings we furnish in every variety of style. We have also complete
sets, in various styles of binding, of the weird stories of George Lip-
pard; the martial novels of Charles Lever; the comical nautical
tales of Captain Marryatt; Emerson Bennett's Indian stories;
Henry Cockton's laughable narratives; T. S.Arthur's temperance
tales and household stories ; the wonderful and entertaining novels of
Alexander Dumas, Eugene Sue, and W. H. Ainsworth; Gustaye
Aimard's stories of Western life; the quiet domestic novels of Fred-
RiKA Bremer and Ellen Pickering; the masterly novels of Wilkie
Collins and George Sand; Frank Fairlegh's quaint stories, and
Samuel Warren's elaborate romances ; the works of Mrs. C. J. Newby,
Mrs. Grey, and Miss Pardoe; W. H. Herbert's sporting stories ; and
the graphic Italian romances of T. A. Trollope ; together with numer-
ous others. Our collection of novels is large and choice, and we are
in a position to supply all book-buyers, either retail or wholesale, on
very advantageous terms, and at exceedingly low prices for cash.

We invite all visiting our city to give us a call, if only to inspect our
various editions and secure a copy of our new Illustrated Catalogue,
containing a Portrait and Sketch of all our principal Authors, which
is free to all ; or it will be sent to any address, if written for, and care-
ful and immediate attention will be paid to all orders sent to us.

Address all orders and communications for further information to

T. B. PETERSOK & BROTHERS,

Publishers k Booksellers,
"No, 306 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Standard English Novelists.

PBINTED IN A CONVENIENT, POKTABLE SIZE, STBONGLY
BOUND IN CLOTH OB, HALF BOXBUBGHE.

EJacli Set in a IVeat Paper IBos:,

AINSWORTH (WILLIAM H.). 17 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . $12 00
AUSTEN (JANE). 5 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . . . 4 00
BRONTE (CHARLOTTE AND ANNE), t vols., 16mo, cloth, 8 75
BULWER (LORD LYTTON). Knebworth Edition. 27 vol-
umes, 12mo, cloth, 40 00

Standard Edition. 22 vol-
umes, IGmo, cloth, . . • 22 00

CARLETON (WILLIAM). 5 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 3 75
CHAMIER (CAPTAIN). 4 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 5 00
COCKTON (HENRY). 3 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75
COLLINS (WILKIE). 12 volumes, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, 24 00
DUMAS (ALEXANDRE). 18 volumes in 10, 16mo, cloth, . 15 00
EDGEWORTH (MARIA). 10 vols., illustrated, 16mo, cloth, 15 00
FARJEON (B. L.). 3 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75
FERRIER (MISS). 3 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75
FIELDING AND SMOLLETT, 6 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . 9 00
GERSTAECKER (FRED.). 4 vols., 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 5 00
GRANT (JAMES). 32 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 40 00
" GUY LIVINGSTONE"— Novels by the Author of. 8 vol-
umes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, 10 00

HALLIBURTON (JUDGE). 3 vols., 12mo, half Roxburghe, 3 75

HOOK (THEODORE). 15 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 18 75
"JOHN HALIFAX"— Novels by the Author of. 5 volumes,

12mo, cloth, 6 25

KINGSLEY (HENRY). 8 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 10 00

LEVER (CHARLES). 27 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 35 00

LOVER (SAMUEL). 4 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 5 00

MARRYAT (CAPTAIN). 13 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 13 00

■ New Illustrated ^Edition. 16 vols.,

12mo, cloth, 20 00

MAXWELL (WM. H.). 10 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 12 60
RICHARDSON (SAMUEL). 3 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . 3 75
SCOTT (SIR WALTER). Waverley Novels, complete. 4 vol-
umes, 12mo, cloth, 7 00

SMEDLEY (FRANK). 4 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 6 00

SMITH (ALBERT). 5 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 6 25
TROLLOPE (ANTHONY). 19 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . .23 75

YATES (EDMUND). 11 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 13 75

J6@= A complete Catalogue of our entire stock, in detail, will be fur-
nished on application.

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & S0:N^S,

ADVERTISEMENTS. 53

ART GIFT BOOKS.

u4.n. entirely N'eiv Series of first-class and richly Illustrated
SooTiS on ^at%ire and Natural S.istory,

EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY W. H. DAVENPORT ADAMS.

*^This Series of Works has done much to advance the popularizing of Science."

THE INSECT. By Jules Michelet. With one hundred and forty illustra-
tions, drawn specially for this work by Giacomelli, and engraved by the
most eminent French and English artists. Imperial 8to, cloth, richly gilt.
Price, $6 00.

NATURE; or, The Poetry of Earth and Sea. From the French of Mme.
Michelet. With upwards of two hundred illustrations, drawn specially for
this work by Giacomelli (illustrator of " The Bird"), and engraved by the
most eminent French and English artists. Imperial 8vo, cloth, richly gilt.
Price, $7 50.

THE MOUNTAIN. From the French of Jules Michelet, author of "The
Bird," &c. With upAvards of sixty illustrations by Peecival Skelton and
Clark Stanton. Imperial 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $6 00.

THE MYSTERIES OF THE OCEAN. From the French of Arthur Man-
gin. By the translator of "The Bird." With one hundred and thirty
illustrations by W. Freeman and J. Noel. Imperial 8vo, full gilt side and
gilt edges. Price, $6 00.

THE BIRD. By Jules Michelet, author of "History of France," &c. Illus-
trated by two hundred and ten exquisite engravings by Giacomelli. Im-
perial 8vo, full gilt side and gilt edges. Price, $6 00.

THE SEA. By Jules Michelet, author of "The Bird," &c. With handsome
full-page illustrations by Giacomelli and others. Imperial 8vo, cloth,
richly gilt. Price, $6 GO.

BOOKS OP TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, FOR BOYS.

BY W. H. G. KINGSTON.
THE WESTERN WORLD. Picturesque Sketches of Nature and Natural

History in North and South America. With nearly two hundred engrav-
ings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $3 00.
ON THE BANKS OF THE AMAZON. A Boy's Journal of his Adventures

in the Tropical Wilds of South America. With one hundred and twenty

illustrations. Crown 8yo, cloth extra, gilt edges. Price, $2 50.
IN THE EASTERN SEAS; or, The Regions of the Bird of Paradise.

A Tale for Boys. With one hundred and eleven illustrations. Crown 8vo,

cloth, richly gilt. Price, S2 50.
IN THE WILDS OF AFRICA. With sixty-six illustrations. Crown 8vo,

cloth, richly gilt. Price, $2 50.
ROUND THE WORLD. A Tale for Boys. With fifty-two engravings.

Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $2 50.
OLD JACK. A Sea Tale. With sixty engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra.

Price, $2 50.
MY FIRST VOYAGE TO SOUTHERN SEAS. With forty-two engravings.

Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $2 50.

NELSON'S POPULAR GUIDE BOOKS.

NIAGARA AND VICINITY. A New Series. Twelve views, beautifully exe-
cuted. Fancy cover, 25 cents ; muslin cover, 50 cents.

SALT LAKE CITY AND UTAH. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin,
fancy cover, 75 cents.

UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy
cover, 75 cents.

CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILWAY. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy
cover, 75 cents.

CALIFORNIA AND THE YO SEMITE VALLEY. Twelve oil-colored views.
Muslin, fancy cover, 75 cents.

Published by THOMAS NELSON & SONS, New York.

rOK SAI.E BY AI,I. BOOKSIi:i.I.ERS.

54. ADVERTISEMENTS.

jf() ifl ^

1420 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,

Keep coDHtantly on hand a full supply of

SUNDAY-SCHOOL LIBRARY BOOKS,

Embracing some Ttto Tliousand Volumes of their own publications,

and selections from leading Sunday-school publishers. These books are

of the choicest kind, new and interesting. Also,

BIBLES AND TESTAMENTS,

Of all varieties, sizes and styles. Teacters* Eibles a siDecialty.

Sunday-School ;^ids and Requisites,

Maps, Blackboards, Chromo Reward Cards, Wall Texts, Commentaries, Diction-
aries, and everything necessary to a well-equipped Sunday-school, or to
aid the teacher in his work, kept on hand or furnished to order.

SUTOAY-SGHOOL SINGIl^a BOOKS,

All the popular and latest publications.

STATIONERY AND FANCY GOODS,

A full line, English and domestic.

PERIODICAL DEPARTMENT.

The Society also publishes the following list of Periodicals :

The Baptist Quarterly, a Theological Review, price, S3 00

Tlae National Baptist, for the Family " 3 60

The Baptist Teacher, for Sunday-school Workers.... " 75

The Young Reaper, for Sunday-school Scholars " 75

Our Little Ones, for the Nursery " 60

All the above Periodicals will be sent to one address, for one year, post-paid,
for $5.00. Two grades of

BIBLE LESSON LEAFLETS,

Intermebiate and Primary, on the INTERNATIONAL SERIES OP BIBLE

LESSONS, are issued. Price, 75 cents for 100 copies for one month; or,

$9.00 for 100 copies for one year — postage paid.

Subscriptions for JPeriodicals can commence at any time and
continue for any length of time.

*^* Orders by mail, for anything in our line, will receive prompt attention.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Address,

B. GRIFFITH, Secretary,

1420 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 55

CALVARY SONGS,

A NEW HYMN AND TUNE BOOK,

For the Family and the Sunday- School.

PEEPABED BY

Rev. CHAS. S. EOBINSON, D.D., and THEODOSE E. PEEEINS.

JUST PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.

Price 35 cents. 100 Copies, $30.

A Beautiful Gift Bock!

ILLUSTRATED

Rambles in Bible Lands.

By Eev. EIOHAED NEWTOlf, D.L.

SIXTY LAEGE ENGEAVINGS. HAPSOMEIY BOUND IN CLOTH.

Price $2.50. Gilt Edges, $3.

Catalogues and specimen copies of the SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORLD
a monthly paper for Teachers, and the CHILD'S WORLD, published
twice a month, furnished gratuitously and subscriptions received at the

DEPOSITORIES OF

TEE AMERICAN SUNDAY- SCHOOL UNION

PHILADELPHIA, No. 1122 Chestnut Street.-A. Kirkpateick

NEW YORK, No. 10 Bible House.-G. S. Scofiei^d

BOSTON, No. 40 Winter Street.- J. A. Ckowley. '

CHICAGO, No. 98 Dearborn Street.— W. R. Port

ST. LOUIS, No. 207 N. Sixth Street.-S. Passon.'

56 ADVERTISEMENTS.

930 Arch St., Philadelphia.

» ♦ ♦

A. J. HOLMAN & CO.

PUBLISHERS OF

Pamilj and Pulpit BiUes,

MANUFACTURERS OF

PHOTOGRAPI^ALBUMS.

FIRST PKEimS AWAEMD FOR ^mniisTEATED FAIIIY BIBLES

BY THE

Our numerous styles oi UiliLiiii& vary nyi" "^ • „TrkTTTP T'B'VA'N'T.

HOW TO WRITE LETTERS.

By Prof. J. Willis Westlake, A.M.

A reference book for the desk and a Text book for schools; allowing the
Letters, Notes and Cards. It is intended as

AN AUTHORITATIVE WORK,

to which the most cultured writer may resort, in <i«,f ^mg the perplexmg ques-
tions concerning art and propriety which occasionally occur to eveij one.
Cloth, $1.00, • Extra Gilt and Gilt Edged, $1.50.

LITERATURE FORTiTTLE FOLKS.

By Elizabeth lloyd.

Gems from standard authors in child-literature to J^« .^XS ^""^ '^'^
lessons in language, thought, observation, composition and authorship.
Boards, 50 cts.f Cloth, Gilt, 75 ets.

SOWER, POTTS & CO.

TvBX.iSKi:ns of the universally approved Normal Series op School Books,

530 Market St. (the site of Pres't Washington's Residence,)

ADVERTISEMENTS. 57

PUBLISHEK,
]Vo. 630 Chestnut St., PliiladelpMa.

PULPIT AND FAMiLY

Quarto Bibles.

TESTAMENTS

AND

Photograph Albums.

For nearly half of THE CENTURY just closing HARDING'S
EDITIONS of the BIBLE have been before the public, and
they are too well and favorably known to need our praises. But
recently many NEW and Elegant Styles have been added to the
list, and Improvements have been made in the naechanical execu-
tion of these editions, rendering them still more acceptable.
Attention is especially invited to the rich Oxford styles of binding.

PULPIT EDITIONS— Large type.

FAMILY EDITIONS— (With and without auxiliary matter,
such as Bible Dictionary, History, Photograph Leaves, &c.)

POCKET EDITIONS— Oxford, Bagster, and other fine edi-
tions.

TESTAMENTS AND PRATER BOOKS.

A VERY EXTESrSIVE liINB OF

Photog^^aph A.lbumSf
A.lbu7ns for ViewSf

Stereoscopic and Graphoscopic Albums,
Photo-Autograph Albums, &c», &c*

W. >Ar. HARDING,

No. 630 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

CARS FROM THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS and from all parts of the
cit3^ BRING VISITORS ALMOST TO THE DOOR.

58 ADVERTISEMENTS.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL

BOOKAND PUBLISHING HOUSE,

PHILADELPHIA

CONFERENCE TRACT SOCIETY.

No. 1018 Arch Street.

. ■ ♦■ .

General Depositor}^ of Methodist Books, Tracts and Periodicals.

ALSO,

CHUnOH ANL SUNDAY-SCHOOL MUSIC.

Books for Children and Sunday -School Libraries a Specialty.

J. B. McCULLOUGH, Agent,

1018 Arch Street,

4®=Arch Street Cars pass the door. PHILADELPHIA.

JAMES K. SIMON,

29 South Sixth Street, above Chestnut,

Philadelphia,

Dealer in StaMard and Miscellaneous Boots,

AND

PUBLISHER OF E. WRIGLEY'S WORKS ON BUILDING
ASSOCIATIONS, viz.

BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS;

>A7'HAT THEY ARE AND HO\A7' TO USE THEM.
FMICE, 75 CENTS.

AND

HOW TO MANAGE BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS.

A DIRECTORS' GUIDE.
PRICE, $'4.00.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 59

"We advise all Americans to read it carefully and judge for themselves if 'the
future historian of our war,' of whom we have heard so much, be not already-
arrived in the Comte de Paris. The translation is very good."— The Nation,
New York.

" It is so superior to all those preceding it that there is not one in America or
Europe worthy to be placed in the same class." — Saturday Heview, London,
England.

HISTORY

OF THE

CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA.

THE COMTE DE PARIS.

Translated with the approval^ of the author, hy LOUIS F. TASISTEO.
Edited by HENET OOPPEE, LL.D. Each volume embracing, without
abridgment, two volumes of the Prench Edition, With Maps faith-
fully engraved from the originals, and printed in three colors.
8vo, per vol., Cloth, $3.50; Sheep, Library Style, $4.50;
Half Turkey Morocco, $6.00.

VOIL.IS. I. i^]VI> II. ]VOW REA.OY.

To be complete in 4= Vols.

* *-m m »

KIXG AND COMMONWEALiTH. A History of Charles I. and the
Great Kebellion. By B. Meriton Cordeey and J. Subtees Phillpotts,
editor of " Epoch of History Series." Crown 8vo, with Maps and Plans.
Cloth, $1 75.

CANON KlINGStEY'S LECTURES, Delivered in America.

Edited by Mrs. Kinuslet Toned paper, 12mo, cloth, $1 25.

Contents— Westminster Abbey— The First Discovery of America— The
Stage as it once was — The Servant of the Loi'd — Ancient Civilization.

" We know of no recent book that contains, in the same space, so much
well worth reading." — Boston Courier.

AX ACCOUNT OF THE CENTENNIAIj EXHIBITION OF

1 8 76. A handsome blank-book with Illustrations, Index, &c., &c., in which
visitors to the Exhibition may record a narrative of their trip, for the benefit
of those at home, and for future reference. Conveniently divided into
chapters, and with suggestions, &c., &c. Yarious sizes, styles and prices.
DIARY OF VISITS TO THE EXHIBITION. A small blank-
book, pocket size, for daily notes in connection with the above, or for sepa-
rate use. With Calendar, Street Directory of Philadelphia, and various
useful information ; blank space for sixty days, a space of a page or more
to each day. Cloth extra, 50 cents.

J. H. COATES & CO., PubUshers,

PHILADELPHIA.
*** For sale at all bookstores, or sent by mail on receipt of price.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

No. 822 Chestnut Street, PhiladelpMa.

The Zargest and Sest Stock in the City.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 61

pORTER & CRATES,

No. 822 Chestnut Street,
PHILADELPHIA,

Have now in store a most complete and varied stock of Books,
comprising choice

GIFT BOOKS,

STANDARD AUTHORS,
JUVENILE BOOKS,

AND OTHEES IN GREAT VAEIETT.

In addition to their very elegant stock of Gift Books, they
have on hand the best editions of

Standard English & American Aut/jors,

superbly bound by the best binders of this country and Europe.

THEIK stock; of

Juvenile Books, BilDles, Prayer Books,

ALBUMS, &c., &c.,

is the largest and best selected in the city, and in such great
variety that every taste can be suited.

The very lowest cash price.

62 ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

International Series

NEW AKD APPROVED NOVELS.

Iiarge 12mo, printed in large clear type (easily readable,

where tlie ordinary double column, unleaded 8vo.

is too great a strain on the eyes).

Paper Covers {marked ^), 75 cents; others, . . . $1.00

Price, per vol.. Light lead-colored English Cloth, Black

Stampings, . 1.25

n, IN THE DAYS OP MY YOUTH.

By Amelia B. Edwards, authoress of " Barbara's History," etc.

" A singularly brilliant novel." — E. P. Whipple, in the Boston Globe.

2. CHARLOTTE ACKERMAN.

From the German of Otto MiIller, by Mrs. Chapman Coleman and her

daughters, the translators of the " Muhlbach " novels.
" Carefully written, well digested, and exhibits great merit." — Times, New
Orleans.

3. THE CROSS OP BERNY.

Written jointly by Mme. Emile de Gieaedin, Mme. Theophile Gautier,
Jules Sandeau, and Jules Meet.

" A book of unusual brilliancy and of curious literary interest As a

story it is no less notable than as a collaboration, distinguished by a plot of deep
interest, characters drawn with masterly power, and a style of dazzling bril-
liancy."— Saturday JEvening Gazette, Boston.

4. THE SON OP THE ORGAN-GRINDER*

By Marie Sophie Schwartz, author of "Gold and Name," etc.
"At once a remarkable study of character, a discussion of politico-social pro-
blems, and a fascinating story." — Globe, St. Louis.

*5. NO ALTERNATIVE.

By Annie Thomas, authoress of " Dennis Donne," etc.

" One of the very best novels of this year." — Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie.

6. GERDA.

By M \RiE Sophie Schwartz.

" A very fascinating story." — Golden Age, New York.

*7. THE VICISSITUDES OP BESSIE PAIRPAX.

By Holme Lee, author of " Sylvan Holt's Daughter," etc.
" Her former novels betoken the possession of rare talent, which is shown
to still better advantage in this book." — Globe, Boston.

*8. VALENTINE, THE COUNTESS.

From the German of Carl Detlep (Miss Clara Baur), by M. S.
" An exceedingly good novel, with a clever plot and some remarkably strong
bits of character-drawing." — Saturday Evening Gazette, Boston.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 63

*9. CHASTE AS ICE, PURE AS SNOW.

By Mrs. M. C. Despaed.

" In a certain refinement of thought and subtle analysis of motive, the author
has shown herself quite the equal of some of the most famous of English female
novelists." — Christian at Work, New York.

*10. GENTIANELLA.

By Mrs. Randolph.

" The novel is intensely interesting, and from the opening chapter to the end
of the volume the reader is held intent." — The Traveler, Boston.

m. KATERFELTO.

A Story of Exmoor. By G. J. Whtte-Melville.

This novel is commended by the London Athenseum, Globe, and other papers
as the author's best. It ran through three editions in England in a few weeks.

12. OLDBURY.

By Annie Keaet. author of "Janet's Home," etc.

" It is a carefully-written and well-considered work, characterized by power
in its leading incidents, and by skill and judgment in its conduct and develop-
ment."— Boston Gazette.

n3. AT CAPRI.

A Story of Italian Life. By Carl Detlef.

"This author writes with a deeper purpose in mind than mere amusement,
and has deservedly won a high place among the modern German writers of
fiction." — Saturday Evening Gazette, Boston.

14. APRAJA; Or, LIFE and LOVE IN NORWAY.

By Theodore MiieoK.

" One of tiie most remarkable romances of this generation," — Bayard Taylor.

15. CASTLE DALY.

By Annie Kf^rt.

" A really good novel. ... It is really a pleasure to come across so unpre-
tending, clever, natural, and, if the word may be used, so unmorbid a novel as
'Castle Daly.' It r"minds us strongly of some of the best of Miss Edgeworth's
novels with the strong bias taken out." — The Nation, New York.

ne. A MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE.

" It is pleasant to make the acquaintance of so bright and entertaining a
writer, and those who are not already familiar with him cannot make his
acquaintance more agreeably than in ''Marriage in High Life." The dialogue
is as bright and piquant as possible, and — incredible as it may seem — has not
been spoiled in the translation. — Philadelphia Times.

17. ON DANGEROUS GROUND; Or, AGATHA'S
FRIENDSHIP.

By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore.

"The dialogue is sparkling, the characters unexaggerated, and the whole
marked by a well-bred familiarity with the subject, which has been conspicu-
ously absent from the majority of preceding efforts to depict fashionable
society. — N. T. World.

*18. AN ODD COUPLE.

By Mrs. Oliphant, author of "The Chronicles of Carlingford," etc.

19. THE PRIME MINISTER.

By Anthony Trollope, author of "The Small House at AUington," "Orley
Farm," " Phineas Einn."

PORTER & COATES, Publishers,

PHILADELPHIA.

64 ADVERTISEMENTS.

PORTRAIT OF LOHfiFELLOW,

This splendid life-size Portrait of Mr. Longfellow was prepared by his special
permission, and was drawn on stone by Mr. J. E. Ba.ker, wiio is acknowledged
to be one of the best and most snccessful artists in this class of work. The result
is a lithographic portrait, 24 X 30 inches, which inny well hang in every library
and every home in the country. The softness of tone, combined with excellence
ot drawing, render the portrait satisfactory as a work of art, while the truthful-
ness of portraiture and the feeling in the picture will make it a worthy reminder
of the Par/r of Amecicv.

Tiie Publishers subm't a few of the expressions of opinion which have come to
them from those who are in a position to judge of the excellence of the work.

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. "I shall greatly value the large portrait
of Longfellow which you have published. It is a fine head, and seems to me
successful in every respect."

DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. «' Remembering that no single por-
trait can give us all that we remember in the changing features of our friends as
we see them in their various moods, I am more tlian satisfied with this as per-
petuating one of the poet's most characteristic looks. The author of the ' Psalm
of Life,' and of ' Resignation,' could hardly be more perfectly idealized than as
he is here presented to us."

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. "I should be glad to think that so good a
likeness of the poet should make his face familiar in the countless households
that have been made happier and better by his poetry."

GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. " To his personal friends it will be invalu-
able, while the vast host of friends who do not personally know him will have
in it a most faithful and satisfactory likeness."

BAYAR D TAYLOR. " It is one of the most admirable likenesses I have ever
seen and I can scarcely imagine a better representation of the poet and the man."

SAMUEL L. CLEMENS ("Mark Twain"). "To condense all commenda-
tion into a single sentence, I think it the perfection of a portrait."

This portrait ran be had only by subscribers to The Atlantic Monthly, and
the price of the magiziue and portrait has been placed at the low sum of $5.00,
postage on both being prepaid by the Publishers. ,

THE PROGRAMME OF THE ATLA17TI0 FOR 1876,

Includes contributions from the ablest and best writers in the country. LONG-
FELLOW, LOWELL, HOLMES and WHITTIER will iurnish, as hitherto,
their latest and best productions to the public through the Atlantic. WARNER
and ALDRICH vfiW write of Eastern and Continental Travel ; GEN. HO WARD
will give his recollections of Gettysburg and other famous battles of the War ;
and MARK TWAINvf'iW. contribute some of his inimitable papers. MR. HOW-
ELLS'S stovy, "■Private Theatrical.^,'' MRS.KEMBLE'S-'Old Woman's Gossip,"
and MR. ADAMS'S papers on Railroads will be among the special features of
the year, and new attractions will be constantly added. QUESTIONS OF PUB-
LIC INTEREST \i\\\ be discussed upon the plan adopted by the Atlantic of
having both sides presented independently by representative and authoritative
writers. The magazine will present, as in the case of Free Trade, the opposite
sides of the questions of Currency, Catholicism and State Education, Railroads,
State and Municipal Debts, State Rights and Centralization, by the leading pub-
licists of the country. ,,. , , ... & m nn

TERMS : Single or specimen numbers, 35 cents. Yearly subscriptions, $4.0U,
postage free; with life-size portrait of the poet Longfellow. $5.00.

Remittances by mail should be sent by a money-order, draft on New York or
Boston, or registered letter, to H. 0. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press, Cam-
bridge, Mass.

H 0 HOUGHTON AND COMPANY, cor. Bacon and Somerset Sts., Boston.
HURD AND HOUGHTON, 13 Astor Place, New York.

f^e llifacrsibe f rcss, Cambnbge.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

M^ITHOTJT JL ItlV^LJI

VOL. ZZIII.

1875.

The Tttrp, Field and Far^i Las by far the largest circulation of any paper
of its class published in the country. Its contributors are geutleTuen of culture
and ability, and the corps of editors are recognized authority in their several
dei)artments. The high moral tone and advocacy of healthy, elevating and manly
sports have won for the Turf, Field and Farm the approval of the intelligent
and best people in the land. The substantial evidence of its growing popularity
is the continual increase of circulation throughout the WORLD.

STADAKD PUBLICATIONS ON THE HORSE, FIELD, SPORTS, ETC.

American Stud Book (Bruce), 2 vols $20 00

Forester'sHorseof America (revised by Messrs. Bruce), 2 vols. 10 00

Tlie Horse in the Stable and Field (Stonehenge), 1 vol 4 00

American Turf Register and Racing Calendar lor 1870, 1871,
1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876 (our annual publication),

each vol 3 00

A Complete IVIanual for Young Sportsmen 3 00

Hurnham's New Poultry Book 3 00

Simpson's Horse Portraiture (a treatise on Handling Trot-
ters), 1 vol 3 00

New American Farm Book (a tliorough Farmer's Guide)... 2 50

American Wild Fowl Shooting 2 00

Tlie Trapper's Guide, useful Instructions to Sportsmen 2 00

Field Cover and Trap Shooting, by Captain Bogardus, Cham-
pion Wing Shot of America 2 00

Practical Trout Culture, by Dr. J, H. Slack 1 60

Racing Rules, 50 cents; Trotting Rules 25

American Rowing Almanac and Oarsman's Pocket Com-
panion, 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876 (our annual publication),

morocco covers, $1 00; cloth 50

Magnificent Steel Engravings (12^16) of Celebrated Horses,

PMICE, 50 CENTS EACH,

"TURF, FIELD AND FARM,"

For Sale by Newsdealers throughoxit tlie World.
Send stamp for CATAiiOGUE and Premitim Lists.

Address, TURF, FIELD AND FARM,

37 Park Eow, New York.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THK

hx\Mi^\m £

mm^ mMm

IS published every afternoon, and is served upon all Railroads and Steamboat
routes running out of Philadelphia; to city subscribers in all sections, by
prompt and careful carriers ; and by mail to all parts of the country.

THE PHILADELPHIA EVENING- BULLETIN

is a large, eight-page paper, established in 1847, and devoted to

TJSJEJ FAMILY, THE MERCHANT,

THE MANUFACTUMEB, and THE PUBJLZC GENEBALLT.

It presents a daily complete record of all the

IMPOBTAIyTT JSTE^WS

of the world, surpassing in this department any other afternoon newspaper in
Philadelphia.

Its Editorial Columns are devoted to

INDEPENDENT DISCUSSION,

and its pages are daily supplied with a great variety of the choicest current
Literature in all departments of popular interest, so making it

THE BEST VARIETY PAPER.

By its large circulation amongst the most intelligent and substantial classes
of the community, it has long been recognized in business circles as unsurpassed
in its advantages, in this city, as a desirable

ADVERTISING MEDIUM.

The newspaper which is read at the Fireside as well as in the Counting
House, is the one that serves the best purpose of business men as

AN ADVERTISER,

and it is the aim of the proprietors of the

EVENING BULLETIN

TO MAKE IT

Useful to the Public,

Attractive at the Fireside,

Valuable to Business Men

in every branch of industry.

The EVENING BULLETIN devotes large space and attention to careful
and accurate

FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL

reports of the leading Domestic and Pobeign Markets.

For particular information in regard to advertising, address the proprietors,

PEACOCK, FETHERSTON & CO.,

PHILADEIiPHIA.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 67

THE PRESS

Is a first-class eight-page paper, of forty-eight columns, published
- every morning (except Sundays).

Daily Press (by mail), $8.75 per annum; $4.40 for six months;
$2.20 for three months, including postage. Served by carriers in the
city at 18 cents per week.

TRI-WEEKLY PRESS.

$4.40 per annum; $2.20 for six months; $1.10 for three months, in-
cluding postage.

THE WEEKLY PRESS,

The best Weekly Newspaper in the United States.

One copy, one year, including postage, . . . . . $2 00

Five copies, '' " " 9 50

Ten « « « " 16 00

Twenty « « " « 29 00

Fifty " « " " 60 00

All orders should be addressed to

JOH^ W. FORNEY, Editor and Proprietor,

7th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia.

WISSAHICKON PAPER MILLS,
HANWELL PAPER MILLS.

MANTirACTURE

ZFiiTEi book:.
Printing & Map Papers.

<■*•»> ■

The undersigned are sole Agents for the above, and a number of
NEW ENGLAND MILLS, that give them a complete assortment of all
the variety of Papers, including Plate, Map, Printing, Writing
and Colored.

CHAS. MAGARGE & CO.

Nos. 30j 32 & 34 South. Sixth. Street,
PHILADELPHIA.

68 ADVERTISEMENTS.

27 N. Sixth St., 128 William St.,

PHILADELPHIA. NEW YORK.

JESSUP & MOORE

Paper Manufacturers

IMPORTERS OF

PAPER MAKERS' SUPPLIES.

MAKE TO ORDER, AND HAVE IN STORE,

WRITING PAPER,

Standard Sizes and Weight.

COPPER-PLATE PAPERS,

Standard Sizes and Weight.

LITHOGRAPH PAPERS,

Standard Sizes and Weight.

SUPER-CALLENDERED BOOK,

(VARIOUS TINTS.) Standard Sizes and Weight.

BOOK PAPER,

Standard Sizes and Weight.

NEWSPAPER,

Standard Sizes and Weight.

Samples sent upon application.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 69

HAVERFORD COLLEGE,

Near Haverford College Station, Pennsylvania Railroad,
nine miles west of Philadelphia.

This College, noted for the thoroughness of its instruction,
offers TWO COURSES of liberal training : one for the Degree
of Bachelor of Arts, the other for that of Bachelor of Science.

Its location is remarkably healthy, its grounds extensive and
attractive, and it provides for its students an agreeable and
comfortable home. Endeavoring to promote sound moral, as
well as intellectual culture, it is designed to be a family of
Christian scholars ; and this is a distinctive feature in its char-
acter.

The price of Board and Tuition is $425.00 per annum, pay-
able one-half at the beginning, and one-half at the middle, of
the College year.

There are three Terms in the year, beginning, in 1876, First
month (Jan.) 5th, Fourth month (April) 26th, and Ninth month
(Sept.) 6th, respectively. The next Academical Year will open
Ninth month {Sept.) 6th, 1876.

CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION will present themselves
at the College for Examination on the afternoon of Commencement
Bay, Sixth month (June) 28th, 1876, or at nine o'clock on the
morning of JVinth month (Sept.) bth. Examinations for admis-
sion are also held on the mornings preceding the opening of
the Winter and Spring Terms.

For Circulars or Catalogues, address

Pres. THOMAS CHASE,

Haverford College P. O.,

Montgomery County, Penna.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

MASON & CO

[ESTABLISHED 1823.]

1202 CHESTNUT STREET 1202
HERALDRT,

HERALDIC PAINTING,

Illuminating,

Engraving and Die Sinking,

WEDDING INVITATIONS.
Visiting Cards

RUSSIA LEATHER GOODS.

Samples of Fine Stationery sent free
upon application.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

H. T, HOYTi -\ 1303 j OWEN DAT,

Late of r mim • ■ ^ • 'j Late of

P.A.HOTT & BEOJ CJieStlllLt St. ^HUGHES & MULLER.

HOYT &L DAY,

LEADERS OF

ENGLISH AND PARISIAN FASHIONS,

AND IMPORTEBS OF

<^£]MTLEMEJM'g 'pABRICg.

Mr. OW^JV DAY^ being in charge of the
Cutting Department is sufficient guaran-
tee to our Customers that the latest
Jfovelties will be introduced.

No. 1303 Chestnut Street.

POTT, YOUNG & CO.

COOPEB UNION, NEW YOBK,

Sole Agents for the United States for

The London Bible Warehouse of Messrs. EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE,

Have constantly on hand a full supply of

BIBLES, PRAYER BOOKS, HYMNALS, ETC.,

From the presses of the above firm, in Calf, Moeocoo, Ivory Tortoise-shell,
and many other specialities of binding. Also, the

Containing, besides the Text of tlie Authorized Version, many carefaUy

prepared Aids, which make it of great value to Students and

Teachers of the Holy Bihle.

The additional matter comprises : A very full and Complete Concordance, with
Context: an Index of Persons, Places and Subjects mentioned m Holy Scripture;
a Chronological Index to the Bible ; a Harmony of the Four Gospels ; a lable ot
Proper Names, with their Pronunciation and Meaning; a Table of Scripture
Weights, Measures, Distances, and Divisions of Time ; an Alphabetical Index
to the Psalms; a Table of the Special Prayers Recorded in Scripture ; Tables of
the Parables, Miracles and Discourses of Christ ; Tables of the Parables and
Miracles Recorded in the Old Testament; Descriptions of the Topography and
Physical Features of the Holy Land ; Descriptive Lists of the Remarkable Lakes,
Rivers Hills, and Mountains Mentioned in the Bible ; an Explanation ot the
Word Selah; Table of the Origin of Nations; Table of the Names, Titles, and
Characters of Christ; Lists of the Prophecies Relating to Christ; Lists ot Pas-
sages Relating to the Nature, Office and Work of our Saviour ; and a very accu-
rate and complete set of Maps— covering the entire ground on vphich the events
of the Bible were enacted, at various dates of the Sacred History.

The Prices have not been matched as to Cheapness.

P Y. & Co. are also Sole Agents for the London SOCIETY FOB PBO-
MOTINO CHBISTIAX KNOWI^EDGBf and keep constantly on
hand

SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS, CARDS,

And other Publications of this Society.

They have also a long list of books of their own publication and importa. a in

THEOLOaY, OHILDEEN'S BOOKS,

AND

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